Milind H. Joshipura, P. Saxena, N. Shah, A. Dwivedi, S. Pillai, Madhu Aggrawal
Abstract In the present work jatropha, palm, and karanja-based biodiesel and diesel blends, as well as biodiesel diesel and butanol blends, were studied. 112 density data for biodiesel-diesel blends in the temperature range of 30–65 °C were generated. 651 data for viscosity for these blends were generated in the temperature range of 25–65 °C. Blends with butanol were studied only at room temperature. The addition of butanol has not made much of a difference in the density or viscosity of the blends. Empirical models available in the literature were fitted to the data. The linear model in volume fraction and temperature was accurate for density. A generalized model was proposed representing the density for the biodiesel/diesel blend comprising all three biodiesels. A new empirical model for viscosity was also proposed in the study. The proposed model performed well compared to other models, with % an OARD of 3.74 %. A generalized model for viscosity was also proposed. The generalized models could estimate the density and viscosity with % OARD of 0.673 and 5.25 %, respectively.
{"title":"Determining and modeling of density and viscosity of biodiesel-diesel and biodiesel-diesel-butanol blends","authors":"Milind H. Joshipura, P. Saxena, N. Shah, A. Dwivedi, S. Pillai, Madhu Aggrawal","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.4141428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4141428","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In the present work jatropha, palm, and karanja-based biodiesel and diesel blends, as well as biodiesel diesel and butanol blends, were studied. 112 density data for biodiesel-diesel blends in the temperature range of 30–65 °C were generated. 651 data for viscosity for these blends were generated in the temperature range of 25–65 °C. Blends with butanol were studied only at room temperature. The addition of butanol has not made much of a difference in the density or viscosity of the blends. Empirical models available in the literature were fitted to the data. The linear model in volume fraction and temperature was accurate for density. A generalized model was proposed representing the density for the biodiesel/diesel blend comprising all three biodiesels. A new empirical model for viscosity was also proposed in the study. The proposed model performed well compared to other models, with % an OARD of 3.74 %. A generalized model for viscosity was also proposed. The generalized models could estimate the density and viscosity with % OARD of 0.673 and 5.25 %, respectively.","PeriodicalId":51069,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43914008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Manimaran, R. Tschentscher, A. Pandurangan, Gopalakrishnan Govindasamy
Abstract Biodiesel, an important sustainable fuel used in the transportation sector, demands a stable, recyclable and green catalyst for its economical and environmentally benign production. A novel green heterogeneous acid catalyst was developed by extracting sodium silicate from bamboo leaf ash (BLA), using which SBA-16 (BLA) was synthesized and then impregnated with 10 wt% each of WO3 and ZrO2, characterized and evaluated for the transesterification of Ankol seed oil with methanol to biodiesel. XRD, SEM, TEM and pore size characterization indicated that impregnated WO3 and ZrO2 were present outside the mesopores of SBA-16 (BLA) as monoclinic phases, thus 3D cubic cage-like Im3m mesopores of SBA-16 were unaltered. NH3-TPD indicated the presence of acid sites of two distinct strengths, attributed to the Lewis and Brønsted acidity of WO3–ZrO2 impregnated into SBA-16 (BLA) and hence gave the highest biodiesel yield of 98 %. In contrast 10 wt% of WO3 and 10 wt% of ZrO2 separately impregnated into SBA-16 gave 65 and 57 % of biodiesel yield respectively, possibly due to the presence of Lewis acidity alone in them. Among the WO3(10 %)–ZrO2(10 %) impregnated mesoporous supports viz. SBA-16 (BLA), SBA-16 (synthesized using tetraethyl orthosilicate), SBA-15, MCM-41, MCM-48, KIT-6, FDU-5, and TUD-1, the highest biodiesel yield of 98 % was given by SBA-16 (BLA), attributed to its spherical morphology and strong interaction with WO3–ZrO2 as inferred from SEM and XPS characterizations respectively. From the effect of process parameters on the WO3(10 %)–ZrO2(10 %)/SBA-16 (BLA) catalyst, maximum biodiesel yield was obtained at the temperature of 65 °C, catalyst amount of 200 mg, methanol:oil weight ratio of 10:1 and reaction time of 3 h. Under these reaction conditions, it retained the same biodiesel yield for six recycles after regeneration every time, confirmed its catalytic stability and recyclability.
