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Blind in the right eye? The practice of awarding honorary memberships by German and Austrian dental societies (1949–1993) to Nazi dentists: A study on the role of National Socialism in post-war dentistry 右眼失明?德国和奥地利牙医协会授予纳粹牙医荣誉会员的做法(1949-1993):国家社会主义在战后牙科中的作用研究
IF 0.6 4区 哲学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100751
Karl Frederick Wilms, Dominik Gross

According to ongoing public discourse, the dental profession in Germany and Austria has found it rather difficult to come to terms with the National Socialist past. Against this background, this study focuses on the practice of awarding honorary memberships by German and Austrian dental societies in the years 1949–1993. In particular, it examines how previous memberships in the Nazi party or other Nazi organisations were handled. We identified a total of 86 honourees, 47 of whom (55 %) were members of the NSDAP during the Third Reich, whereas only two were of Jewish origin. This leads to two conclusions: (1) Previous involvement with Nazi organisations was obviously not a limiting factor in the selection of honourees, and (2) after 1945, the Jewish colleagues were marginalised for a second time—now by being largely overlooked. The reasons of both findings are analysed and contextualised.

根据正在进行的公开讨论,德国和奥地利的牙科行业发现很难接受国家社会主义的过去。在此背景下,本研究侧重于1949年至1993年德国和奥地利牙科学会授予荣誉会员的做法。特别是,它审查了纳粹党或其他纳粹组织以前的成员是如何处理的。我们总共确定了86名获奖者,其中47人(55%)是第三帝国时期的纳粹党成员,而只有两人是犹太血统。这导致了两个结论:(1)之前与纳粹组织的关系显然不是选择获奖者的限制因素;(2)1945年之后,犹太同事第二次被边缘化——现在基本上被忽视了。这两个发现的原因进行了分析和背景。
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引用次数: 9
Imaginal architectural devices and the ritual space of medieval necromancy 想象中的建筑装置与中世纪巫术的仪式空间
IF 0.6 4区 哲学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100748
Andrea Franchetto

The material and spatial dimensions documented in the manuscripts of ritual magic that circulated in the medieval and early modern periods have long eluded researchers. Studying where those rituals take place is important to understand the history of the practice of ritual magic. Few attempts have been done to interpret the reasons behind the construction of magic circles and the use of domestic locations. The author introduces a new interpretative category of such ritual spaces: imaginal architectural devices (IADs). IADs pick out a specific kind of portable, spatially unfixed ritual space, where “magical” ones are a key example. They are temporary architectural artefacts, attested across a swath of sources of ritual magic, that work as strategic tools for orienting cognition, behavior, and belief. Drawing on spatial theory and cognitive studies, the author constructs IADs as a typological category for comparative analysis. It describes architectural operations that work at the interplay between mental projections and material culture, and that modify the perception of space. In the second part of the article, IADs will be applied to study the circles described in the second section of the Liber Iuratus Honorii, a thirteenth-century handbook containing instructions on how to conjure different ranks of spirits. In the end, the author suggests future directions of research on the transmission of IADs into contemporary ritual magic.

在中世纪和现代早期流传的仪式魔法手稿中记录的材料和空间尺寸长期以来一直困扰着研究人员。研究这些仪式发生的地方对于理解仪式魔法的实践历史很重要。很少有人试图解释建造魔法圈和使用国内地点背后的原因。作者引入了一种新的仪式空间解释范畴:意象建筑装置(IADs)。iad选择了一种特定的便携式,空间上不固定的仪式空间,其中“神奇”的空间是一个关键的例子。它们是临时的建筑人工制品,在一系列仪式魔法的来源中得到证实,是引导认知、行为和信仰的战略工具。在空间理论和认知研究的基础上,作者构建了IADs作为一个类型学范畴进行比较分析。它描述了在精神投射和物质文化之间相互作用的建筑操作,并改变了对空间的感知。在这篇文章的第二部分,IADs将被应用于研究在Liber Iuratus Honorii第二部分中描述的圆圈,这是一本13世纪的手册,包含如何召唤不同级别的灵魂的说明。最后,作者对IADs在当代仪式魔法中的传播提出了未来的研究方向。
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引用次数: 1
‘The moon quivered like a snake’: A medieval chronicler, lunar explosions, and a puzzle for modern interpretation “月亮像蛇一样颤抖”:中世纪编年史家,月球爆炸,以及现代解释的难题
IF 0.6 4区 哲学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100750
Giles E.M. Gasper , Brian K. Tanner

