Endeavour最新文献

The second half of the 1180s witnessed an unusual number of solar eclipses visible within Europe in quick succession. These were recorded or referenced in a wide range of sources, from chronicles in Latin and Old Church Slavonic to the earliest epic poem from the medieval Rus’. A comparison between key elements of these accounts reveals several notable features. First, the identification of solar prominences. The account of the 1185 total eclipse from the Rus’ Laurentian Chronicle is well established in this context as the first probable textual witness to the phenomenon in Europe. It may not be the only one, however. A similar identification can be made within a Latin chronicle from England, by Gervase, monk of the community at Christ Church Cathedral Priory, for the total eclipse of 1187. Second, the contemporaneous nature of the descriptions is noteworthy, and more so in comparison with other contemporary accounts. A third area for focus concerns the nature of the observations and a case-study of Gervase of Canterbury who, if not an eye-witness to what he records, includes generally accurate accounts. These make his occasional inaccuracies all the more intriguing. Fourth, the wider comparison highlights the importance of taking account historical records across the European medieval heritage, Slavic and Orthodox alongside Latin and Catholic traditions.

This study is the first to examine the collective of dental lecturers and scientists who emigrated from Nazi Germany to the United States of America. We pay special attention to the socio-demographic characteristics, emigration journeys, and further professional development of these individuals in the country of immigration. The paper is based on primary sources from various German, Austrian, and United States archives and a systematic evaluation of the secondary literature on the persons concerned. We identified a total of eighteen male emigrants. The majority of these dentists left the “Greater” German Reich between 1938 and 1941. Thirteen of the eighteen lecturers were able to find a position in American academia, mainly as full professors. Two-thirds of them settled in New York and Illinois. The study concludes that most of the emigrated dentists studied here succeeded in continuing or even expanding their academic careers in the USA, although they usually had to retake their final dental examinations. No other destination country for immigration offered similarly favorable conditions. Not a single dentist decided to remigrate after 1945.

In the last decade of the nineteenth century, an Indian officer of the Bengal Police, sub-inspector Hem Chandra Bose (1867–1949) invented the telegraphic code system for fingerprints and published it in 1916. Sir Charles Stockley Collins of Scotland Yard, who is worldwide recognized as the originator of fingerprint telegraphic technique, published his findings in 1921—five years after Bose’s publication. Likewise Bose devised the single digit fingerprint classification system three years prior to Harry Battley, also of the Scotland Yard. The then British government honored Bose by awarding him an honorarium of Rs. 5000/- and by conferring the title of Rai Bahadur on him. However, this is not enough; Bose ought to be more widely recognized as a pioneer of the science of fingerprinting.

A study of Indian botany during the colonial period provides us with an interdisciplinary sphere covering science, politics, sociology, economics, and other associated domains. The presentation of this rich legacy to general readers often restricts itself to the descriptive accounts of explorers with little analysis of the intermingling of socio-political dynamics, landscape, and geography. We attempt to revisit the colonial plant exploration history through spatio-temporal analyses to understand how explorers with divergent interests traversed the country in different periods and directions. Our findings show that the Himalayas drove most of the explorations followed by the Deccan peninsula, the Western Ghats, and the Gangetic plain. In general, company/crown administered areas were better surveyed and documented than native states. Furthermore, through a prioritization exercise, we identify the centers of prominence, highlighting their political, economic, and social importance in contemporary India. In sum, this article shows the potential of applying Historical Geographic Information System (HGIS) mapping for spearheading future research and creating space for possible dialogs among historians, political scientists, and ecologists.