Binglin Deng, Nicoletta Riccardi, Pin Nie, Maria Urbańska, Timo J. Marjomäki, Wojciech Andrzejewski, Małgorzata Ożgo, Keiko Nakamura, Jouni Taskinen
Invasive freshwater bivalves harm native species, ecosystems and biodiversity, and incur economic costs. The enemy release hypothesis posits that invasive species are released from enemies during the invasion process, giving them a competitive advantage in the new environment. We compared parasitism in two invasive freshwater bivalves, Sinanodonta woodiana and Corbicula fluminea between their original range (China) and invaded range (Europe). For S. woodiana , the average sample‐size‐standardized population‐specific parasite taxon richness was 2.1 times as high, and sum of prevalence was 3.0 times as high in the native range (3 populations, 81 individuals studied) as in the invaded range (6 populations, 210 individuals studied). For C. fluminea , the average standardized population‐specific parasite taxon richness was 1.3 and sum of prevalences was 27.5 in the native range (4 populations, 749 individuals studied), whereas all European C. fluminea were free of parasites (7 populations, 418 individuals studied). The results demonstrate loss of parasites as a result of invasion. Previous studies have shown that parasite pressure on S. woodiana and C. fluminea in the invaded range in Europe is, on average, lower than on sympatric native freshwater mussel populations. Together, these results support one aspect of the enemy release hypothesis: invasive bivalves experience reduced parasite loads as a result of invasion, which may contribute to their success, given the costs typically imposed by parasitism.
{"title":"Enemy release: loss of parasites in invasive freshwater bivalves Sinanodonta woodiana and Corbicula fluminea","authors":"Binglin Deng, Nicoletta Riccardi, Pin Nie, Maria Urbańska, Timo J. Marjomäki, Wojciech Andrzejewski, Małgorzata Ożgo, Keiko Nakamura, Jouni Taskinen","doi":"10.1002/ecog.07847","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecog.07847","url":null,"abstract":"Invasive freshwater bivalves harm native species, ecosystems and biodiversity, and incur economic costs. The enemy release hypothesis posits that invasive species are released from enemies during the invasion process, giving them a competitive advantage in the new environment. We compared parasitism in two invasive freshwater bivalves, <jats:italic>Sinanodonta woodiana</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Corbicula fluminea</jats:italic> between their original range (China) and invaded range (Europe). For <jats:italic>S. woodiana</jats:italic> , the average sample‐size‐standardized population‐specific parasite taxon richness was 2.1 times as high, and sum of prevalence was 3.0 times as high in the native range (3 populations, 81 individuals studied) as in the invaded range (6 populations, 210 individuals studied). For <jats:italic>C. fluminea</jats:italic> , the average standardized population‐specific parasite taxon richness was 1.3 and sum of prevalences was 27.5 in the native range (4 populations, 749 individuals studied), whereas all European <jats:italic>C. fluminea</jats:italic> were free of parasites (7 populations, 418 individuals studied). The results demonstrate loss of parasites as a result of invasion. Previous studies have shown that parasite pressure on <jats:italic>S. woodiana</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>C. fluminea</jats:italic> in the invaded range in Europe is, on average, lower than on sympatric native freshwater mussel populations. Together, these results support one aspect of the enemy release hypothesis: invasive bivalves experience reduced parasite loads as a result of invasion, which may contribute to their success, given the costs typically imposed by parasitism.","PeriodicalId":51026,"journal":{"name":"Ecography","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145770706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hanghang Tuo, Hossein Ghanizadeh, Ziming Yin, Xiaorui Ma, Xiaorong Wei, Mengru Yang, Zhanwen Feng, Xinning Han, Zilin Wang, Yibo Wang, Huihui Tian, Faming Ye, Qing Yang, Zhongling Yang, Wei Li
Understanding the stability dynamics of naturally occurring grassland succession under nutrient enrichment is crucial for effective ecosystem management. We carried out an 11-year field experiment to examine how grassland community stability responds to nitrogen (N) enrichment across the three successional stages (early-, mid- and late-successional stages). Our results showed that stability did not increase linearly over time; instead, natural successional grasslands became less stable in later stages due to a loss of species diversity. However, N enrichment helped slow this decline by strengthening population stability. We also found that in the early successional stage, species asynchrony driven by compensatory effects supports community stability, while in the mid- and late-successional stages, it is maintained by the conservative growth strategies of dominant species. These results highlight the importance of stage-specific nitrogen management, where reducing inputs during early stages maintains diversity-driven asynchrony, and moderate applications in later stages promote population stability.
