This paper presents quality testing of battery pack welds for different welding time parameters of an automatic resistance spot welding machine. Several quality testing methods commonly used in studies of welded joints were described. Finally, the breakage test destructive method was chosen and used in this research. To investigate the influence of welder parameters on the quality of the welded joints, the programmable resistance spot welding machine was designed and constructed. As the studied samples, the 18650 cell type and the 8 mm × 0,15 mm cell packaging nickel plated steel tape were chosen as the most commonly used for the construction of battery packs for personal electric vehicles. The impact of each time constants set on the spot welding process was measured by the self-designed and constructed strength testing machine. After a series of tests with different parameters of spot welding process, the final conclusions were formulated.
介绍了自动电阻点焊机在不同焊接时间参数下电池包焊缝的质量检测。介绍了焊接接头研究中常用的几种质量检测方法。最后，本研究选择了破碎试验破坏方法。为研究焊机参数对焊接接头质量的影响，设计并制造了可编程电阻点焊机。作为研究样本，选择18650电池型号和8 mm × 0,15 mm电池包装镀镍钢带作为个人电动汽车电池组结构中最常用的材料。利用自行设计制造的强度试验机，测量了各时间常数对点焊过程的影响。通过对不同的点焊工艺参数进行一系列试验，得出了最终结论。
{"title":"Quality Analysis of Welds Made with an Automatic Battery Pack Spot Welding Machine","authors":"S. Racewicz, Robert Fijałkowski","doi":"10.5755/j02.eie.33864","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5755/j02.eie.33864","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents quality testing of battery pack welds for different welding time parameters of an automatic resistance spot welding machine. Several quality testing methods commonly used in studies of welded joints were described. Finally, the breakage test destructive method was chosen and used in this research. To investigate the influence of welder parameters on the quality of the welded joints, the programmable resistance spot welding machine was designed and constructed. As the studied samples, the 18650 cell type and the 8 mm × 0,15 mm cell packaging nickel plated steel tape were chosen as the most commonly used for the construction of battery packs for personal electric vehicles. The impact of each time constants set on the spot welding process was measured by the self-designed and constructed strength testing machine. After a series of tests with different parameters of spot welding process, the final conclusions were formulated.","PeriodicalId":51031,"journal":{"name":"Elektronika Ir Elektrotechnika","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43636989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yehong Liu, Dong Dai, C. Tang, Xin Wang, Shumao Wang
The feed rate is an important evaluation index of combine harvester performance. The quick identification of the amount of feed rate that enters the combine during harvesting is of great significance for the efficiency and operational quality of the combine harvester. To address this issue, this study proposes a feed rate discrimination method based on association rule mining. A self-designed data acquisition system was designed, taking the wheat combine harvester as object, and collected seven speed signals and three torque signals when the feed rate was 6 kg/s~8 kg/s, 8 kg/s~10 kg/s, and 10 kg/s~11 kg/s, respectively. The collected time series data were discretized so as to facilitate the construction of transaction sets. Then, the association rules in the constructed transaction set were mined by FP-Growth, and the rules with weak or no correlation with the increase in feed rate were filtered using min-support, min-confidence, and min-lift of 1.3, 0.8, and 3, respectively, to obtain strong association rules. Then, the strong association rules were constructed as classifiers. The test results showed that the accuracy of the constructed classifier for the identification of 6 kg/s~8 kg/s, 8 kg/s~10 kg/s, and 10 kg/s~11 kg/s feed rates was 100 %, 96 %, and 98.7 %, respectively. Research results can provide a basis for the adjustment of the working state of the combine harvester.
