Deep-Sea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers最新文献

{"title":"Enhanced diapycnal mixing of a subsurface anticyclonic eddy pair in the northeastern South China Sea","authors":"Yingci Feng ,&nbsp;Qunshu Tang ,&nbsp;Jie Sun ,&nbsp;Zhiyou Jing ,&nbsp;Jian Li ,&nbsp;Weikang Zhan ,&nbsp;Wenhuan Zhan","doi":"10.1016/j.dsr.2025.104502","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dsr.2025.104502","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mesoscale eddies, which play a vital role in transporting substances and regulating marine ecosystems, are particularly active and energetic in the northern South China Sea (SCS). However, their fine-scale structures and diapycnal diffusivity inside and outside eddies remain poorly understood. In this study, a pair of subsurface anticyclonic eddies (A1 and A2) in the northern SCS was investigated using 7 seismic reflection transects acquired in April 2009. The anticyclonic eddies consist of two closely adjacent, bowl-shaped subsurface structures, each approximately 70 km in diameter and extending to a depth of 700 m. The transition zone between the eddies is approximately 10 km wide and 500 m deep. These two eddies merge together in the upper water above 500 m. The average diffusivity across the eddy is ∼7.7 × 10⁻⁵ m² s⁻¹ quantified from seismic data. Within the eddy centers (A1 and A2), the diffusivities are relatively low, approximately 2.4 and 3.9 × 10⁻⁵ m² s⁻¹, but increase to more than 4.9 × 10⁻⁵ m² s⁻¹ in the eddy transition zone. Diffusivities in the frontal zone between the eddy and the Kuroshio reach a maximum of 13.9 × 10⁻⁵ m² s⁻¹. We suggest that the shear instability occurring near the frontal region is the primary energy source for turbulent mixing in this region. These findings provide valuable insights into the turbulent mixing associated with irregular eddies and contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the interactions between eddies and the ocean.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51009,"journal":{"name":"Deep-Sea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 104502"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143816949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Full destruction of an anticyclonic eddy in the Northern South China Sea by Tropical Storm Mulan","authors":"Xueming Zhu ,&nbsp;Shaojing Guo ,&nbsp;Jinglong Chang ,&nbsp;Xiaobo Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhan Hu ,&nbsp;Hui Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.dsr.2025.104500","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dsr.2025.104500","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The destruction of an anticyclonic eddy (AE) as a Tropical Storm, Mulan, passed through the northern South China Sea in August 2022 was observed by two Sea Wing underwater gliders. By integrating glider observations and HYCOM outputs, this study investigated 3D structural destruction and dissipation of eddy kinetic energy (EKE) within an AE. The warm and low-salinity core inside the AE was devastated by Mulan-induced strong disturbances. Intense wind stress disrupted the upper anticyclonic flow around the AE by accelerating (reversing) the flow in the western (eastern) part of the AE. These severely destroyed the unique 3D structure of the AE and led to 57 % and 96 % reductions in EKE and eddy potential energy (EPE), respectively. Furthermore, EKE budget analyses demonstrated that the EPE to EKE conversion, wind stress work, and divergence of pressure work served as dominant sources of EKE before, during, and after Mulan's passage, respectively. However, the EKE dissipation was primarily driven by Mulan-induced turbulent mixing directly during its passage and strong vertical mixing associated with near-inertial waves after its passage. To our knowledge, this is the first study to elucidate the multiple dynamic processes contributing to or dissipating dramatic EKE changes in the South China Sea over the entire tropical cyclone-eddy interaction period. These findings advance our understanding of 3D structural destruction and complex oceanic energy transfer mechanisms within the AE under tropical cyclone-eddy interactions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51009,"journal":{"name":"Deep-Sea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 104500"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143825741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isotopic signatures and nutritional composition of selected macrobenthos from the site F cold seep in the South China Sea","authors":"Haining Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaocheng Wang ,&nbsp;Minxiao Wang ,&nbsp;Chaolun Li","doi":"10.1016/j.dsr.2025.104501","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dsr.2025.104501","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the food sources and nutrient structures is crucial for grasping the community structure and function. At Site F, which is characterized by active seepages, a diverse macrobenthos community thrives. Carbon and nitrogen isotopic values vary among species and between species and their environment. We have constructed a hypothetical food web for Site F, which includes four trophic levels and encompasses 22 species. Two distinct communities were identified based on the presence or absence of seepage, and their complexity was compared using Bayesian metrics and specialization index. Our findings suggest that the availability and diversity of food resources, coupled with abiotic pressures and biotic interactions, play a crucial role in shaping community complexity. The non-seep community exhibited lower species richness and diversity, resulting in reduced community complexity compared to the seep community at Site F. These results contribute to a deeper understanding of nutritional ecology and community structure at Site F cold seep.