{"title":"Succession stages-dependent shifts in grassland community stability from asynchrony to population stability mediated by nitrogen enrichment","authors":"Hanghang Tuo, Hossein Ghanizadeh, Ziming Yin, Xiaorui Ma, Xiaorong Wei, Mengru Yang, Zhanwen Feng, Xinning Han, Zilin Wang, Yibo Wang, Huihui Tian, Faming Ye, Qing Yang, Zhongling Yang, Wei Li","doi":"10.1002/ecog.08361","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecog.08361","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the stability dynamics of naturally occurring grassland succession under nutrient enrichment is crucial for effective ecosystem management. We carried out an 11-year field experiment to examine how grassland community stability responds to nitrogen (N) enrichment across the three successional stages (early-, mid- and late-successional stages). Our results showed that stability did not increase linearly over time; instead, natural successional grasslands became less stable in later stages due to a loss of species diversity. However, N enrichment helped slow this decline by strengthening population stability. We also found that in the early successional stage, species asynchrony driven by compensatory effects supports community stability, while in the mid- and late-successional stages, it is maintained by the conservative growth strategies of dominant species. These results highlight the importance of stage-specific nitrogen management, where reducing inputs during early stages maintains diversity-driven asynchrony, and moderate applications in later stages promote population stability.","PeriodicalId":51026,"journal":{"name":"Ecography","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145753149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Erica A. Newman, Mark Q. Wilber, Alexandre Génin, Oriana E. Chafe, Henry F. Houskeeper, Steven Lee, Eric L. Berlow, John Harte
Although anthropogenically‐induced ecological disruptions are fundamentally important in defining ecosystem properties, they are largely overlooked by macroecological theory. Anthropogenic disruptions and their effects are generally not comparable to one another, nor to disturbances that are part of natural disturbance regimes. To address this gap, we consider distributions of species diversity, abundance, and spatial clustering in carefully matched paired sites: sites anthropogenically exposed to ‘pack stock use' (intensive spot foraging by non‐native horses and mules), and control sites with no modern history of pack stock use. We examine ecological disruption in plant communities in 18 field plots arranged over two moisture levels, arrayed within 6 paired meadows in the high Sierra Nevada, in California, USA. Multiple hypotheses, including predictions from the maximum entropy theory of ecology (METE), were evaluated against plot‐level data. METE, an information‐theoretic framework of interrelated macroecological predictions, has demonstrated broad applicability across a variety of ecosystems and taxa, but has failed in systems with natural disturbance and ecological succession. We find that the shape of the species abundance distributions in plots are not by themselves good discriminants of anthropogenic disruption, and all models tested overestimate the number of ‘rare' species (those with ≤ 10 individuals). A measure of by‐species spatial clustering from METE fits empirical patterns from anthropogenically disrupted and control sites better than other models. Ultimately, arrays of small‐scale macroecological scaling plots in field studies might provide a way to capture landscape heterogeneity across altered landscapes, and be used to assess how mathematically interrelated biodiversity distributions change together under various stressors, both natural and anthropogenic in origin. Though more testing is needed to make generally applicable statements for human‐altered systems, we find that the METE predictions are robust to the level of anthropogenic disruption at these sites, and patterns from disrupted sites do not resemble patterns from natural disturbances.
