Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2025.101031
Hyung Wook Park
Creation science, a religious belief denying evolutionary theory in favor of scriptural literalism, came to South Korea, whose evangelical Protestants practiced it in other countries as well as their own after the Cold War. Focusing on what they called “science” and its ramifications in the United States of America, China, Mongolia, and Canada, this paper illustrates the significance of cultural practices of this “science” in Koreans’ international missionary projects, which surprisingly enjoyed a long survival and involved many people, including Korean nationals, diasporas, and foreigners. “Science” was important for Korean creationists who stressed their academic credentials, “geological evidence” for a young earth, and purportedly apolitical and non-religious nature of technical education in countries emerging from communism. Their activities assisted by this “science” accompanied its varied unanticipated ramifications, such as benefits of cost-effective leisure, yearnings for lucrative international career, desires for placing children in top universities, and hopes for immigrating to richer society. Rather than its propositional or epistemic dimensions, these cultural implications and practices of “science” in each mission field’s context account for Korean creationists’ overseas resilience despite their geographic, demographic, and chronological limitations.
{"title":"Creation science as culture: South Korean antievolutionists’ international practices in four countries","authors":"Hyung Wook Park","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2025.101031","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2025.101031","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Creation science, a religious belief denying evolutionary theory in favor of scriptural literalism, came to South Korea, whose evangelical Protestants practiced it in other countries as well as their own after the Cold War. Focusing on what they called “science” and its ramifications in the United States of America, China, Mongolia, and Canada, this paper illustrates the significance of cultural practices of this “science” in Koreans’ international missionary projects, which surprisingly enjoyed a long survival and involved many people, including Korean nationals, diasporas, and foreigners. “Science” was important for Korean creationists who stressed their academic credentials, “geological evidence” for a young earth, and purportedly apolitical and non-religious nature of technical education in countries emerging from communism. Their activities assisted by this “science” accompanied its varied unanticipated ramifications, such as benefits of cost-effective leisure, yearnings for lucrative international career, desires for placing children in top universities, and hopes for immigrating to richer society. Rather than its propositional or epistemic dimensions, these cultural implications and practices of “science” in each mission field’s context account for Korean creationists’ overseas resilience despite their geographic, demographic, and chronological limitations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":"49 4","pages":"Article 101031"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145617775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2025.101032
Frederica Bowcutt , Savvina Chowdhury
The authors posit that exploring complex questions with students about how the social constructions of gender, race, and class shape our relations with the natural world fosters a holistic understanding and a more inclusive learning environment in higher education settings. In an online course taught in fall 2020, a social scientist and a botanist reimagined the study of plant and human relations through the interdisciplinary lenses of economic botany, cultural plant studies, political economy, and feminist theory. Insights from a linked online course taught in winter 2021 that centered a research project are also shared. A similar in-person course was taught solo in fall 2024 and is discussed as well. All three courses offered upper division credit and were not open to first-year students. The fall courses had no prerequisites and drew natural science and political economy students. The winter course with a research component had a signature requirement to assess students’ expository writing and critical thinking skills. Interdisciplinary pedagogy provides strategies that can be applied to institutions committed to doing the hard but important work of reckoning with the legacy of slavery, colonialism, and plantation economies.