Despite some scepticism, the suggestion by Hartung in 1976 that the report in the chronicle of Gervase of Canterbury corresponded to a meteorite impact with the moon in 1178, creating the Giordano Bruno crater, retains considerable support, particularly in popular scientific writing. Nevertheless, a series of studies of images of the crater from orbiting satellites, although confirming its young geological age, have indicated that it was not created within recorded human history. In this paper, we examine astronomical entries in Gervase’s chronicle relating to eclipses and conclude that, despite there being descriptions of miracles elsewhere in the manuscript, he himself was a reliable reporter of astronomical events. On this basis an alternative suggestion can be put forward for the splitting of the horns and writhing of the body of the new moon, reported to Gervase: atmospheric turbulence. Although general atmospheric turbulence has been previously dismissed as too small an effect, it is possible to show that the description is consistent with viewing the new moon through a column of hot air from a fire, at a moderate distance and out of the line of sight of the observers. This interpretation of the medieval evidence as credible but unrelated to a lunar event is consistent with twenty-first century lunar studies.

尽管有些人持怀疑态度,哈通在1976年提出的坎特伯雷Gervase编年史上的报告与1178年陨石与月球的撞击相吻合,造成了佐丹诺布鲁诺陨石坑,这一建议得到了相当大的支持,特别是在流行的科学著作中。然而,对轨道卫星拍摄的陨石坑图像进行的一系列研究,尽管证实了它年轻的地质年代,但表明它不是在有记载的人类历史中形成的。在本文中,我们研究了格瓦斯编年史中有关日食的天文学条目,并得出结论:尽管手稿中其他地方有关于奇迹的描述,但他本人是一个可靠的天文事件报告者。在此基础上,可以提出另一种解释,解释向Gervase报告的新月角的分裂和新月体的扭动:大气湍流。虽然一般的大气湍流先前被认为影响太小而不予考虑,但有可能表明,这种描述与通过火中的热气柱观察新月是一致的,距离适中,在观察者的视线之外。这种对中世纪证据的解释是可信的,但与月球事件无关,与21世纪的月球研究是一致的。
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引用次数: 3
书评
IF 0.6 4区 哲学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100752
Rebecca Martin
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引用次数: 0
The legacy of astronaut photography 宇航员摄影的遗产
IF 0.6 4区 哲学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2020.100723
Osnat Katz
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引用次数: 0
Linguists and their work: Epistemic and ethical challenges 语言学家和他们的工作:认知和伦理挑战
IF 0.6 4区 哲学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2020.100732
Marek Kuźniak

This paper aims to show how the specific ethics of scientific undertaking tightly underlies epistemic reflection upon the nature of linguistic work and its outcome. The relationship between linguistics and ethics seems evident at the level of the narrative, i.e. the language in which the basic linguistic findings are established. The article is intended as an introduction to an interplay of linguistics, epistemology and the ethics of linguistic work. The departure point for the argument is the CONTAINER perception of language by linguists, which produces the well-established distinction between internalist and externalist positions. The paper, however, invites the reader to reconsider the tension between internalists and externalists and instead argues for a more general opposition, i.e. between the non-transcendental naturalists (naturalists) and transcendental naturalists (extra-naturalists). The polarity is seen as underpinning the present-day debates, while concurrently transversing the traditionally recognised dichotomies. The distinction promises to be productive both at the level of substantive assessment of linguistic research and at the level of epistemic qualification of the outcome of a linguistic study. Sharp and uncompromising as the naturalist vs extra-naturalist dichotomy seems to hold, the paper offers ways to bridge the gap between the apparently exclusive philosophies. The proposed solution, while seemingly only aesthetic, ultimately touches an ethical dimension as it centres on the appropriate construction of the narrative of linguistic fact-finding, which promotes approximative rather than definitive statements in the scholarly discourse. The desired effect is an ethical consensus underlying the work of a linguist.

本文旨在表明科学事业的特定伦理是如何紧密地建立在对语言工作性质及其结果的认识论反思的基础上的。语言学和伦理学之间的关系在叙事层面上似乎是显而易见的,即建立基本语言学发现的语言。本文旨在介绍语言学、认识论和语言学工作伦理之间的相互作用。该论点的出发点是语言学家对语言的容器感知,它产生了内部主义者和外部主义者立场之间公认的区别。然而,本文邀请读者重新考虑内在主义者和外在主义者之间的紧张关系,而不是主张更普遍的对立,即非先验自然主义者(自然主义者)和先验自然主义者(超自然主义者)之间的对立。这种极性被视为当今辩论的基础,同时也跨越了传统上公认的二分法。这种区别在语言学研究的实质性评估水平和语言学研究结果的认知资格水平上都有望产生成效。自然主义者和非自然主义者的二分法似乎是尖锐而不妥协的,本文提供了弥合显然排他的哲学之间差距的方法。所提出的解决方案,虽然看起来只是美学上的,但最终触及了道德层面,因为它以语言事实发现叙事的适当构建为中心,这促进了学术话语中的近似而不是明确的陈述。期望的结果是一种道德共识,这是语言学家工作的基础。
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引用次数: 2
Our human quest with the Black Hole 人类对黑洞的探索
IF 0.6 4区 哲学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2020.100724
Philip Kao , Sebastien Vasey