{"title":"Green and recyclable mesoporous silica supported WO3–ZrO2 solid acid catalyst for biodiesel production by transesterification of Ankol seed oil with methanol","authors":"S. Manimaran, R. Tschentscher, A. Pandurangan, Gopalakrishnan Govindasamy","doi":"10.1515/ijcre-2023-0069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2023-0069","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Biodiesel, an important sustainable fuel used in the transportation sector, demands a stable, recyclable and green catalyst for its economical and environmentally benign production. A novel green heterogeneous acid catalyst was developed by extracting sodium silicate from bamboo leaf ash (BLA), using which SBA-16 (BLA) was synthesized and then impregnated with 10 wt% each of WO3 and ZrO2, characterized and evaluated for the transesterification of Ankol seed oil with methanol to biodiesel. XRD, SEM, TEM and pore size characterization indicated that impregnated WO3 and ZrO2 were present outside the mesopores of SBA-16 (BLA) as monoclinic phases, thus 3D cubic cage-like Im3m mesopores of SBA-16 were unaltered. NH3-TPD indicated the presence of acid sites of two distinct strengths, attributed to the Lewis and Brønsted acidity of WO3–ZrO2 impregnated into SBA-16 (BLA) and hence gave the highest biodiesel yield of 98 %. In contrast 10 wt% of WO3 and 10 wt% of ZrO2 separately impregnated into SBA-16 gave 65 and 57 % of biodiesel yield respectively, possibly due to the presence of Lewis acidity alone in them. Among the WO3(10 %)–ZrO2(10 %) impregnated mesoporous supports viz. SBA-16 (BLA), SBA-16 (synthesized using tetraethyl orthosilicate), SBA-15, MCM-41, MCM-48, KIT-6, FDU-5, and TUD-1, the highest biodiesel yield of 98 % was given by SBA-16 (BLA), attributed to its spherical morphology and strong interaction with WO3–ZrO2 as inferred from SEM and XPS characterizations respectively. From the effect of process parameters on the WO3(10 %)–ZrO2(10 %)/SBA-16 (BLA) catalyst, maximum biodiesel yield was obtained at the temperature of 65 °C, catalyst amount of 200 mg, methanol:oil weight ratio of 10:1 and reaction time of 3 h. Under these reaction conditions, it retained the same biodiesel yield for six recycles after regeneration every time, confirmed its catalytic stability and recyclability.","PeriodicalId":51069,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48153116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Arya, Devyani Thapliyal, A. Thakur, Rahul Kumar, G. Verros
Abstract A methodology based on sound non-equilibrium thermodynamics principles is developed to estimate the extremum dissipation point for steady-state incompressible flow past a sphere at low Reynolds numbers. It is shown, that the extremum dissipation point appears at the point when both the shear stress and the pressure at the surface of the sphere are equal to zero. The Reynolds number and the position of the extremum dissipation flow past a sphere were further estimated with the aid of a mathematical model for pressure distribution on the sphere surface, accounting for both creeping and ideal flow. The parameters of the model were determined by comparison of the calculated pressure distribution at the surface with the available literature data. The conditions at which the separation angle and the extremum dissipation angle coincide were also investigated. It is believed that this work could be used to further elucidate the flow past a sphere.