{"title":"Plant humanities pedagogy: teaching at the intersection of feminist economics and economic botany","authors":"Frederica Bowcutt , Savvina Chowdhury","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2025.101032","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2025.101032","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The authors posit that exploring complex questions with students about how the social constructions of gender, race, and class shape our relations with the natural world fosters a holistic understanding and a more inclusive learning environment in higher education settings. In an online course taught in fall 2020, a social scientist and a botanist reimagined the study of plant and human relations through the interdisciplinary lenses of economic botany, cultural plant studies, political economy, and feminist theory. Insights from a linked online course taught in winter 2021 that centered a research project are also shared. A similar in-person course was taught solo in fall 2024 and is discussed as well. All three courses offered upper division credit and were not open to first-year students. The fall courses had no prerequisites and drew natural science and political economy students. The winter course with a research component had a signature requirement to assess students’ expository writing and critical thinking skills. Interdisciplinary pedagogy provides strategies that can be applied to institutions committed to doing the hard but important work of reckoning with the legacy of slavery, colonialism, and plantation economies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":"49 4","pages":"Article 101032"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145617776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2025.101030
Lie Sun , Xin Li
The extraction of germanium (Ge) was pivotal during China’s early semiconductor technology era. From the 1950s to the 1960s, the Huize Lead-Zinc Deposit (or Mine) in the Yunnan Province developed a comprehensive technological system for large-scale germanium extraction through integrated innovation. This deposit exhibited three distinctive characteristics: inherent resource strength, assimilated Soviet technology, and nationwide integration of specialized equipment and technical personnel. Furthermore, although China rapidly aligned with global semiconductor technology trends during the 1960s, its status as a latecomer in the field led to the recognition that the substantial resource demands of germanium-based semiconductor production constrained the advancement of integrated circuit technology within the country.
{"title":"Capacity development of technological capabilities in germanium extraction in China: An analysis of science and technology policies during the early period of semiconductor technology","authors":"Lie Sun , Xin Li","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2025.101030","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2025.101030","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The extraction of germanium (Ge) was pivotal during China’s early semiconductor technology era. From the 1950s to the 1960s, the Huize Lead-Zinc Deposit (or Mine) in the Yunnan Province developed a comprehensive technological system for large-scale germanium extraction through integrated innovation. This deposit exhibited three distinctive characteristics: inherent resource strength, assimilated Soviet technology, and nationwide integration of specialized equipment and technical personnel. Furthermore, although China rapidly aligned with global semiconductor technology trends during the 1960s, its status as a latecomer in the field led to the recognition that the substantial resource demands of germanium-based semiconductor production constrained the advancement of integrated circuit technology within the country.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":"49 4","pages":"Article 101030"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145566816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-13DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2025.101029
Hang Zhang , Jian-nan Zhang , Hong-guang Zhang , Fu-ling Nie
This study focuses on the historical construction of the system of Chinese physics terminology against the backdrop of the globalization of Western scientific knowledge, and analyzes its role in shaping cultural identity and fostering domestic academic independent practice capabilities within the scientific discourse. In the early stage, the terminology unification efforts led by missionaries laid the foundation for the establishment of China’s physics terminology system. However, due to loose organization and lack of official promotion and support, most terms failed to achieve effective unification and widespread application. The Republican period marked a critical turning point: the Scientific Terminology Review Committee integrated local academic forces with government support, launching the first large-scale and systematic terminology unification initiative. By supplementing and revising terminology entries, formulating unification norms, and thoroughly exploring and practicing semantic translation methods, this effort provided a reference for other concurrent terminology unification work. In adapting to local needs, and adopting a localized transliteration strategy, original Chinese translations for scientific units were developed. The effort also calibrated scientific connotations of terms by ensuring that the terminology not only aligned with the essence of physics but also conformed to local cognitive logic. The ultimate system broke free from passive reliance on Western missionary-developed terminology translations; while it fully absorbed their reasonable components, it also realized the integration of “traditional” culture and “modern” science, providing exclusive terminological support for the development of Chinese physics. Having transcended mere language conversion, the effort was anchored in Chinese cultural contexts, integrating unique cultural expressions into translations, offering terminology for scientific communication that retained cultural identity, thus unifying functional and cultural values. In the practical process of constructing a system of terminology, the translators integrated the traditional thought of 格物致知 (gé wù zhì zhī, investigating things to acquire knowledge) with Western empirical scientific rigor. This made the construction of terminology system a collaborative process of introducing Western knowledge while transmitting and promoting local cultural spirit. This endeavor ultimately resulted in a physics terminology system that suits the characteristics of the Chinese language and the needs of Chinese science. The process demonstrated that Chinese scholars did not passively accept Western terminology but instead exercised mature, independent practices characterized by the strategic integration of foreign concepts with local resources, contributing a culturally distinctive Chinese solution to an international system of scientific discourse.