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51009,"journal":{"name":"Deep-Sea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 104501"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143823952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coral and float-derived observations of flow around SG_áan K_ínghlas-Bowie Seamount in the Northeast Pacific: revisiting the Taylor cone","authors":"Tetjana Ross,&nbsp;Cherisse Du Preez,&nbsp;Debby Ianson","doi":"10.1016/j.dsr.2025.104499","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dsr.2025.104499","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Seamounts are oases of life within the deep sea. Recruitment mechanisms to these isolated systems, where benthic larvae spend weeks or months in the pelagic, remain a mystery. Persistent closed circulation patterns ('Taylor cones') are proposed to increase local retention around these underwater mountains, but the idea remains controversial. Some coral species may help us understand this puzzle. Cold-water corals, such as <em>Primnoa pacifica</em> and <em>Parastenella</em> spp., grow slowly, orienting their fan perpendicular to, and curved towards, the mean-flow direction. We took advantage of these long-term natural current meters, using a combination of benthic imagery, sea-surface height, Argo trajectory, hydrographic, and reanalysis model data to examine flow around S<span><math><mrow><munder><mi>G</mi><mo>_</mo></munder></mrow></math></span>áan <span><math><mrow><munder><mi>K</mi><mo>_</mo></munder></mrow></math></span>ínghlas-Bowie Seamount (S<span><math><mrow><munder><mi>K</mi><mo>_</mo></munder></mrow></math></span>-B) in the Northeast Pacific. We found that corals living on the seafloor on all sides of the seamount experienced a north to south flow (opposite to regional circulation), showing no evidence of a persistent closed circulation. We suggest that a combination of remotely generated internal tides breaking on the plateau and steering/rectification of local tides below 500m could cause these strong coherent bottom currents. Finally, we also observed transient clockwise circulation around the seamount when Haida Eddies became trapped. Eddies provide a regular mechanism for larval and food transport from the coast to S<span><math><mrow><munder><mi>K</mi><mo>_</mo></munder></mrow></math></span>-B. Once trapped, the closed clockwise circulation lasts months and likely aids in local retention and self-recruitment. Our findings reveal the dynamic nature of flow over seamount-like features and the importance of understanding this complexity in the broader context of marine conservation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51009,"journal":{"name":"Deep-Sea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 104499"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143833394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On Anguillosyllis cf. hessleri Maciolek, 2020 – A species complex from the Clarion-Clipperton zone, abyssal central Pacific","authors":"Regan Drennan ,&nbsp;Lenka Neal ,&nbsp;Helena Wiklund ,&nbsp;Eva C.D. Stewart ,&nbsp;Muriel Rabone ,&nbsp;Corie Boolukos ,&nbsp;Innes Clatworthy ,&nbsp;Zuzana Jungmanova ,&nbsp;Thomas G. Dahlgren ,&nbsp;Adrian G. Glover","doi":"10.1016/j.dsr.2025.104453","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dsr.2025.104453","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The benthic annelid fauna of polymetallic nodule fields in the eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ) has recently been the subject of taxonomic investigations aiming to document the biodiversity of this region. While investigating the annelids, a particularly high diversity was discovered within the genus <em>Anguillosyllis</em> Day, 1963 using a combination of morphological and molecular approaches. Initially, 38 specimens of <em>Anguillosyllis</em> were assigned to the known CCZ species <em>Anguillosyllis hessleri</em> Maciolek, 2020 based on morphological examination, including examination of the type specimen. However, our genetic data revealed that these specimens represent four distinct lineages (putative species) based on COI and 16S markers. Further morphological investigation using SEM revealed a complex structure of the prostomium, which could potentially differentiate these lineages. However, as no molecular or SEM data are available from the type specimen of <em>A. hessleri</em>, we cannot ascertain which, if any, of these lineages represent the known species described by Maciolek (2020). Thus, currently, we can only assign CCZ specimens to <em>Anguillosyllis</em> cf. <em>hessleri</em> and further distinguish the lineages by assigning each a unique code in the form of “NHM_####”. The SEM observations are the first reported for <em>Anguillosyllis</em>, revealing new taxonomic characters that may be used to disentangle the <em>A. hessleri</em> species complex and be of use in taxonomy of <em>Anguillosyllis</em> in general.