{"title":"Discriminating Feed Rate of Combine Harvester by Using Association Rule Mining","authors":"Yehong Liu, Dong Dai, C. Tang, Xin Wang, Shumao Wang","doi":"10.5755/j02.eie.33859","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5755/j02.eie.33859","url":null,"abstract":"The feed rate is an important evaluation index of combine harvester performance. The quick identification of the amount of feed rate that enters the combine during harvesting is of great significance for the efficiency and operational quality of the combine harvester. To address this issue, this study proposes a feed rate discrimination method based on association rule mining. A self-designed data acquisition system was designed, taking the wheat combine harvester as object, and collected seven speed signals and three torque signals when the feed rate was 6 kg/s~8 kg/s, 8 kg/s~10 kg/s, and 10 kg/s~11 kg/s, respectively. The collected time series data were discretized so as to facilitate the construction of transaction sets. Then, the association rules in the constructed transaction set were mined by FP-Growth, and the rules with weak or no correlation with the increase in feed rate were filtered using min-support, min-confidence, and min-lift of 1.3, 0.8, and 3, respectively, to obtain strong association rules. Then, the strong association rules were constructed as classifiers. The test results showed that the accuracy of the constructed classifier for the identification of 6 kg/s~8 kg/s, 8 kg/s~10 kg/s, and 10 kg/s~11 kg/s feed rates was 100 %, 96 %, and 98.7 %, respectively. Research results can provide a basis for the adjustment of the working state of the combine harvester.","PeriodicalId":51031,"journal":{"name":"Elektronika Ir Elektrotechnika","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48437528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Suljovic, D. Krstić, Goran Nestorovic, N. Petrovic, Sinisa Minic, D. Gurjar
In this paper, a wireless system is considered impacted by Beaulieu-Xie (BX) fading and Rician co-channel interference (CCI). A selection diversity combining technique is used to combat multi-path fading and CCI effects. The expression for the level crossing rate (LCR) is formulated for the receiver with more input branches, and the corresponding curves that have dependence on the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) are drawn. On the basis of the presented graphs, we quantify the amount of LCR affected by the presence of fading and interference. Additionally, we propose a classification-based predictive model which leverages the previously calculated LCR value as one of inputs among other variables (number of users, base station, the day of the week) with the aim of Quality of Service (QoS) level prediction.
{"title":"Combining Receiver Damaged by Beaulieu-Xie Fading and Rician Co-Channel Interference with a Purpose of Machine Learning QoS Level Prediction","authors":"S. Suljovic, D. Krstić, Goran Nestorovic, N. Petrovic, Sinisa Minic, D. Gurjar","doi":"10.5755/j02.eie.34018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5755/j02.eie.34018","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a wireless system is considered impacted by Beaulieu-Xie (BX) fading and Rician co-channel interference (CCI). A selection diversity combining technique is used to combat multi-path fading and CCI effects. The expression for the level crossing rate (LCR) is formulated for the receiver with more input branches, and the corresponding curves that have dependence on the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) are drawn. On the basis of the presented graphs, we quantify the amount of LCR affected by the presence of fading and interference. Additionally, we propose a classification-based predictive model which leverages the previously calculated LCR value as one of inputs among other variables (number of users, base station, the day of the week) with the aim of Quality of Service (QoS) level prediction.","PeriodicalId":51031,"journal":{"name":"Elektronika Ir Elektrotechnika","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49163482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Kurbatska, A. Ostrovskis, L. Skladova, K. Rubuls, S. Spolitis, V. Bobrovs
Current paper characterizes the performance of the three-radio-frequency-channels, orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexed (OFDM) radio-over-fiber (RoF) transmission system in terms of error-vector-magnitude and received optical signal power for a typical 10 GHz receiver obtained by the comprehensive simulations. The impact of the transmitted OFDM channels' signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is also considered. We demonstrate that the SNR decrease from 40 dB to 25 dB results in an error vector magnitude (EVM) increase of up to 4 %. Furthermore, we propose the approach for allowing adjusting these results to other receiver sensitivity and responsivity values by introducing a delta in received optical signal power eliminating additional simulation or complicated calculations. The feasibility of the adjustments with a precision of up to 0.001% of the EVM is proved.
