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An Unpredictable Brain Is a Conscious, Responsive Brain 不可预测的大脑是有意识的、反应灵敏的大脑
IF 3.1 3区 医学 Q2 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_02154
Sima Mofakham;Jermaine Robertson;Noah Lubin;Nathaniel A. Cleri;Charles B. Mikell
Severe traumatic brain injuries typically result in loss of consciousness or coma. In deeply comatose patients with traumatic brain injury, cortical dynamics become simple, repetitive, and predictable. We review evidence that this low-complexity, high-predictability state results from a passive cortical state, represented by a stable repetitive attractor, that hinders the flexible formation of neuronal ensembles necessary for conscious experience. Our data and those from other groups support the hypothesis that this cortical passive state is because of the loss of thalamocortical input. We identify the unpredictability and complexity of cortical dynamics captured by local field potential as a sign of recovery from this passive coma attractor. In this Perspective article, we discuss how these electrophysiological biomarkers of the recovery of consciousness could inform the design of closed-loop stimulation paradigms to treat disorders of consciousness.
严重的脑外伤通常会导致意识丧失或昏迷。在深度昏迷的脑外伤患者中,大脑皮层动力学变得简单、重复且可预测。我们回顾的证据表明,这种低复杂性、高可预测性的状态是由稳定的重复吸引子所代表的被动皮层状态造成的,它阻碍了意识体验所需的神经元组合的灵活形成。我们的数据和其他研究小组的数据都支持这样的假设,即大脑皮层的这种被动状态是由于丘脑输入的缺失造成的。我们发现,局部场电位捕捉到的大脑皮层动态的不可预测性和复杂性是从这种被动昏迷吸引器中恢复的标志。在这篇视角文章中,我们将讨论这些意识恢复的电生理生物标志物如何为设计治疗意识障碍的闭环刺激范式提供信息。
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引用次数: 0
Homeostatic Feelings and the Emergence of Consciousness 同态感受与意识的萌发》(Homeostatic Feelings and the Emergence of Consciousness)。
IF 3.1 3区 医学 Q2 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_02119
Antonio Damasio;Hanna Damasio
In this article, we summarize our views on the problem of consciousness and outline the current version of a novel hypothesis for how conscious minds can be generated in mammalian organisms. We propose that a mind can be considered conscious when three processes are in place: the first is a continuous generation of interoceptive feelings, which results in experiencing of the organism's internal operations; the second is the equally continuous production of images, generated according to the organism's sensory perspective relative to its surround; the third combines feeling/experience and perspective resulting in a process of subjectivity relative to the image contents. We also propose a biological basis for these three components: the peripheral and central physiology of interoception and exteroception help explain the implementation of the first two components, whereas the third depends on central nervous system integration, at multiple levels, from spinal cord, brainstem, and diencephalic nuclei, to selected regions of the mesial cerebral cortices.
在这篇文章中,我们总结了我们对意识问题的看法,并概述了目前关于哺乳动物如何产生有意识思维的新假设。我们提出,当三个过程同时进行时,思想就可以被认为是有意识的:第一个过程是持续产生相互感知的感觉,从而体验生物体的内部运作;第二个过程是同样持续产生图像,根据生物体相对于周围环境的感官视角产生图像;第三个过程将感觉/体验和视角结合在一起,从而产生相对于图像内容的主观性过程。我们还提出了这三个组成部分的生物学基础:内感知和外感知的外周生理学和中枢生理学有助于解释前两个组成部分的实现,而第三个组成部分则取决于中枢神经系统的整合,从脊髓、脑干、间脑核到中脑皮层的选定区域等多个层次。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of Vergence Eye Movement Planning on Size Perception and Early Visual Processing. 辐辏眼动规划对大小感知和早期视觉处理的影响
IF 3.1 3区 医学 Q2 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-06-26 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_02207
Yichong Zhang, Xiaoqian Wu, Chao Zheng, Yuqing Zhao, Jie Gao, Zhiqing Deng, Xilin Zhang, Juan Chen