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51009,"journal":{"name":"Deep-Sea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 104453"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143747775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early signs of recovery suggested by changes in the structure and function of deep-sea megabenthic communities on a seamount 19 years after fishing","authors":"Savannah L. Goode ,&nbsp;Ashley A. Rowden ,&nbsp;Malcolm R. Clark ,&nbsp;David A. Bowden ,&nbsp;Fabrice Stephenson","doi":"10.1016/j.dsr.2025.104488","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dsr.2025.104488","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bottom trawling is the most widespread and severe human disturbance affecting deep-seafloor environments. Seafloor communities inhabiting seamounts (undersea hills or mountains) are especially vulnerable to trawling impacts as they are often dominated by long-lived, sessile epifauna (e.g., cold-water corals) that are easily damaged and/or removed by fishing gear. Trawling on seamounts is spatially concentrated, compounding effects on the benthos. However, the extent to which communities on seamounts that are closed to fishing can recover from earlier trawling impacts is uncertain. Previous studies have hypothesised that any post-trawling recovery of benthic communities on seamounts will probably be initially patchy, recolonised by surviving remnant populations, and may take several decades or more to occur. A fine-scale approach is thus needed to understand and determine the spatio-temporal dynamics of recovery. To address this need, we studied a New Zealand seamount located on Chatham Rise, Morgue, that was heavily trawled in the 1990s before being closed to fishing in 2001. We analysed seafloor imagery collected with a towed camera during repeat surveys in 2001, 2005, 2009, 2015, and 2020 to examine potential changes in benthic community structure and function after trawling ceased. A temporal shift in community structure driven by changes in the abundances of several taxa (mainly bryozoans, stylasterid hydrocorals, and comatulid crinoids) was observed over the study timescale, indicating the communities may have been in the early stages of post-trawling recovery. However, structural variation between different seamount sides and the summit (i.e., spatial variation) was still more pronounced than temporal variation and reflected the trawl fishing footprint. Community function showed little sign of ongoing recovery overall, though some change (driven by colonisation by stylasterid hydrocorals and bryozoans) indicative of early recovery was observed for communities on the seamount summit. Juvenile colonies of the reef-forming stony coral <em>Solenosmilia variabilis</em> were also observed between 8 and 19 years after the closure, demonstrating that the fisheries closure may have facilitated the early recovery process of this species and its associates. Overall, this work has important implications for the spatial management of seamounts vulnerable to bottom-contact fishing operations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51009,"journal":{"name":"Deep-Sea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 104488"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143807569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How adverse are Mediterranean waters to the deep-sea fauna? A study of the Gibraltar exchange based on Mollusca from the “BALGIM” expedition","authors":"Utrilla O ,&nbsp;Gofas S ,&nbsp;Salas C","doi":"10.1016/j.dsr.2025.104492","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dsr.2025.104492","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The BALGIM expedition was designed to assess the distribution of marine organisms in the transition from Gulf of Cadiz to Mediterranean Sea across the Strait of Gibraltar. There were 99 hauls below 200 m depth, down to 2110 m. Two matrixes with abundance data were constructed using the data of gastropods and scaphopods from this study and those of bivalves studied earlier. Species were scored according to their bathymetric and geographic distribution as (1) deep-sea species occurring exclusively in the Atlantic, or (2) deep-sea species reported as living both in the Atlantic and the Mediterranean. A total of 4641 live-taken individuals corresponding to 154 species of molluscs collected alive were identified, and almost twice as many (243 species) including those collected as shells only. The samples do not form clearly defined clusters based on their faunal content. More than half of the species (84) occur both in the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. Most of the 62 species with an Atlantic-only distribution are associated to the cool or cold waters below 600 m depth along the Moroccan margin, and are barred by the Mediterranean Outflow Water in the northern part of Gulf of Cadiz. Four species are preferent of the warm but low-saline North Atlantic Central Water, also off the Moroccan margin. The Mediterranean outflow largely shares a set of species also occurring in the Mediterranean, whereas there are no Mediterranean-only deep-sea species. Therefore, variation in salinity in a range of 1–2 ‰ is not critical compared to temperature which explains most of the restricted distributions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51009,"journal":{"name":"Deep-Sea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 104492"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143839643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The near-bottom turbulence induced resuspension of seabed material in deep sea","authors":"Cong Hu ,&nbsp;Ting Zhang ,&nbsp;Chunsheng Ji ,&nbsp;Yonggang Jia","doi":"10.1016/j.dsr.2025.104491","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dsr.2025.104491","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Marine seabed material resuspension holds significant importance across various fields, from ocean engineering to environmental science. However, it has been seldom explored in deep-sea environments. In this study, we conducted an in-situ field observation using a lander at the toe of Shenhu Canyon (1405 m). A sediment resuspension event and down-slope current were simultaneously recorded. The suspended particulate concentration synchronously varied with current velocity. Despite the occurrence of resuspension, the velocity and near-bed shear stress were below their critical values. This phenomenon was attributed to the resuspension of loose aggregates, which required a low current velocity exceeding 0.1 m/s and small near-bed shear stress. Sweep was identified as the primary contributor to resuspension, followed by ejection, while the contributions of down-deceleration and up-acceleration were negligible. An intriguing observation was the bimodal characteristic of both near-bed shear stress and sweep. At the highest suspended particulate concentration, both parameters decreased to small values. Additionally, the amplitude of acoustic backscatter increased with distance from the seabed in the near-bed vertical profile. This can be explained by the slow settling of the resuspended loose aggregates, shedding light on the formation of giant bottom nepheloid layers in the South China Sea.