{"title":"The early construction of the Chinese physics terminology system in the globalization of Western scientific knowledge","authors":"Hang Zhang , Jian-nan Zhang , Hong-guang Zhang , Fu-ling Nie","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2025.101029","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2025.101029","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study focuses on the historical construction of the system of Chinese physics terminology against the backdrop of the globalization of Western scientific knowledge, and analyzes its role in shaping cultural identity and fostering domestic academic independent practice capabilities within the scientific discourse. In the early stage, the terminology unification efforts led by missionaries laid the foundation for the establishment of China’s physics terminology system. However, due to loose organization and lack of official promotion and support, most terms failed to achieve effective unification and widespread application. The Republican period marked a critical turning point: the Scientific Terminology Review Committee integrated local academic forces with government support, launching the first large-scale and systematic terminology unification initiative. By supplementing and revising terminology entries, formulating unification norms, and thoroughly exploring and practicing semantic translation methods, this effort provided a reference for other concurrent terminology unification work. In adapting to local needs, and adopting a localized transliteration strategy, original Chinese translations for scientific units were developed. The effort also calibrated scientific connotations of terms by ensuring that the terminology not only aligned with the essence of physics but also conformed to local cognitive logic. The ultimate system broke free from passive reliance on Western missionary-developed terminology translations; while it fully absorbed their reasonable components, it also realized the integration of “traditional” culture and “modern” science, providing exclusive terminological support for the development of Chinese physics. Having transcended mere language conversion, the effort was anchored in Chinese cultural contexts, integrating unique cultural expressions into translations, offering terminology for scientific communication that retained cultural identity, thus unifying functional and cultural values. In the practical process of constructing a system of terminology, the translators integrated the traditional thought of 格物致知 (gé wù zhì zhī, investigating things to acquire knowledge) with Western empirical scientific rigor. This made the construction of terminology system a collaborative process of introducing Western knowledge while transmitting and promoting local cultural spirit. This endeavor ultimately resulted in a physics terminology system that suits the characteristics of the Chinese language and the needs of Chinese science. The process demonstrated that Chinese scholars did not passively accept Western terminology but instead exercised mature, independent practices characterized by the strategic integration of foreign concepts with local resources, contributing a culturally distinctive Chinese solution to an international system of scientific discourse.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":"49 4","pages":"Article 101029"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145520374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-13DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2025.101028
Emma Johanna Puranen
The histories of Antarctica and outer space share relational trajectories. In our modern era of increasing commercialisation of space and discussion of space resource utilization, humanity’s future in space can be informed by the history of human activity in Antarctica. This paper begins with a critical discussion of why space and Antarctica are compared, then introduces areas of comparison through a relational trajectories lens, including their physical environments, human psychosocial experiences, governance, and science fiction portrayals. It contributes to the discussion of the value the humanities can provide for science, in this case the science of human spaceflight and space travel, particularly by providing an ethical check and asking critical questions regarding rights and sustainability.