{"title":"On the extremum dissipation for steady state incompressible flow past a sphere at low Reynolds number","authors":"R. Arya, Devyani Thapliyal, A. Thakur, Rahul Kumar, G. Verros","doi":"10.1515/ijcre-2023-0033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2023-0033","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A methodology based on sound non-equilibrium thermodynamics principles is developed to estimate the extremum dissipation point for steady-state incompressible flow past a sphere at low Reynolds numbers. It is shown, that the extremum dissipation point appears at the point when both the shear stress and the pressure at the surface of the sphere are equal to zero. The Reynolds number and the position of the extremum dissipation flow past a sphere were further estimated with the aid of a mathematical model for pressure distribution on the sphere surface, accounting for both creeping and ideal flow. The parameters of the model were determined by comparison of the calculated pressure distribution at the surface with the available literature data. The conditions at which the separation angle and the extremum dissipation angle coincide were also investigated. It is believed that this work could be used to further elucidate the flow past a sphere.","PeriodicalId":51069,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44765895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Laredo, Eli H. Olmos-Cerda, P. Pérez-Romo, Ricardo Águeda-Rangel, A. García-López
Abstract The effect of the experimental conditions on the hydrocracking (HCK) of a hydrotreated light cycle oil (HDT LCO) was studied in this work. The catalyst tested was a 50/50 weight mixture of nickel-molybdenum-phosphorous on alumina (NiMo/Al2O3) and a commercial ZSM5 zeolite (HCK 50/50). The experimental conditions tested were 340, 350, 360, and 370 °C; 7.5 MPa; 0.9, 1.2, 1.5, and 1.8 h−1 LHSV, and H2/HC of 752 m3/m3. Two phases: gas and liquid, were obtained as HDK products. The gas phase consisted mostly of C1–C5 paraffins, iso-paraffins, and olefins. The liquid phase was characterized by GC-PIONA and was distributed in lumps as follows: NAPA by C11 to C13-naphthalenes; TET by C11 to C13-tetralins; IND by C9 to C13-indanes and indenes; AKB by C9 to C13-alkylbenzenes; BTEX by benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes; NAPE by C9 to C13-naphthenes; and PIP by C3 to C14 paraffin, iso-paraffin, and olefin type hydrocarbons. Using this classification, the results showed that increments in temperature and decrements in LHSV produced increments in the formation of gases, PIP, BTEX, and NAPE. At the same conditions, AKB, TET, NAPA, and IND decreased sharply. TET and NAPA derivatives were no longer present at high temperatures (360–370 °C). It seemed to be a limit of the BTEX formation directly related to the TET and IND presence, and it did not seem to depend on the transalkylation process of AKB hydrocarbons. Instead, AKB hydrocarbons were directly correlated to NAPE hydrocarbon formation by hydrogenation. A kinetic model was prepared. The model presented correlation coefficients higher than 98 %. The kinetic model that was made predicted that neither increasing the temperature nor lowering the LHSV would improve the BTEX formation when departing from this feedstock.
{"title":"Hydrocracking of hydrotreated light cycle oil for optimizing BTEX production: a simple kinetic model","authors":"G. Laredo, Eli H. Olmos-Cerda, P. Pérez-Romo, Ricardo Águeda-Rangel, A. García-López","doi":"10.1515/ijcre-2022-0230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2022-0230","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The effect of the experimental conditions on the hydrocracking (HCK) of a hydrotreated light cycle oil (HDT LCO) was studied in this work. The catalyst tested was a 50/50 weight mixture of nickel-molybdenum-phosphorous on alumina (NiMo/Al2O3) and a commercial ZSM5 zeolite (HCK 50/50). The experimental conditions tested were 340, 350, 360, and 370 °C; 7.5 MPa; 0.9, 1.2, 1.5, and 1.8 h−1 LHSV, and H2/HC of 752 m3/m3. Two phases: gas and liquid, were obtained as HDK products. The gas phase consisted mostly of C1–C5 paraffins, iso-paraffins, and olefins. The liquid phase was characterized by GC-PIONA and was distributed in lumps as follows: NAPA by C11 to C13-naphthalenes; TET by C11 to C13-tetralins; IND by C9 to C13-indanes and indenes; AKB by C9 to C13-alkylbenzenes; BTEX by benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes; NAPE by C9 to C13-naphthenes; and PIP by C3 to C14 paraffin, iso-paraffin, and olefin type hydrocarbons. Using this classification, the results showed that increments in temperature and decrements in LHSV produced increments in the formation of gases, PIP, BTEX, and NAPE. At the same conditions, AKB, TET, NAPA, and IND