{"title":"Developing a macroecology for human‐altered ecosystems","authors":"Erica A. Newman, Mark Q. Wilber, Alexandre Génin, Oriana E. Chafe, Henry F. Houskeeper, Steven Lee, Eric L. Berlow, John Harte","doi":"10.1002/ecog.07429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecog.07429","url":null,"abstract":"Although anthropogenically‐induced ecological disruptions are fundamentally important in defining ecosystem properties, they are largely overlooked by macroecological theory. Anthropogenic disruptions and their effects are generally not comparable to one another, nor to disturbances that are part of natural disturbance regimes. To address this gap, we consider distributions of species diversity, abundance, and spatial clustering in carefully matched paired sites: sites anthropogenically exposed to ‘pack stock use' (intensive spot foraging by non‐native horses and mules), and control sites with no modern history of pack stock use. We examine ecological disruption in plant communities in 18 field plots arranged over two moisture levels, arrayed within 6 paired meadows in the high Sierra Nevada, in California, USA. Multiple hypotheses, including predictions from the maximum entropy theory of ecology (METE), were evaluated against plot‐level data. METE, an information‐theoretic framework of interrelated macroecological predictions, has demonstrated broad applicability across a variety of ecosystems and taxa, but has failed in systems with natural disturbance and ecological succession. We find that the shape of the species abundance distributions in plots are not by themselves good discriminants of anthropogenic disruption, and all models tested overestimate the number of ‘rare' species (those with ≤ 10 individuals). A measure of by‐species spatial clustering from METE fits empirical patterns from anthropogenically disrupted and control sites better than other models. Ultimately, arrays of small‐scale macroecological scaling plots in field studies might provide a way to capture landscape heterogeneity across altered landscapes, and be used to assess how mathematically interrelated biodiversity distributions change together under various stressors, both natural and anthropogenic in origin. Though more testing is needed to make generally applicable statements for human‐altered systems, we find that the METE predictions are robust to the level of anthropogenic disruption at these sites, and patterns from disrupted sites do not resemble patterns from natural disturbances.","PeriodicalId":51026,"journal":{"name":"Ecography","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145731084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ingeborg J. Klarenberg, Rong Liu, Peter Convey, Johannes H. C. Cornelissen, Stef Bokhorst
Primary producers shape terrestrial biodiversity, but most research has focused on vascular plants, while the role of cryptogams (mosses, lichens and algae) remains under-explored. Cryptogams dominate Antarctic vegetation and support diverse microarthropod communities. However, how cryptogam traits influence these communities remains poorly understood. We therefore investigated the role of 28 cryptogam species and one vascular plant, via their functional traits, in shaping microarthropod communities across three contrasting sites (Signy Island, Byers Peninsula and Rothera) in the maritime Antarctic. We hypothesized that vegetation nitrogen and moisture content, major microarthropod taxa, and abiotic drivers interact to influence community patterns.
{"title":"How the small host the small: cryptogam trait-mediated structuring of Antarctic microarthropod communities","authors":"Ingeborg J. Klarenberg, Rong Liu, Peter Convey, Johannes H. C. Cornelissen, Stef Bokhorst","doi":"10.1002/ecog.08175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecog.08175","url":null,"abstract":"Primary producers shape terrestrial biodiversity, but most research has focused on vascular plants, while the role of cryptogams (mosses, lichens and algae) remains under-explored. Cryptogams dominate Antarctic vegetation and support diverse microarthropod communities. However, how cryptogam traits influence these communities remains poorly understood. We therefore investigated the role of 28 cryptogam species and one vascular plant, via their functional traits, in shaping microarthropod communities across three contrasting sites (Signy Island, Byers Peninsula and Rothera) in the maritime Antarctic. We hypothesized that vegetation nitrogen and moisture content, major microarthropod taxa, and abiotic drivers interact to influence community patterns.","PeriodicalId":51026,"journal":{"name":"Ecography","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145728736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rujia He, Dayong Zhao, Shuren Wang, Qinglong L. Wu, Jin Zeng
Theoretical and empirical evidence indicates that biodiversity, species coexistence, and community stability are interconnected; however, the mechanisms underlying these associations remain poorly understood, particularly in aquatic ecosystems mediated by macrophytes. Here, we conducted a comprehensive investigation of microbial communities in bulk and Phragmites australis rhizosphere across 26 lake littoral zones of typical plain and plateau in China, and evaluated the microbial stability based on the community mean tolerance breadth, community mean response asynchrony, and network stability. We found the rhizosphere significantly enhanced bacterial and fungal richness, community mean tolerance breadth, and niche breadth compared to bulk. This enhancement was primarily driven by an overall increase in species richness, rather than by selectively promoting generalists or specialists. Rhizosphere microbial members displayed increased niche overlap and species competition, along with enhanced network complexity and stability, both within and between bacterial and fungal communities. Structural equation modeling indicated that fungal taxa exhibited a competitive advantage over bacterial members in maintaining community stability within the rhizosphere. Therefore, our study demonstrates that the rhizosphere enhances microbial community stability primarily by expanding overall species richness and intensifying competitive interactions. These findings advance the understanding of plant‐mediated microbiome stabilization and have significant implications for predicting ecosystem resilience in freshwater habitats under environmental change.