{"title":"From the South Pole to the stars: Antarctica and outer space","authors":"Emma Johanna Puranen","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2025.101028","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2025.101028","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The histories of Antarctica and outer space share relational trajectories. In our modern era of increasing commercialisation of space and discussion of space resource utilization, humanity’s future in space can be informed by the history of human activity in Antarctica. This paper begins with a critical discussion of why space and Antarctica are compared, then introduces areas of comparison through a relational trajectories lens, including their physical environments, human psychosocial experiences, governance, and science fiction portrayals. It contributes to the discussion of the value the humanities can provide for science, in this case the science of human spaceflight and space travel, particularly by providing an ethical check and asking critical questions regarding rights and sustainability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":"49 4","pages":"Article 101028"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145278064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-23DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2025.101018
John Mulligan , Matthew Wettergreen
<div><div>An interdisciplinary team at Rice University and the Texas Medical Center Library collaborated in the development of an atlas-of-anatomy-atlases centered around Andreas Vesalius’ 1543 <em>Fabrica</em>. As an installation piece, the finished product bridged the divides between physical and digital image-texts and disciplinary methods; but in the process of its development as a year-long project, it suggested that problems in one siloed field can be solutions in another, when viewed in a collaborative context. In this paper we lay out the materials, the contexts, the content, the collaborators, and the technologies that provisionally reorganized a portion of the visual history of anatomy in 2016, and suggest how this might be used to inspire future projects in the affordable reanimation of archival image-texts as museum interactives, as well as interdisciplinary collaborations more broadly.</div><div>A multidisciplinary team at Rice University collaborated with the Texas Medical Center Library’s rare book librarians to produce a combined digital/physical atlas of anatomy atlases, whose primary touch-sensitive interface was based on the fifth woodcut plate of muscles from Andreas Vesalius’ <em>De Humani Corporis Fabrica</em>, first published in 1543. This piece, installed in the library’s lobby, allowed visitors to physically interact with difficult-to-access objects from the rare book room’s extensive collection of pre-digital anatomy atlases. The project began out of a fascination with the medical humanities resources held in the library’s rare books room, which are only available to researchers under supervision. Because the medical humanities seek to broaden the conception of medicine beyond the narrowly biomedical, we thought that showing the history of anatomy across the library’s holdings in the entry room of a modern medical library could productively bring students out of their daily context. But as we worked with the primary source materials, the secondary scholarship, and the technological affordances of the media we used to build this interactive atlas, we found our goals evolving from bringing visitors to see the history of their field, toward a desire to bring that long history back to life and to allow it to say something that might be new, at least in the site-specific context of the installation. Our key methodological finding was that STS and engineering design are felicitously productive partners in the medium of critical making/design. This project’s impact registered in the domains of public communication, scholarly research, and pedagogy, as an installation piece, peer-reviewed publications, and inspiration for future projects. Through the process of constructing this hybrid interface, the team borrowed from past print and medical techniques as well as current electronics and digital media technologies. Moreover, the team generated new problems and solutions in the areas of interface design, interactivity, and digital
莱斯大学的一个跨学科团队和德克萨斯医学中心图书馆合作开发了一本解剖学地图集，以安德烈亚斯·维萨里乌斯1543年的《Fabrica》为中心。作为一件装置作品，成品弥合了物理和数字图像文本和学科方法之间的鸿沟；但是在这个长达一年的项目的发展过程中，它表明一个孤立领域的问题可以成为另一个领域的解决方案，如果放在一个协作的环境中来看的话。在本文中，我们列出了2016年暂时重组部分解剖学视觉历史的材料、背景、内容、合作者和技术，并建议如何利用这一点来启发未来的项目，以可负担得起的方式将档案图像文本作为博物馆互动，以及更广泛的跨学科合作。莱斯大学的一个多学科团队与德克萨斯医学中心图书馆的稀有图书馆员合作，制作了一个结合了数字/物理的解剖学地图集，其主要的触敏界面是基于安德烈亚斯·维萨里乌斯1543年首次出版的《人体结构》（De Humani Corporis Fabrica）中的第五个木刻肌肉板。这件作品安装在图书馆的大厅里，让游客可以与珍本室大量收藏的前数字解剖学地图集中的难以接近的物品进行物理互动。这个项目的开始是出于对图书馆珍本书室里的医学人文资源的迷恋，这些资源只有在监督下才供研究人员使用。因为医学人文学科试图拓宽医学的概念，超越狭隘的生物医学，我们认为，在现代医学图书馆的入口室展示横跨图书馆馆藏的解剖学历史，可以有效地将学生从日常环境中带出来。但是当我们使用原始的原始材料，次要的学术研究，以及我们用来构建这个互动地图集的媒体的技术支持时，我们发现我们的目标从让游客看到他们所在领域的历史，发展到希望把那段漫长的历史带回到生活中，并允许它说一些可能是新的东西，至少在这个装置的特定地点的背景下。我们的主要方法论发现是，STS和工程设计在关键制作/设计的媒介中是有效的合作伙伴。这个项目在公共传播、学术研究和教育学领域的影响，作为一件装置作品、同行评审的出版物，以及对未来项目的启发。通过构建这个混合界面的过程，团队借鉴了过去的印刷和医疗技术以及当前的电子和数字媒体技术。此外，该团队还在界面设计、交互性和数字历史等领域提出了新的问题和解决方案。至关重要的是，该团队为跨人文/工程领域的学科建模了新的方法，以有效地相互联系，使用关键的制造/设计项目和工作流程来提出和解决单个贡献学科无法看到的问题，更不用说自己解决问题了。