decreased sharply. TET and NAPA derivatives were no longer present at high temperatures (360–370 °C). It seemed to be a limit of the BTEX formation directly related to the TET and IND presence, and it did not seem to depend on the transalkylation process of AKB hydrocarbons. Instead, AKB hydrocarbons were directly correlated to NAPE hydrocarbon formation by hydrogenation. A kinetic model was prepared. The model presented correlation coefficients higher than 98 %. The kinetic model that was made predicted that neither increasing the temperature nor lowering the LHSV would improve the BTEX formation when departing from this feedstock.","PeriodicalId":51069,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45737254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yiran Geng, Shuzhong Wang, Fan Zhang, Zicheng Li, Xinyin Zhang, Yanhui Li, Wenqiang He
Abstract Supercritical hydrothermal combustion, as a quick homogeneous oxidizing process, offers a promising treatment option for industrial wastewater. This paper established a computational fluid dynamics model of a water-cooled hydrothermal combustion burner to investigate the thermal flame characteristics. The effects of the fuel mass flow rate, fuel concentration, initial reactor temperature, reaction pressure, and oxidant temperature on the thermal combustion ignition were revealed. The results indicate that the fuel concentration (from 10 wt% to 60 wt%) and initial reactor temperature (from 623 to 773 K) had less effect on the ignition temperature. In contrast, the ignition temperature increases by 398 K with increasing fuel mass flow rate (from 24 kg h−1 to 1080 kg h−1). As the oxygen temperature increases (from 273 to 673 K), the ignition temperature gradually decreases to 573 K and then increases. An increase in reaction pressure can facilitate a decrease in ignition temperature to a certain extent, and the optimal reaction pressure is 25 MPa. This study provides a vital reference for a hydrothermal burner’s scale-up design and ignition operation.
{"title":"Numerical investigations on hydrothermal flame characteristics of water-cooled hydrothermal burner","authors":"Yiran Geng, Shuzhong Wang, Fan Zhang, Zicheng Li, Xinyin Zhang, Yanhui Li, Wenqiang He","doi":"10.1515/ijcre-2023-0040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2023-0040","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Supercritical hydrothermal combustion, as a quick homogeneous oxidizing process, offers a promising treatment option for industrial wastewater. This paper established a computational fluid dynamics model of a water-cooled hydrothermal combustion burner to investigate the thermal flame characteristics. The effects of the fuel mass flow rate, fuel concentration, initial reactor temperature, reaction pressure, and oxidant temperature on the thermal combustion ignition were revealed. The results indicate that the fuel concentration (from 10 wt% to 60 wt%) and initial reactor temperature (from 623 to 773 K) had less effect on the ignition temperature. In contrast, the ignition temperature increases by 398 K with increasing fuel mass flow rate (from 24 kg h−1 to 1080 kg h−1). As the oxygen temperature increases (from 273 to 673 K), the ignition temperature gradually decreases to 573 K and then increases. An increase in reaction pressure can facilitate a decrease in ignition temperature to a certain extent, and the optimal reaction pressure is 25 MPa. This study provides a vital reference for a hydrothermal burner’s scale-up design and ignition operation.","PeriodicalId":51069,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49049433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Esperança, M. Cerri, V. T. Mazziero, R. Béttega, A. C. Badino
Abstract The hydrodynamics of airlift bioreactors, which offer an interesting alternative to conventional stirred-tank bioreactors, has generally been evaluated using experimental approaches, requiring time, energy, and reagents. However, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has emerged as an important and valuable tool for the analysis and design of these devices, saving time and experimental effort, while providing a large amount of information. In this study, four geometries of a square cross-section 10-L split airlift bioreactor operating with distilled water were simulated using CFD, and the hydrodynamics variables gas hold-up and liquid velocity were evaluated. CFD satisfactorily predicted the hydrodynamic parameters, when compared to experimental data, allowing adequate prediction of the shear rate distribution in airlift bioreactors. The results indicated that different shear rate distributions were obtained by geometric modifications in the bioreactor, showing that its design should be considered to satisfy different specific bioprocess requirements.