{"title":"The stability of microbial community enhanced in the rhizosphere of Phragmites australis at the regional scale across typical plain and plateau in China","authors":"Rujia He, Dayong Zhao, Shuren Wang, Qinglong L. Wu, Jin Zeng","doi":"10.1002/ecog.08303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecog.08303","url":null,"abstract":"Theoretical and empirical evidence indicates that biodiversity, species coexistence, and community stability are interconnected; however, the mechanisms underlying these associations remain poorly understood, particularly in aquatic ecosystems mediated by macrophytes. Here, we conducted a comprehensive investigation of microbial communities in bulk and <jats:italic>Phragmites australis</jats:italic> rhizosphere across 26 lake littoral zones of typical plain and plateau in China, and evaluated the microbial stability based on the community mean tolerance breadth, community mean response asynchrony, and network stability. We found the rhizosphere significantly enhanced bacterial and fungal richness, community mean tolerance breadth, and niche breadth compared to bulk. This enhancement was primarily driven by an overall increase in species richness, rather than by selectively promoting generalists or specialists. Rhizosphere microbial members displayed increased niche overlap and species competition, along with enhanced network complexity and stability, both within and between bacterial and fungal communities. Structural equation modeling indicated that fungal taxa exhibited a competitive advantage over bacterial members in maintaining community stability within the rhizosphere. Therefore, our study demonstrates that the rhizosphere enhances microbial community stability primarily by expanding overall species richness and intensifying competitive interactions. These findings advance the understanding of plant‐mediated microbiome stabilization and have significant implications for predicting ecosystem resilience in freshwater habitats under environmental change.","PeriodicalId":51026,"journal":{"name":"Ecography","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145711444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ruining Li, Chun‐Sen Ma, Léna Jego, Cécile Le Lann, Joan Van Baaren, Gang Ma
Climate change, through rising temperatures, greater variability, and more frequent extremes, is reshaping insect phenology and thermal niches, with profound effects for pest outbreaks. Predicting these impacts requires a clear understanding of species and communities' responses across geographic gradients. We assessed thermal tolerance (CTmax, CTmin, CCRT) of three cereal aphid species Sitobion avenae , Rhopalosiphum padi , Metopolophium dirhodum from 30 populations along a 1200 km longitudinal gradient in Europe, comparing autumn and spring collections. We measured guild‐level functional diversity to assess thermal trait patterns along the longitudinal gradient. We tested whether 1) eastern populations experiencing greater seasonality and harsher winters exhibited broader thermal ranges, 2) autumn aphids were more cold‐tolerant and less heat‐tolerant than spring aphids, and 3) stronger seasonality facilitated thermal trait convergence within the guild. Across the longitudinal gradient, autumn populations in eastern Europe exhibited broader thermal ranges, supporting the climatic variability hypothesis (CVH). In contrast, spring populations displayed a counter‐gradient pattern, with stronger cold tolerance in the milder western winters, likely reflecting differences in overwintering strategies (active adults in the west versus diapausing eggs in the east). Additionally, autumn aphids were less heat‐tolerant than spring individuals. Eastern communities exhibited trait convergence driven by large intraspecific variation, whereas western communities showed interspecific divergence, indicating differential environmental filtering. Increasing climate variability may drive thermal traits homogenization (negative standardized effect size of functional diversity for all traits) in ectotherm communities. Climate change may intensify season‐dependent physiological changes, shift eastward the geographic range of aphids overwintering as active adults, and homogenize thermal niches, potentially altering pest dynamics and diminishing the effectiveness of integrated pest management strategies. Our study underscores the importance of integrating seasonal dynamics and intraspecific trait variations when predicting climate change responses, highlighting how changes in temperature variability – not just warming – may reshape ectotherm communities during the growing season.