{"title":"Power limits with adjustable 10G receiver parameters for A-RoF transmission","authors":"I. Kurbatska, A. Ostrovskis, L. Skladova, K. Rubuls, S. Spolitis, V. Bobrovs","doi":"10.5755/j02.eie.33862","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5755/j02.eie.33862","url":null,"abstract":"Current paper characterizes the performance of the three-radio-frequency-channels, orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexed (OFDM) radio-over-fiber (RoF) transmission system in terms of error-vector-magnitude and received optical signal power for a typical 10 GHz receiver obtained by the comprehensive simulations. The impact of the transmitted OFDM channels' signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is also considered. We demonstrate that the SNR decrease from 40 dB to 25 dB results in an error vector magnitude (EVM) increase of up to 4 %. Furthermore, we propose the approach for allowing adjusting these results to other receiver sensitivity and responsivity values by introducing a delta in received optical signal power eliminating additional simulation or complicated calculations. The feasibility of the adjustments with a precision of up to 0.001% of the EVM is proved. ","PeriodicalId":51031,"journal":{"name":"Elektronika Ir Elektrotechnika","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43248589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Backpropagation is one of the most widely used algorithms for training feedforward deep neural networks. The algorithm requires a differentiable activation function and it performs computations of the gradient proceeding backwards through the feedforward deep neural network from the last layer through to the first layer. In order to calculate the gradient at a specific layer, the gradients of all layers are combined via the chain rule of calculus. One of the biggest disadvantages of the backpropagation is that it requires a large amount of training time. To overcome this issue, this paper proposes a modified backpropagation algorithm with multiplicative calculus. Multiplicative calculus provides an alternative to the classical calculus and it defines new kinds of derivative and integral forms in multiplicative form rather than addition and subtraction forms. The performance analyzes are discussed in various case studies and the results are given comparatively with classical backpropagation algorithm. It is found that the proposed modified backpropagation algorithm converges in less time to the solution and thus provides fast training in the given case studies. It is also shown that the proposed algorithm avoids the local minima problem.
{"title":"Modified Backpropagation Algorithm with Multiplicative Calculus in Neural Networks","authors":"Serkan Ozbay","doi":"10.5755/j02.eie.34105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5755/j02.eie.34105","url":null,"abstract":"Backpropagation is one of the most widely used algorithms for training feedforward deep neural networks. The algorithm requires a differentiable activation function and it performs computations of the gradient proceeding backwards through the feedforward deep neural network from the last layer through to the first layer. In order to calculate the gradient at a specific layer, the gradients of all layers are combined via the chain rule of calculus. One of the biggest disadvantages of the backpropagation is that it requires a large amount of training time. To overcome this issue, this paper proposes a modified backpropagation algorithm with multiplicative calculus. Multiplicative calculus provides an alternative to the classical calculus and it defines new kinds of derivative and integral forms in multiplicative form rather than addition and subtraction forms. The performance analyzes are discussed in various case studies and the results are given comparatively with classical backpropagation algorithm. It is found that the proposed modified backpropagation algorithm converges in less time to the solution and thus provides fast training in the given case studies. It is also shown that the proposed algorithm avoids the local minima problem.","PeriodicalId":51031,"journal":{"name":"Elektronika Ir Elektrotechnika","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47339329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper deals with the design, implementation, and measurements of a frequency converter with bipolar sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) of output voltage for two-phase induction motors. The paper is dedicated to an analysis of the operation of a two-phase frequency converter and its implementation. The inverter has a single-phase H-bridge topology with split DC link and bipolar switching to minimise the number of components. Insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) are used in the realisation of the inverter power section. The inverter is controlled using a digital signal processor (DSP) TMS320F28335. Measurements with a 0.12 kW two-phase induction motor were performed to verify the correct operation of the inverter. The influence of the switching frequency on the motor current ripple is measured for frequencies of the first harmonic up to 100 Hz.
{"title":"Design and Measurement of a Frequency Converter with SPWM Modulation of Output Voltage for a Two-Phase Induction Motor","authors":"J. Kaňuch, Peter Girovský, J. Zilková, M. Pastor","doi":"10.5755/j02.eie.33865","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5755/j02.eie.33865","url":null,"abstract":"This paper deals with the design, implementation, and measurements of a frequency converter with bipolar sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) of output voltage for two-phase induction motors. The paper is dedicated to an analysis of the operation of a two-phase frequency converter and its implementation. The inverter has a single-phase H-bridge topology with split DC link and bipolar switching to minimise the number of components. Insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) are used in the realisation of the inverter power section. The inverter is controlled using a digital signal processor (DSP) TMS320F28335. Measurements with a 0.12 kW two-phase induction motor were performed to verify the correct operation of the inverter. The influence of the switching frequency on the motor current ripple is measured for frequencies of the first harmonic up to 100 Hz.","PeriodicalId":51031,"journal":{"name":"Elektronika Ir Elektrotechnika","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49013055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiaotong Ji, F. Xiao, Dan Liu, P. Xiong, Mingnian Zhang
Collaborative optimisation of system reserves and utilisation of renewable energy is an efficient approach to achieving robust optimal dispatch of integrated energy systems (IES). However, conventional robust dispatch methods are often too conservative and lack the ability to consider uncertainties such as renewable energy and contingency probabilities. To address these limitations, this paper proposes a distributionally robust dispatch model that co-optimises reserves and do-not-exceed (DNE) limits while considering these uncertainties. First, a deterministic optimisation model of IES is established with a minimum operational cost objective and security constraints. Next, a two-stage robust collaborative optimisation framework of IES is built, based on the Wasserstein measure, with random equipment faults represented by an adjustable ambiguity set. Finally, to overcome the computational challenges associated with robust approaches, duality theory and Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions are used to convert the formulation into a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model. The Simulation results on the modified IEEE 33-bus system demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model and solution methodology.