Black holes are fundamental: They are where small and large scales meet, where the two main theories of physics clash, and where the finite and infinite come together. Furthermore, the explosion of twentieth century black hole science coincided with a shift in the phenomenology of the universe. We consider this philosophical turn towards cosmic mindfulness, and ask whether there are definite limits to our interaction with black holes, and if a human world could ever take direct advantage of the counterintuitive effects happening near a black hole’s event horizon.

黑洞是最基本的:它是大小尺度交汇的地方,是两种主要物理理论碰撞的地方,是有限和无限交汇的地方。此外,20世纪黑洞科学的爆发恰逢宇宙现象学的转变。我们考虑这种哲学转向宇宙正念,并询问我们与黑洞的互动是否有明确的限制,以及人类世界是否可以直接利用发生在黑洞事件视界附近的反直觉效应。
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引用次数: 0
Cast iron street furniture: A historical review 铸铁街道家具:历史回顾
IF 0.6 4区 哲学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2020.100721
C. Soffritti , L. Calzolari , M. Chicca , R. Bassi Neri , A. Neri , L. Bazzocchi , G.L. Garagnani

The term “street furniture” indicates objects mostly made of cast iron alloys and aimed to improve the quality of life in urban settlements, such as street lamps, fountains and gazebos. These objects are often ancient and relevant as cultural heritage. Despite the constant presence of street furniture in urban settlements, studies of its evolution along centuries are limited. Since functional aspects have been often considered prevalent against artistic and historical values, many objects have been considered obsolete, thus replaced or re-melted. Street furniture rarely received attention by scholars, and studies on this topic have been often incomplete.

This study reviews the history of street furniture made of cast iron (CI street furniture), first examining the reasons behind the choice of this material, closely related to its diffusion during the First Industrial Revolution. The review discusses the relationship between CI street furniture and cultural heritage based on artistic, aesthetic and ethical issues, also examining historical catalogs. The development of CI street furniture in United Kingdom, France and Italy is reported, together with their local aspects. The production technique is discussed and the importance of preservation of CI street furniture is highlighted, emphasizing the need for globally planned interventions in this field.

“街头家具”一词指的是主要由铸铁合金制成的物品,旨在提高城市住区的生活质量,如路灯、喷泉和凉亭。这些物品往往是古老的,与文化遗产有关。尽管街道家具在城市住区中不断出现,但几个世纪以来对其演变的研究是有限的。由于功能方面经常被认为是与艺术和历史价值相违背的,许多物品被认为是过时的,因此被替换或重新熔化。街道家具很少受到学者的关注,对这一主题的研究往往是不完整的。本研究回顾了由铸铁制成的街头家具(CI街头家具)的历史,首先考察了选择这种材料背后的原因,这与它在第一次工业革命期间的传播密切相关。本文从艺术、美学和伦理的角度探讨了CI街道家具与文化遗产的关系,并考察了历史目录。介绍了CI街道家具在英国、法国和意大利的发展情况,以及它们各自的特点。讨论了生产技术,并强调了CI街道家具保存的重要性,强调了在该领域进行全球计划干预的必要性。
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引用次数: 4
Exploration of the Puerto Rico Trench in the mid-twentieth century: Today’s significance and relevance 20世纪中期波多黎各海沟的勘探:今天的意义和相关性
IF 0.6 4区 哲学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2020.100719
Alan J. Jamieson , Heather A. Stewart , Paul-Henry Nargeolet

The Puerto Rico Trench is a deep oceanic subduction zone that runs parallel with the northern coasts of Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic. It is the deepest place in the Atlantic Ocean with a maximum depth of approximately 8400 m. Discovered by the HMS Challenger Expedition in 1875, the depth of the trench increased multiple times in the ensuing 100 years with the onset of sonar usage. It is perhaps unique among the world’s deep trenches in that a series of unrelated but equally pioneering expeditions captured the true biological and geological characteristics of one of the deepest places in the world, observations that are still highly relevant today. Multiple deep water trawling campaigns and surveys using drop cameras and exploratory dives in a deep diving submersible provided great insight into the morphology of the trench, the types of habitat within the trench, the substrate, the food supply, and the diversity of species that inhabit these extraordinary depths. Many of these accounts are obscure and disparate, yet combined bear a remarkable similarity to recent work in other trenches. These unique and insightful accounts are collated and retold here alongside recent and comparable findings to contextualise these discoveries, prevent them from being forgotten, and keep the efforts of those involved to remain relevant as we continue to explore the deepest places of the world’s oceans.