{"title":"Temperature variability homogenized thermal responses in an ectotherm community along a European longitudinal gradient","authors":"Ruining Li, Chun‐Sen Ma, Léna Jego, Cécile Le Lann, Joan Van Baaren, Gang Ma","doi":"10.1002/ecog.08194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecog.08194","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change, through rising temperatures, greater variability, and more frequent extremes, is reshaping insect phenology and thermal niches, with profound effects for pest outbreaks. Predicting these impacts requires a clear understanding of species and communities' responses across geographic gradients. We assessed thermal tolerance (CTmax, CTmin, CCRT) of three cereal aphid species <jats:italic>Sitobion avenae</jats:italic> , <jats:italic>Rhopalosiphum padi</jats:italic> , <jats:italic>Metopolophium dirhodum</jats:italic> from 30 populations along a 1200 km longitudinal gradient in Europe, comparing autumn and spring collections. We measured guild‐level functional diversity to assess thermal trait patterns along the longitudinal gradient. We tested whether 1) eastern populations experiencing greater seasonality and harsher winters exhibited broader thermal ranges, 2) autumn aphids were more cold‐tolerant and less heat‐tolerant than spring aphids, and 3) stronger seasonality facilitated thermal trait convergence within the guild. Across the longitudinal gradient, autumn populations in eastern Europe exhibited broader thermal ranges, supporting the climatic variability hypothesis (CVH). In contrast, spring populations displayed a counter‐gradient pattern, with stronger cold tolerance in the milder western winters, likely reflecting differences in overwintering strategies (active adults in the west versus diapausing eggs in the east). Additionally, autumn aphids were less heat‐tolerant than spring individuals. Eastern communities exhibited trait convergence driven by large intraspecific variation, whereas western communities showed interspecific divergence, indicating differential environmental filtering. Increasing climate variability may drive thermal traits homogenization (negative standardized effect size of functional diversity for all traits) in ectotherm communities. Climate change may intensify season‐dependent physiological changes, shift eastward the geographic range of aphids overwintering as active adults, and homogenize thermal niches, potentially altering pest dynamics and diminishing the effectiveness of integrated pest management strategies. Our study underscores the importance of integrating seasonal dynamics and intraspecific trait variations when predicting climate change responses, highlighting how changes in temperature variability – not just warming – may reshape ectotherm communities during the growing season.","PeriodicalId":51026,"journal":{"name":"Ecography","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145680238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yanina V. Sica, Wesley M. Hochachka, Robert D. Stevenson, Kate Ingenloff, Paula F. Zermoglio, John Wieczorek, Yi Ming Gan, Dmitry Schigel, Zachary R. Kachian, Steve Baskauf, Peter Brenton, Anahita J. N. Kazem, Walter Jetz, Robert Guralnick
In the face of the global biodiversity crisis, accessibility to biodiversity data that are maximally effective for downstream use in science, conservation, and policy is paramount. The Darwin Core standard has played a central role in providing a standardised structure and vocabulary for biodiversity data. However, early iterations of the standard were not optimised to capture the sampling context of biodiversity surveys – survey methods, scope, and sampling effort – which is essential for the correct interpretation and potential reuse of such data. To address this limitation, we present the Humboldt Extension to Darwin Core, a ratified standard designed to accommodate datasets that contain such contextual information. Building upon an initial, previously developed framework, we significantly improved, fully tested, and ratified a final standard, following a community process defined by biodiversity information standards (TDWG), an international standards organisation. The resulting Humboldt Extension adds 55 terms that enrich the Darwin Core, providing the terms needed to capture and share multiple types of biodiversity survey data. We illustrate the benefits of implementing the Humboldt Extension with three case studies and demonstrate how richer data can be used in research, modelling, and to inform decision‐making. We urge the uptake and use of this Extension to facilitate the reuse and synthesis of monitoring data, particularly structured surveys and inventories, for science, conservation, and policy.