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51009,"journal":{"name":"Deep-Sea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers","volume":"219 ","pages":"Article 104491"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143697712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Occurrence of vent-derived organic falls and associated fauna at hydrothermal vents on the Indian ridge: Implications for an underestimated food source at hydrothermal vent fields","authors":"Klaas Meyn ,&nbsp;Terue C. Kihara ,&nbsp;Andrew K. Sweetman ,&nbsp;Pedro Martínez Arbizu ,&nbsp;Thomas Kuhn","doi":"10.1016/j.dsr.2025.104489","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dsr.2025.104489","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Organic falls, hydrothermal vent fields and seeps rely primarily on chemosynthetic organic production leading to a carbon enriched habitat set against the oligotrophic deep-sea background. These habitats are typically inhabited by novel faunal assemblages with similar functional characteristics and often show harsh environmental gradients over relatively small scales with severe effects on diversity and density compared to the benthic background fauna. While the importance of particulate organic matter (POM) has been pointed out, the presence of POM as local accumulated organic deposits within hydrothermal vent fields has not been studied.</div><div>Here, we present the first observations of organic deposits within active vents in the Indian Ocean including observations of giant capitellid worms inhabiting these organic mats with a length of up to 30 cm. This potential new species occurred in shrimp carcasses, the exuvia of <em>Rimicaris kairei</em>, on two hydrothermal vent sites from the Indian Ocean. We used imagery to build a high-resolution 3D reconstruction model of one side of a chimney complex, including the 4.8 m² surface area of the exuvia deposit. The capitellids occurred in dense aggregations and may contribute significantly to the food web of active hydrothermal vent fields, representing a possible overlooked food source for benthic and demersal predators. In addition, we report on observations on further organic deposit types and compare their associated epifauna along the mid-ocean ridges of the Indian Ocean. The exuvia deposits where capitellids were present appeared to be compacted and compressed implicating a potential role in stabilizing seafloor habitat. This is the first record of the family Capitellidae in organic deposits at hydrothermal vent fields, where they may serve as ecosystem engineers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51009,"journal":{"name":"Deep-Sea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 104489"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143776985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The trapping of Agulhas Rings in the South Brazil Bight","authors":"Piero S. Bernardo ,&nbsp;Cauê Z. Lazaneo ,&nbsp;Ilson C.A. da Silveira ,&nbsp;João P.M. Amorim ,&nbsp;Milton Borges-Silva ,&nbsp;Pedro W.M. Souza-Neto ,&nbsp;Marcelo Dottori ,&nbsp;Wellington C. Belo ,&nbsp;Renato P. Martins ,&nbsp;Luiz A.A. Guerra ,&nbsp;Daniel L. Moreira","doi":"10.1016/j.dsr.2025.104486","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dsr.2025.104486","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The South Brazil Bight is a section of the Brazilian margin mainly dominated by the poleward Brazil Current flow, its meanderings and eddies. We evaluated the mean mesoscale activity for the region, and an anticyclonic feature was highlighted over the São Paulo Plateau. Around that feature, cyclonic eddies were also accentuated. The combination of these structures dominate the region, forming an eddy corridor. Using eddy detection dataset, we reveal that the filtered positive-<span><math><mi>Ψ</mi></math></span>-signal on the plateau was related to the presence of anticyclones. The cyclones in the region originate both locally and remotely, whereas most anticyclones predominantly have remote origins. More than 95% of these anticyclones were Agulhas Rings, which could or could not have been subjected to splitting or merging processes. On the plateau we observe an average of 5.3 anticyclones per year. However, this rate is related not only to the number of anticyclones but also to the time they remain there. We observe that Agulhas Rings reside individually in the region for 50.8 days on average, consequently, they occupy the plateau for almost 75% of the year. During half of the residence time, there is a multi-pattern interaction with cyclonic eddies. This relationship between eddies of opposite polarity creates a shielding process. The anticyclones become shielded and trapped by the cyclones, have their progress delayed, and their course deflected towards the Brazil Current.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51009,"journal":{"name":"Deep-Sea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers","volume":"219 ","pages":"Article 104486"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143682382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}