波多黎各海沟是一个与波多黎各和多米尼加共和国北部海岸平行的深海俯冲带。它是大西洋最深的地方,最大深度约为8400米。1875年,英国皇家海军挑战者号探险队发现了海沟,在随后的100年里,随着声纳的使用,海沟的深度增加了好几倍。在世界上最深的海沟中,它也许是独一无二的,因为一系列不相关但同样具有开拓性的探险捕捉到了世界上最深的地方之一的真实生物和地质特征,这些观察结果今天仍然高度相关。多次深海拖网捕鱼活动和使用落体相机进行的调查,以及在深海潜水器中进行的探索潜水,为我们提供了对海沟形态、海沟内栖息地类型、基质、食物供应以及栖息在这些非凡深度的物种多样性的深入了解。这些描述中有许多是模糊的、互不相干的,但结合起来却与其他战壕最近的工作有着惊人的相似之处。这些独特而富有洞察力的描述与最近的和可比较的发现一起被整理和重述,以将这些发现置于背景中,防止它们被遗忘,并在我们继续探索世界海洋最深的地方时保持相关人员的努力。
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引用次数: 5
Nazi Dentists on Trial: On the Political Complicity of a Long-Neglected Professional Community 审判中的纳粹牙医:一个长期被忽视的专业团体的政治共谋
IF 0.6 4区 哲学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2020.100710
Christiane Elisabeth Rinnen , Jens Westemeier , Dominik Gross

Studies on the complicity of the medical profession in the crimes of the Third Reich are on the rise. This also applies to the question of the extent to which doctors were brought to justice in international trials after World War II. This topic, however, has hardly been considered—let alone systematically investigated—with respect to German dentists. It is precisely this gap that this article will address. First, we quantitatively identify all dentists who were brought to justice in the post-war period. Second, we give a profile of this group. We focus on the following questions: Who among the group was brought to trial, and when? What crimes were they accused of, which sentences were handed down, and how did these sentences affect their future lives? Our study is based primarily on archival sources, which we analyzed with respect to the relevant secondary literature. Contrary to the widely-held assumption that dentists had almost never had been made to stand trial after the end of the war, we identified 48 dentists who were accused in court. The prototypical accused dentist was male, lived in a traditional family model, belonged to the National Socialist Workers’ Party (NSDAP) and the Waffen-SS (Schutzstaffel), and was part of the so-called Kriegsjugendgeneration. The most frequent allegations made against these men were the theft of dental gold of murdered Nazi victims, an accusation unique to dentists; (accessory to) murder or manslaughter; and involvement in the deadly selections made in the concentration camps. In total, eight dentists were executed. Generally speaking, the earlier these proceedings and the sentencing took place, the harsher the sentence was. Many of those who received prison sentences subsequently found their way back into the dental profession.

关于医疗行业在第三帝国罪行中的共谋的研究正在增加。这也适用于第二次世界大战后在国际审判中医生被绳之以法的程度的问题。然而,这个话题几乎没有被考虑过——更不用说系统地调查了——关于德国牙医。本文要解决的正是这一差距。首先,我们定量地确定所有在战后时期被绳之以法的牙医。其次,我们给出这个群体的概况。我们关注以下问题:这些人中有谁受到了审判,什么时候?他们被指控犯了什么罪,被判了什么罪,这些判决对他们未来的生活有什么影响?我们的研究主要基于档案来源,我们根据相关的二手文献对其进行了分析。人们普遍认为,在战争结束后,牙医几乎从未接受过审判,与此相反,我们确定了48名在法庭上受到指控的牙医。被指控的典型牙医是男性,生活在一个传统的家庭模式中,属于国家社会主义工人党(NSDAP)和武装党卫军(Schutzstaffel),是所谓的Kriegsjugendgeneration的一部分。对这些人最常见的指控是盗窃被谋杀的纳粹受害者的牙科黄金,这是牙医特有的指控;谋杀或过失杀人(从犯);还参与了集中营里的致命选择。总共有8名牙医被处决。一般来说,这些诉讼程序和量刑进行得越早,量刑就越严厉。许多被判入狱的人后来又重新回到了牙医行业。
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引用次数: 6
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