{"title":"Enabling ecological survey data integration with the Humboldt Extension to Darwin Core","authors":"Yanina V. Sica, Wesley M. Hochachka, Robert D. Stevenson, Kate Ingenloff, Paula F. Zermoglio, John Wieczorek, Yi Ming Gan, Dmitry Schigel, Zachary R. Kachian, Steve Baskauf, Peter Brenton, Anahita J. N. Kazem, Walter Jetz, Robert Guralnick","doi":"10.1002/ecog.08223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecog.08223","url":null,"abstract":"In the face of the global biodiversity crisis, accessibility to biodiversity data that are maximally effective for downstream use in science, conservation, and policy is paramount. The Darwin Core standard has played a central role in providing a standardised structure and vocabulary for biodiversity data. However, early iterations of the standard were not optimised to capture the sampling context of biodiversity surveys – survey methods, scope, and sampling effort – which is essential for the correct interpretation and potential reuse of such data. To address this limitation, we present the Humboldt Extension to Darwin Core, a ratified standard designed to accommodate datasets that contain such contextual information. Building upon an initial, previously developed framework, we significantly improved, fully tested, and ratified a final standard, following a community process defined by biodiversity information standards (TDWG), an international standards organisation. The resulting Humboldt Extension adds 55 terms that enrich the Darwin Core, providing the terms needed to capture and share multiple types of biodiversity survey data. We illustrate the benefits of implementing the Humboldt Extension with three case studies and demonstrate how richer data can be used in research, modelling, and to inform decision‐making. We urge the uptake and use of this Extension to facilitate the reuse and synthesis of monitoring data, particularly structured surveys and inventories, for science, conservation, and policy.","PeriodicalId":51026,"journal":{"name":"Ecography","volume":"118 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145673666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Arnošt L. Šizling, Petr Keil, Even Tjørve, Kathleen M. C. Tjørve, Jakub D. Žárský, David Storch
Many indices based on presence‐absence data that compare two communities have been proposed, with the aim to characterize community similarity, species turnover or beta‐diversity, as well as other phenomena like community nestedness. These indices are often mathematically convertible to each other and are thus equivalent in terms of their information content. Based on this information equivalence, we classified all the indices to a few families, showing that only three families reflect ecologically relevant and directly interpretable phenomena, namely species turnover (family of Jaccard index that also includes Sørensen index of similarity), nestedness (the family of indices which compare species overlap with species richness of the species‐poor community), and the uniformity of species richness (comparing species richness of the two communities). Importantly, our analysis shows that any attempt to partition indices, including Baselga's approach to partition turnover and nestedness (i.e. to control an index for an effect of a different phenomenon), leads either to an index belonging to one of the three abovementioned families, or produces indices that do not measure any ecologically relevant phenomenon. We provide guidance on how to apply pairwise indices to make proper inference about ecological phenomena.
{"title":"Mathematically and biologically consistent framework for presence–absence pairwise indices","authors":"Arnošt L. Šizling, Petr Keil, Even Tjørve, Kathleen M. C. Tjørve, Jakub D. Žárský, David Storch","doi":"10.1002/ecog.07996","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecog.07996","url":null,"abstract":"Many indices based on presence‐absence data that compare two communities have been proposed, with the aim to characterize community similarity, species turnover or beta‐diversity, as well as other phenomena like community nestedness. These indices are often mathematically convertible to each other and are thus equivalent in terms of their information content. Based on this information equivalence, we classified all the indices to a few families, showing that only three families reflect ecologically relevant and directly interpretable phenomena, namely species turnover (family of Jaccard index that also includes Sørensen index of similarity), nestedness (the family of indices which compare species overlap with species richness of the species‐poor community), and the uniformity of species richness (comparing species richness of the two communities). Importantly, our analysis shows that any attempt to partition indices, including Baselga's approach to partition turnover and nestedness (i.e. to control an index for an effect of a different phenomenon), leads either to an index belonging to one of the three abovementioned