{"title":"Hydrodynamic comparison of different geometries of square cross-section airlift bioreactor using computational fluid dynamics","authors":"M. Esperança, M. Cerri, V. T. Mazziero, R. Béttega, A. C. Badino","doi":"10.1515/ijcre-2023-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2023-0010","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The hydrodynamics of airlift bioreactors, which offer an interesting alternative to conventional stirred-tank bioreactors, has generally been evaluated using experimental approaches, requiring time, energy, and reagents. However, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has emerged as an important and valuable tool for the analysis and design of these devices, saving time and experimental effort, while providing a large amount of information. In this study, four geometries of a square cross-section 10-L split airlift bioreactor operating with distilled water were simulated using CFD, and the hydrodynamics variables gas hold-up and liquid velocity were evaluated. CFD satisfactorily predicted the hydrodynamic parameters, when compared to experimental data, allowing adequate prediction of the shear rate distribution in airlift bioreactors. The results indicated that different shear rate distributions were obtained by geometric modifications in the bioreactor, showing that its design should be considered to satisfy different specific bioprocess requirements.","PeriodicalId":51069,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45652388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The CeO2 and CeCoO composite oxide catalysts with bimodal mesopore structures were prepared by hard-template method and used for ethanol complete oxidation in air. The physicochemicalphysicochemical properties of the prepared catalysts were characterized by XRD, BET, TEM, XPS, H2-TPR, and O2-TPD. The Co species can be dissolved into CeO2 lattice to form Ce–O–Co solid solution, which promotes reactive oxygen species to be formed on the prepared CeCoO oxide catalysts surface. The bimodal mesopore structures can be obtained by the used hard-template method, and the pore structures of the prepared CeCoO oxide catalysts can be affected by the introduction of Co species. The synergistic effects from bimodal mesopore structures and reactive oxygen species can effectively boost ethanol complete oxidation to final product CO2. The CeCo2 catalyst with Ce/Co mole ratio of 2.0 exhibites superior ethanol complete oxidation activity and service stability, the ethanol oxidation conversion and final oxidation product CO2 selectivity reached 99.8 % and 99.2 % at 200 °C, respectively. This work indicates that the bimodal mesoporous CeCoO solid solution composite oxide catalyst is a promising candidate for OVOCs oxidation elimination from air.
{"title":"Preparation of bimodal mesoporous CoCe composite oxide for ethanol complete oxidation in air","authors":"Hongmei Xie, Sijia Song, Jia Zeng, Guizhi Zhang, Shuang Chen","doi":"10.1515/ijcre-2023-0037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2023-0037","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The CeO2 and CeCoO composite oxide catalysts with bimodal mesopore structures were prepared by hard-template method and used for ethanol complete oxidation in air. The physicochemicalphysicochemical properties of the prepared catalysts were characterized by XRD, BET, TEM, XPS, H2-TPR, and O2-TPD. The Co species can be dissolved into CeO2 lattice to form Ce–O–Co solid solution, which promotes reactive oxygen species to be formed on the prepared CeCoO oxide catalysts surface. The bimodal mesopore structures can be obtained by the used hard-template method, and the pore structures of the prepared CeCoO oxide catalysts can be affected by the introduction of Co species. The synergistic effects from bimodal mesopore structures and reactive oxygen species can effectively boost ethanol complete oxidation to final product CO2. The CeCo2 catalyst with Ce/Co mole ratio of 2.0 exhibites superior ethanol complete oxidation activity and service stability, the ethanol oxidation conversion and final oxidation product CO2 selectivity reached 99.8 % and 99.2 % at 200 °C, respectively. This work indicates that the bimodal mesoporous CeCoO solid solution composite oxide catalyst is a promising candidate for OVOCs oxidation elimination from air.","PeriodicalId":51069,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48695879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In the search for environmentally acceptable alternative fuels for diesel engines, biodiesel is a tempting option. Still, the long-term repercussions are excessive noise and vibration, as well as irregular and unpredictable combustion, which leads to knocking. In this study, an attempt was made to study the vibrational behavior of diesel engines fuelled with neat diesel and jatropha biodiesel blends (BJ0, BJ10, BJ20, BJ30, and BJ40) and lubrication oil degradation at different operating time periods (40, 60, 80 and 100 h). Vibration analysis is done through the measurement of horizontal and vertical frequencies and physical characteristics of lubrication are done through the determination of viscosity and density. Observation shows that there is a definite relationship between the degradation of oil and the vibration signatures of the engine. It is observed that BJ20 is the best-suited fuel for optimized performance. The highest frequency of vibration is reported in the frequency range of 1039–1041 Hz. The present study provides the guidelines for condition monitoring of bio fuelled engines for proper maintenance and scheduling change of oil.