{"title":"The electronic vesalius: an experimental reorganization of disciplinary contents and contexts, in the reanimation of visual histories of anatomy","authors":"John Mulligan , Matthew Wettergreen","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2025.101018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2025.101018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An interdisciplinary team at Rice University and the Texas Medical Center Library collaborated in the development of an atlas-of-anatomy-atlases centered around Andreas Vesalius’ 1543 <em>Fabrica</em>. As an installation piece, the finished product bridged the divides between physical and digital image-texts and disciplinary methods; but in the process of its development as a year-long project, it suggested that problems in one siloed field can be solutions in another, when viewed in a collaborative context. In this paper we lay out the materials, the contexts, the content, the collaborators, and the technologies that provisionally reorganized a portion of the visual history of anatomy in 2016, and suggest how this might be used to inspire future projects in the affordable reanimation of archival image-texts as museum interactives, as well as interdisciplinary collaborations more broadly.</div><div>A multidisciplinary team at Rice University collaborated with the Texas Medical Center Library’s rare book librarians to produce a combined digital/physical atlas of anatomy atlases, whose primary touch-sensitive interface was based on the fifth woodcut plate of muscles from Andreas Vesalius’ <em>De Humani Corporis Fabrica</em>, first published in 1543. This piece, installed in the library’s lobby, allowed visitors to physically interact with difficult-to-access objects from the rare book room’s extensive collection of pre-digital anatomy atlases. The project began out of a fascination with the medical humanities resources held in the library’s rare books room, which are only available to researchers under supervision. Because the medical humanities seek to broaden the conception of medicine beyond the narrowly biomedical, we thought that showing the history of anatomy across the library’s holdings in the entry room of a modern medical library could productively bring students out of their daily context. But as we worked with the primary source materials, the secondary scholarship, and the technological affordances of the media we used to build this interactive atlas, we found our goals evolving from bringing visitors to see the history of their field, toward a desire to bring that long history back to life and to allow it to say something that might be new, at least in the site-specific context of the installation. Our key methodological finding was that STS and engineering design are felicitously productive partners in the medium of critical making/design. This project’s impact registered in the domains of public communication, scholarly research, and pedagogy, as an installation piece, peer-reviewed publications, and inspiration for future projects. Through the process of constructing this hybrid interface, the team borrowed from past print and medical techniques as well as current electronics and digital media technologies. Moreover, the team generated new problems and solutions in the areas of interface design, interactivity, and digital","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":"49 3","pages":"Article 101018"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144889968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-16DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2025.101016
Lin Sichun, Wang Anyi
Chinese graduate education is unique in that national scientific research institutions have autonomous degree-granting and training authority, with the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) playing a leading role. As the cornerstone of China’s national science and technology system, the CAS has been both the pioneering and driving force behind the system’s graduate programs. This study explores how the CAS has shaped this educational model. In the 1950 s, facing a lack of research-focused roles in universities and misaligned training objectives, the CAS adopted a model resembling the Soviet Academy of Sciences, integrating graduate training into collaborative research. Yet this approach created tensions between research priorities and educational goals. By the 1980s, the growing research capabilities of universities further challenged the CAS’s position. To reconcile these internal and external conflicts—and to cultivate high-level scientific talent aligned with national strategic needs—the CAS drew lessons from the American graduate school system. Through external collaboration and internal integration, it reformed its training model to better serve national objectives. Drawing on extensive archival and historical research, this paper traces the evolution of the CAS’s graduate training model and its enduring role in both graduate education and national research. It analyzes how the autonomous training model of China’s national research institutions emerged and persisted, as well as how the CAS’s reforms have influenced the trajectory of graduate education in China. Ultimately, it offers fresh perspectives on the distinctive features of Chinese graduate education and the contributions of national research institutions.