families, or produces indices that do not measure any ecologically relevant phenomenon. We provide guidance on how to apply pairwise indices to make proper inference about ecological phenomena.","PeriodicalId":51026,"journal":{"name":"Ecography","volume":"112 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145673669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cole G. Brachmann, Martin Ryberg, Brendan R. Furneaux, Anna Rosling, Tinghai Ou, Alf Ekblad, Svetlana Abdulmanova, Isabel C. Barrio, M. Syndonia Bret‐Harte, Hannu Fritze, Laura Gough, Robert D. Hollister, Ingibjörg S. Jónsdóttir, Oula Kalttopää, Elin Lindén, Päivi Mäkiranta, Johan Olofsson, Rauni Partanen, Kirsten A. Reid, Aleksandr Sokolov, Maija S. Sujala, Maja K. Sundqvist, Otso Suominen, Craig E. Tweedie, Amanda Young, Robert G. Björk
Mycorrhizal fungi play an integral role in nutrient and carbon cycling in soils, which may be especially important in the Arctic, one of the world's most soil carbon‐rich regions. Large mammalian herbivores can influence these fungi through their impacts on vegetation and soil conditions, however the strength and prevalence of these interactions in the Arctic is still uncertain. We collected soils from 15 large mammal exclusion experiments across the Arctic. We sequenced both ITS regions and partial SSU regions using two sets of amplicons to determine the composition of soil mycorrhizal fungal communities. This allowed us to assess how these communities are impacted by exclusion of large mammalian herbivores, plant communities, and climate and soil properties. Large mammalian herbivore exclusion had a significant impact on the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) community dissimilarity between sites. The AM community was also influenced by growing season temperature and pH, which may indicate that conditions are becoming more favourable for these species in some Arctic communities. Large herbivore exclusion did not have a coherent impact on ectomycorrhizal and ericoid mycorrhizal fungal community dissimilarity, which were primarily correlated with δ 15 N signature in the soil, rather than herbivory, climate, or plant functional types. The consistent detection of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi identified highlights the need for more thorough evaluations of these communities and their role in Arctic carbon and nutrient dynamics, as these fungi are currently understudied in the Arctic.
{"title":"Impacts of large herbivores on mycorrhizal fungal communities across the Arctic","authors":"Cole G. Brachmann, Martin Ryberg, Brendan R. Furneaux, Anna Rosling, Tinghai Ou, Alf Ekblad, Svetlana Abdulmanova, Isabel C. Barrio, M. Syndonia Bret‐Harte, Hannu Fritze, Laura Gough, Robert D. Hollister, Ingibjörg S. Jónsdóttir, Oula Kalttopää, Elin Lindén, Päivi Mäkiranta, Johan Olofsson, Rauni Partanen, Kirsten A. Reid, Aleksandr Sokolov, Maija S. Sujala, Maja K. Sundqvist, Otso Suominen, Craig E. Tweedie, Amanda Young, Robert G. Björk","doi":"10.1002/ecog.08045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecog.08045","url":null,"abstract":"Mycorrhizal fungi play an integral role in nutrient and carbon cycling in soils, which may be especially important in the Arctic, one of the world's most soil carbon‐rich regions. Large mammalian herbivores can influence these fungi through their impacts on vegetation and soil conditions, however the strength and prevalence of these interactions in the Arctic is still uncertain. We collected soils from 15 large mammal exclusion experiments across the Arctic. We sequenced both ITS regions and partial SSU regions using two sets of amplicons to determine the composition of soil mycorrhizal fungal communities. This allowed us to assess how these communities are impacted by exclusion of large mammalian herbivores, plant communities, and climate and soil properties. Large mammalian herbivore exclusion had a significant impact on the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) community dissimilarity between sites. The AM community was also influenced by growing season temperature and pH, which may indicate that conditions are becoming more favourable for these species in some Arctic communities. Large herbivore exclusion did not have a coherent impact on ectomycorrhizal and ericoid mycorrhizal fungal community dissimilarity, which were primarily correlated with δ <jats:sup>15</jats:sup> N signature in the soil, rather than herbivory, climate, or plant functional types. The consistent detection of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi identified highlights the need for more thorough evaluations of these communities and their role in Arctic carbon and nutrient dynamics, as these fungi are currently understudied in the Arctic.","PeriodicalId":51026,"journal":{"name":"Ecography","volume":"157 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145673667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Noèmie Collette, Sébastien Pinel, Valérie Delorme‐Hinoux, Joris A. M. Bertrand