{"title":"Assessment of engine oil viscosity and vibration characteristics of CI engine fuelled with jatropha biodiesel blends","authors":"Ajay Kumar, Jitendra Yadav, S. K. Kurre","doi":"10.1515/ijcre-2023-0032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2023-0032","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In the search for environmentally acceptable alternative fuels for diesel engines, biodiesel is a tempting option. Still, the long-term repercussions are excessive noise and vibration, as well as irregular and unpredictable combustion, which leads to knocking. In this study, an attempt was made to study the vibrational behavior of diesel engines fuelled with neat diesel and jatropha biodiesel blends (BJ0, BJ10, BJ20, BJ30, and BJ40) and lubrication oil degradation at different operating time periods (40, 60, 80 and 100 h). Vibration analysis is done through the measurement of horizontal and vertical frequencies and physical characteristics of lubrication are done through the determination of viscosity and density. Observation shows that there is a definite relationship between the degradation of oil and the vibration signatures of the engine. It is observed that BJ20 is the best-suited fuel for optimized performance. The highest frequency of vibration is reported in the frequency range of 1039–1041 Hz. The present study provides the guidelines for condition monitoring of bio fuelled engines for proper maintenance and scheduling change of oil.","PeriodicalId":51069,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49027410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Bouteraa, A. Panico, Rania Zamouche-Zerdazi, Mossaab Bencheikh-Lehocine, K. Derbal, G. Crispino, C. Gisonni, A. Ferraro, F. Pirozzi
Abstract A massive use of nitrogen based fertilizers in agriculture is worldwide one of the main causes for nitrate contamination of groundwater. Methods for removing nitrate from aquatic environment through physical and/or chemical processes often turn out to be not applicable because of unaffordable financial resource as well as essential infrastructure lack. On the other hand, biological processes seem to have potentiality to overcome these limitations since they are less expensive and easier to be performed. Accordingly, in the present work, a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) filled with Kaldnes K1 as carrier media was used to remove nitrate from a synthetic groundwater at bench scale. Acetate was used as organic source. Different operational conditions were tested: influent nitrate concentrations of 30, 40, 50 and 60 mg/L; hydraulic retention times of 24, 18, 12 and 8 h; and COD/NO3-N mass ratios of 3.00 and 2.98. Experimental results showed that NO3-N = 60 mg L−1, HRT = 8 h and COD/NO3-N ratio = 2.98 were the optimal operating conditions that allowed achieving a NO3-N removal by 99 % and a COD removal by almost 100 %. Moreover, almost no NO2−-N accumulation and null COD concentration were observed at the optimal operating conditions. An activated carbon filter was placed downstream to remove residual organic compounds prior to disinfection unit, thus avoiding the potential formation of harmful disinfection by-products (e.g. trihalomethanes (THMs)). The MBBR was able to show a rapid recovery whenever the operating conditions were defined as more severe, thus proving that the operating conditions can vary over a wider range. Furthermore, the results showed that the MBBR system can be used effectively as a biological process to remove nitrate from groundwater.