{"title":"Distributionally Robust Collaborative Dispatch of Integrated Energy Systems with DNE Limits Considering Renewable and Contingency Uncertainties","authors":"Xiaotong Ji, F. Xiao, Dan Liu, P. Xiong, Mingnian Zhang","doi":"10.5755/j02.eie.33960","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5755/j02.eie.33960","url":null,"abstract":"Collaborative optimisation of system reserves and utilisation of renewable energy is an efficient approach to achieving robust optimal dispatch of integrated energy systems (IES). However, conventional robust dispatch methods are often too conservative and lack the ability to consider uncertainties such as renewable energy and contingency probabilities. To address these limitations, this paper proposes a distributionally robust dispatch model that co-optimises reserves and do-not-exceed (DNE) limits while considering these uncertainties. First, a deterministic optimisation model of IES is established with a minimum operational cost objective and security constraints. Next, a two-stage robust collaborative optimisation framework of IES is built, based on the Wasserstein measure, with random equipment faults represented by an adjustable ambiguity set. Finally, to overcome the computational challenges associated with robust approaches, duality theory and Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions are used to convert the formulation into a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model. The Simulation results on the modified IEEE 33-bus system demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model and solution methodology.","PeriodicalId":51031,"journal":{"name":"Elektronika Ir Elektrotechnika","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49432515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A transition-relevance place (TRP) represents a place in a conversation where a change of speaker can occur. The appearance and use of these points in the dialogue ensures a correct and smooth alternation between the speakers. In the presented article, we focused on the study of prosodic speech parameters in the Slovak language, and we tried to experimentally verify the potential of these parameters to detect TRP. To study turn-taking issues in dyadic conversations, the Slovak dialogue corpus was collected and annotated. TRP places were identified by the human annotator in the manual labelling process. The data were then divided into chunks that reflect the length of the interpausal dialogue units and the prosodic features were computed. In the Matlab environment, we compared different types of classifiers based on machine learning in the role of an automatic TRP detector based on pitch and intensity parameters. The achieved results indicate that prosodic parameters can be useful in detecting TRP after splitting the dialogue into interpausal units. The designed approach can serve as a tool for automatic conversational analysis or can be used to label large databases for training predictive models, which can help machines to enhance human-machine spoken dialogue applications.
{"title":"Transition-Relevance Places Machine Learning-Based Detection in Dialogue Interactions","authors":"S. Ondáš, Matus Pleva, Silvia Bacikova","doi":"10.5755/j02.eie.33853","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5755/j02.eie.33853","url":null,"abstract":"A transition-relevance place (TRP) represents a place in a conversation where a change of speaker can occur. The appearance and use of these points in the dialogue ensures a correct and smooth alternation between the speakers. In the presented article, we focused on the study of prosodic speech parameters in the Slovak language, and we tried to experimentally verify the potential of these parameters to detect TRP. To study turn-taking issues in dyadic conversations, the Slovak dialogue corpus was collected and annotated. TRP places were identified by the human annotator in the manual labelling process. The data were then divided into chunks that reflect the length of the interpausal dialogue units and the prosodic features were computed. In the Matlab environment, we compared different types of classifiers based on machine learning in the role of an automatic TRP detector based on pitch and intensity parameters. The achieved results indicate that prosodic parameters can be useful in detecting TRP after splitting the dialogue into interpausal units. The designed approach can serve as a tool for automatic conversational analysis or can be used to label large databases for training predictive models, which can help machines to enhance human-machine spoken dialogue applications.","PeriodicalId":51031,"journal":{"name":"Elektronika Ir Elektrotechnika","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43521656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"TECHNIKI CYFROWE NA RZECZ BEZPIECZEŃSTWA RUCHU DROGOWEGO","authors":"Andrzej Wilk","doi":"10.15199/13.2023.5.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15199/13.2023.5.4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51031,"journal":{"name":"Elektronika Ir Elektrotechnika","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135741303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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