{"title":"Persistence through reform: Training graduate students in Chinese Academy of Sciences (1950s–1980s)","authors":"Lin Sichun, Wang Anyi","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2025.101016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2025.101016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chinese graduate education is unique in that national scientific research institutions have autonomous degree-granting and training authority, with the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) playing a leading role. As the cornerstone of China’s national science and technology system, the CAS has been both the pioneering and driving force behind the system’s graduate programs. This study explores how the CAS has shaped this educational model. In the 1950 s, facing a lack of research-focused roles in universities and misaligned training objectives, the CAS adopted a model resembling the Soviet Academy of Sciences, integrating graduate training into collaborative research. Yet this approach created tensions between research priorities and educational goals. By the 1980s, the growing research capabilities of universities further challenged the CAS’s position. To reconcile these internal and external conflicts—and to cultivate high-level scientific talent aligned with national strategic needs—the CAS drew lessons from the American graduate school system. Through external collaboration and internal integration, it reformed its training model to better serve national objectives. Drawing on extensive archival and historical research, this paper traces the evolution of the CAS’s graduate training model and its enduring role in both graduate education and national research. It analyzes how the autonomous training model of China’s national research institutions emerged and persisted, as well as how the CAS’s reforms have influenced the trajectory of graduate education in China. Ultimately, it offers fresh perspectives on the distinctive features of Chinese graduate education and the contributions of national research institutions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":"49 3","pages":"Article 101016"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144851813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-16DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2025.101017
Lisa Ellis , Alexandra Suda , Andrew Nelson
In 2011, conservator Lisa Ellis and curator Sasha Suda of the Art Gallery of Ontario (AGO), started a small-scale research project focused on the manufacturing secrets of a group of sixteenth century, northern European miniature boxwood carvings. The venture slowly grew with the addition of specialists from other museums and scientists in research institutions as well as experts in computational imaging, database conception and construction, and a senior digital artist, designer, and technologist. It was only with the combined skillset and knowledge of this interdisciplinary ensemble that the virtuosic construction of these objects was uncovered. There were two concurrent and foundational phases of digital data gathering and production in the project. The first centred on micro-CT scanning to investigate the structure of these diminutive artworks, a venture carried out initially by the AGO and at Western University, London, Canada. Simultaneously, an ambitious, AGO-driven but privately funded, high resolution digital photography campaign set out to capture each known example of miniature Gothic boxwood objects in the world. These were used to populate a publicly accessible database. The following describes the development of the Boxwood Project (2011–2016) in detail and reveals how the community of interdisciplinary researchers was built. The co-operative spirit of the boxwood community outlived the exhibition project and the abundance of data amassed has continued to bear fruit.