{"title":"Moving bed biofilm reactor combined with an activated carbon filter for biological nitrate removal","authors":"M. Bouteraa, A. Panico, Rania Zamouche-Zerdazi, Mossaab Bencheikh-Lehocine, K. Derbal, G. Crispino, C. Gisonni, A. Ferraro, F. Pirozzi","doi":"10.1515/ijcre-2022-0231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2022-0231","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A massive use of nitrogen based fertilizers in agriculture is worldwide one of the main causes for nitrate contamination of groundwater. Methods for removing nitrate from aquatic environment through physical and/or chemical processes often turn out to be not applicable because of unaffordable financial resource as well as essential infrastructure lack. On the other hand, biological processes seem to have potentiality to overcome these limitations since they are less expensive and easier to be performed. Accordingly, in the present work, a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) filled with Kaldnes K1 as carrier media was used to remove nitrate from a synthetic groundwater at bench scale. Acetate was used as organic source. Different operational conditions were tested: influent nitrate concentrations of 30, 40, 50 and 60 mg/L; hydraulic retention times of 24, 18, 12 and 8 h; and COD/NO3-N mass ratios of 3.00 and 2.98. Experimental results showed that NO3-N = 60 mg L−1, HRT = 8 h and COD/NO3-N ratio = 2.98 were the optimal operating conditions that allowed achieving a NO3-N removal by 99 % and a COD removal by almost 100 %. Moreover, almost no NO2−-N accumulation and null COD concentration were observed at the optimal operating conditions. An activated carbon filter was placed downstream to remove residual organic compounds prior to disinfection unit, thus avoiding the potential formation of harmful disinfection by-products (e.g. trihalomethanes (THMs)). The MBBR was able to show a rapid recovery whenever the operating conditions were defined as more severe, thus proving that the operating conditions can vary over a wider range. Furthermore, the results showed that the MBBR system can be used effectively as a biological process to remove nitrate from groundwater.","PeriodicalId":51069,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45021350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This work presents a study on the separation of model compounds representative of mustard husk pyrolysis oil, through a combination of experimental and modelling approaches. Atmospheric and vacuum distillation were used to perform the separation, and the obtained results were validated by means of an Aspen simulation model. To simulate the pyrolysis oil, different fractions present in mustard husk pyrolysis oil were used. Atmospheric distillation was performed at temperatures ranging from 50 to 180 °C, while vacuum distillation was conducted at varying temperatures and pressures. The composition of the distillate and residue was analysed, and it was found that coking occurred due to polymerization reactions, even at moderate temperatures up to ∼100 °C during atmospheric distillation. Therefore, vacuum rotary evaporation was employed to carry out further studies at lower temperatures (50 °C) and pressures (50 mbar), resulting in a recovery percentage of 56 % for lighter fractions and 36 % for heavier fractions, with complete water (62 %) collected in the distillate phase. The simulated feed mixture, which consisted of Guaiacols, furfurals and furan methanols, was distributed equally in both the distillate and residue phases, and the experimental recoveries in distillate and residue phases were found to be similar with simulation values. Further studies are needed to comprehend the separation behaviour of real pyrolysis oil and to minimize polymerization reactions in the column.
{"title":"Modelling and experimental studies for the recovery of valuable chemical intermediates from mustard husk pyrolysis oil","authors":"Kanchan Drugkar, Anand Gupta Chakinala, Abhishek Sharma","doi":"10.1515/ijcre-2022-0236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2022-0236","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This work presents a study on the separation of model compounds representative of mustard husk pyrolysis oil, through a combination of experimental and modelling approaches. Atmospheric and vacuum distillation were used to perform the separation, and the obtained results were validated by means of an Aspen simulation model. To simulate the pyrolysis oil, different fractions present in mustard husk pyrolysis oil were used. Atmospheric distillation was performed at temperatures ranging from 50 to 180 °C, while vacuum distillation was conducted at varying temperatures and pressures. The composition of the distillate and residue was analysed, and it was found that coking occurred due to polymerization reactions, even at moderate temperatures up to ∼100 °C during atmospheric distillation. Therefore, vacuum rotary evaporation was employed to carry out further studies at lower temperatures (50 °C) and pressures (50 mbar), resulting in a recovery percentage of 56 % for lighter fractions and 36 % for heavier fractions, with complete water (62 %) collected in the distillate phase. The simulated feed mixture, which consisted of Guaiacols, furfurals and furan methanols, was distributed equally in both the distillate and residue phases, and the experimental recoveries in distillate and residue phases were found to be similar with simulation values. Further studies are needed to comprehend the separation behaviour of real pyrolysis oil and to minimize polymerization reactions in the column.","PeriodicalId":51069,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering","volume":"0 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41569846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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