Species distributions are shifting under global change, with mountain ecosystems among the most vulnerable. In such landscapes, the ability to track changing conditions is limited, threatening narrowly distributed species. As a mountain biodiversity hotspot in southwestern Europe, the Pyrenees harbors many such species, making it a key case study for climate vulnerability assessments. This study implements a bioclimatic niche modeling pipeline to evaluate the impact of climate change on endemic Pyrenean plant species by 2100. Its objectives are to: 1) map current bioclimatic niche suitability, 2) forecast future spatial dynamics, and 3) identify potential climate refugia for conservation. Species occurrences were combined with 19 bioclimatic variables (1 × 1 km resolution) to characterize bioclimatic niche suitability, using an ensemble modeling approach integrating five algorithms (maximum entropy, generalized linear model, generalized additive model, gradient boosting machine, and random forest). Their future spatiotemporal dynamics were projected under four climate scenarios (Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP): 126, 245, 370, 585) for four successive periods spanning 2021–2100. By 2100, 69% of endemic species are projected to lose over 75% of their bioclimatic niche, and half are expected to face complete losses under high‐emission scenarios. Only two species may gain suitable areas, highlighting the need for species‐specific conservation strategies. Bioclimatic niches are projected to shift by ~ 180 m upslope and ~ 3 km in latitude on average, with areas of highest multi‐species suitability, referred to as bioclimatic hotspots, becoming restricted to elevations above 2000 m. These trends intensify after 2041–2060 period, reflecting escalating climate pressures as the century progresses. Our findings highlight the profound threat climate change may pose to endemic Pyrenean flora, with widespread bioclimatic niche losses projected by the century's end and high‐elevation refugia emerging as key conservation priorities. Anticipating these shifts and integrating them into conservation planning will be crucial for mitigating high‐elevation biodiversity loss in a rapidly changing world.
{"title":"Projecting spatiotemporal bioclimatic niche dynamics of endemic Pyrenean plant species under climate change: how much will we lose?","authors":"Noèmie Collette, Sébastien Pinel, Valérie Delorme‐Hinoux, Joris A. M. Bertrand","doi":"10.1002/ecog.08067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecog.08067","url":null,"abstract":"Species distributions are shifting under global change, with mountain ecosystems among the most vulnerable. In such landscapes, the ability to track changing conditions is limited, threatening narrowly distributed species. As a mountain biodiversity hotspot in southwestern Europe, the Pyrenees harbors many such species, making it a key case study for climate vulnerability assessments. This study implements a bioclimatic niche modeling pipeline to evaluate the impact of climate change on endemic Pyrenean plant species by 2100. Its objectives are to: 1) map current bioclimatic niche suitability, 2) forecast future spatial dynamics, and 3) identify potential climate refugia for conservation. Species occurrences were combined with 19 bioclimatic variables (1 × 1 km resolution) to characterize bioclimatic niche suitability, using an ensemble modeling approach integrating five algorithms (maximum entropy, generalized linear model, generalized additive model, gradient boosting machine, and random forest). Their future spatiotemporal dynamics were projected under four climate scenarios (Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP): 126, 245, 370, 585) for four successive periods spanning 2021–2100. By 2100, 69% of endemic species are projected to lose over 75% of their bioclimatic niche, and half are expected to face complete losses under high‐emission scenarios. Only two species may gain suitable areas, highlighting the need for species‐specific conservation strategies. Bioclimatic niches are projected to shift by ~ 180 m upslope and ~ 3 km in latitude on average, with areas of highest multi‐species suitability, referred to as bioclimatic hotspots, becoming restricted to elevations above 2000 m. These trends intensify after 2041–2060 period, reflecting escalating climate pressures as the century progresses. Our findings highlight the profound threat climate change may pose to endemic Pyrenean flora, with widespread bioclimatic niche losses projected by the century's end and high‐elevation refugia emerging as key conservation priorities. Anticipating these shifts and integrating them into conservation planning will be crucial for mitigating high‐elevation biodiversity loss in a rapidly changing world.","PeriodicalId":51026,"journal":{"name":"Ecography","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145657124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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