{"title":"Data, computation and user interfaces in the Boxwood Project","authors":"Lisa Ellis , Alexandra Suda , Andrew Nelson","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2025.101017","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2025.101017","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In 2011, conservator Lisa Ellis and curator Sasha Suda of the Art Gallery of Ontario (AGO), started a small-scale research project focused on the manufacturing secrets of a group of sixteenth century, northern European miniature boxwood carvings. The venture slowly grew with the addition of specialists from other museums and scientists in research institutions as well as experts in computational imaging, database conception and construction, and a senior digital artist, designer, and technologist. It was only with the combined skillset and knowledge of this interdisciplinary ensemble that the virtuosic construction of these objects was uncovered. There were two concurrent and foundational phases of digital data gathering and production in the project. The first centred on micro-CT scanning to investigate the structure of these diminutive artworks, a venture carried out initially by the AGO and at Western University, London, Canada. Simultaneously, an ambitious, AGO-driven but privately funded, high resolution digital photography campaign set out to capture each known example of miniature Gothic boxwood objects in the world. These were used to populate a publicly accessible database. The following describes the development of the Boxwood Project (2011–2016) in detail and reveals how the community of interdisciplinary researchers was built. The co-operative spirit of the boxwood community outlived the exhibition project and the abundance of data amassed has continued to bear fruit.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":"49 3","pages":"Article 101017"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144851814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-04DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2025.101015
Matteo Colombo
{"title":"A book review of Philosophy as Descartes Found It: Practice and Theory by Brian Copenhaver. Oxford University Press, 2024, 384 Pages | c. 70 illustrations ISBN: 9780198920052, £ 35.00, hardback","authors":"Matteo Colombo","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2025.101015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2025.101015","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":"49 3","pages":"Article 101015"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144770548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-02DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2025.101014
Dániel Margócsy , John Mathew
This article identifies the first known instance of visual engagement with the iconic anatomical imagery of Andreas Vesalius’ De humani corporis fabrica (1543) east of Istanbul. Two skeleton men from the Fabrica provide the design for skeletal sculptures decorating the Dutch cemetery in the colonial port town of Pulicat, in Tamil Nadu, India. We ask what it meant to engage with these iconic images of European anatomy in a seventeenth-century trading port on the Bay of Bengal, both for those who were responsible for their production and for those who passed by the cemetery. This article argues that the visual solutions of the Pulicat sculptures bring into conversation not only medical anatomy and funerary architecture, but also the artistic traditions of Europe and the Deccan, and, most importantly, the somewhat differing early modern European and Indian approaches to visualizing the skeletal structures of human bodies. The Pulicat sculptures can be productively understood as a potential meeting point for the contemplation of the fragile human body from the perspectives of European and Islamicate anatomy, Christian traditions of natural theology and memento mori, as well as South Indian and especially mystic Sufi asceticism.
{"title":"Vesalius and Pulicat: Skeletal imagery in seventeenth-century south India","authors":"Dániel Margócsy , John Mathew","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2025.101014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2025.101014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article identifies the first known instance of visual engagement with the iconic anatomical imagery of Andreas Vesalius’ <em>De humani corporis fabrica</em> (1543) east of Istanbul. Two skeleton men from the <em>Fabrica</em> provide the design for skeletal sculptures decorating the Dutch cemetery in the colonial port town of Pulicat, in Tamil Nadu, India. We ask what it meant to engage with these iconic images of European anatomy in a seventeenth-century trading port on the Bay of Bengal, both for those who were responsible for their production and for those who passed by the cemetery. This article argues that the visual solutions of the Pulicat sculptures bring into conversation not only medical anatomy and funerary architecture, but also the artistic traditions of Europe and the Deccan, and, most importantly, the somewhat differing early modern European and Indian approaches to visualizing the skeletal structures of human bodies. The Pulicat sculptures can be productively understood as a potential meeting point for the contemplation of the fragile human body from the perspectives of European and Islamicate anatomy, Christian traditions of natural theology and memento mori, as well as South Indian and especially mystic Sufi asceticism.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":"49 3","pages":"Article 101014"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144757242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号