Our perception of objects depends on non-oculomotor depth cues, such as pictorial distance cues and binocular disparity, and oculomotor depth cues, such as vergence and accommodation. Although vergence eye movements are always involved in perceiving real distance, previous studies have mainly focused on the effect of oculomotor state via "proprioception" on distance and size perception. It remains unclear whether the oculomotor command of vergence eye movement would also influence visual processing. To address this question, we placed a light at 28.5 cm and a screen for stimulus presentation at 57 cm from the participants. In the NoDivergence condition, participants were asked to maintain fixation on the light regardless of stimulus presentation throughout the trial. In the WithDivergence condition, participants were instructed to initially maintain fixation on the near light and then turn their two eyes outward to look at the stimulus on the far screen. The stimulus was presented for 100 msec, entirely within the preparation stage of the divergence eye movement. We found that participants perceived the stimulus as larger but were less sensitive to stimulus sizes in the WithDivergence condition than in the NoDivergence condition. The earliest visual evoked component C1 (peak latency 80 msec), which varied with stimulus size in the NoDivergence condition, showed similar amplitudes for larger and smaller stimuli in the WithDivergence condition. These results show that vergence eye movement planning affects the earliest visual processing and size perception, and demonstrate an example of the effect of motor command on sensory processing.

我们对物体的感知取决于非眼球运动深度线索(如图像距离线索和双眼视差)和眼球运动深度线索(如辐辏和调节)。虽然辐辏眼动始终参与实际距离的感知,但以往的研究主要集中于通过 "本体感觉 "的眼动状态对距离和大小感知的影响。至于辐辏眼球运动的眼球运动指令是否也会影响视觉处理,目前仍不清楚。为了解决这个问题,我们在距离被试者 28.5 厘米处放置了一盏灯,并在距离被试者 57 厘米处放置了一个用于呈现刺激的屏幕。在 "无发散 "条件下,被试者被要求在整个试验过程中,无论刺激是否呈现,都要始终保持固定在灯光上。在 "有发散 "条件下,受试者被要求先保持对近处灯光的凝视,然后将两只眼睛转向外侧,注视远处屏幕上的刺激物。刺激物出现的时间为 100 毫秒,完全在眼球发散运动的准备阶段。我们发现,与 "无发散 "条件相比,"有发散 "条件下受试者感知到的刺激物更大,但对刺激物大小的敏感度更低。在无发散条件下,最早的视觉诱发成分 C1(峰值潜伏期为 80 毫秒)随刺激大小而变化,而在有发散条件下,较大和较小刺激的振幅相似。这些结果表明,辐辏眼动规划会影响最早的视觉处理和大小感知,并展示了运动指令对感觉处理的影响。
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引用次数: 0
A Possible Neural Basis for Attentional Capture of Faces Revealed by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Causal Pharmacological Inactivation in Macaques. 猕猴的功能磁共振成像和因果药理失活揭示了注意力捕捉面孔的可能神经基础
IF 3.1 3区 医学 Q2 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-06-26 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_02211
Ning Liu, Galia Avidan, Janita N Turchi, Fadila Hadj-Bouziane, Marlene Behrmann

In primates, the presence of a face in a visual scene captures attention and rapidly directs the observer's gaze to the face, even when the face is not relevant to the task at hand. Here, we explored a neural circuit that might potentially play a causal role in this powerful behavior. In our previous research, two monkeys received microinfusions of muscimol, a GABAA-receptor agonist, or saline (as a control condition) in separate sessions into individual or pairs of four inferotemporal face patches (middle and anterior lateral and fundal), as identified by a preceding face localizer experiment. Then, using fMRI, we measured the impact of each inactivation condition on responses in the other face patches relative to the control condition. In this study, we used the same method and measured the impact of each inactivation condition on responses in the FEF and the lateral intraparietal area, two regions associated with attentional processing, while face and nonface object stimuli were viewed. Our results revealed potential relationships between inferotemporal face patches and these two attention-related regions: The inactivation of the middle lateral and anterior fundal face patches had a pronounced impact on FEF, whereas the inactivation of the middle and anterior lateral face patches might have a noticeable influence on lateral intraparietal area. Together, these initial exploratory findings document a circuit that potentially underlies the attentional capture of faces. Confirmation of the role of this circuit remains to be accomplished in the context of paradigm explicitly testing the attentional capture of faces.

在灵长类动物中,视觉场景中出现的人脸会吸引注意力,并迅速将观察者的视线引向该人脸,即使该人脸与当前任务无关。在这里,我们探索了可能在这一强大行为中扮演因果角色的神经回路。在我们之前的研究中,两只猴子分别接受了麝香草酚(一种 GABAA 受体激动剂)或生理盐水(作为对照条件)的微量注射,将其注射到单独或成对的四个颞下部脸部斑块(中、前外侧和眼底)中。然后,我们使用 fMRI 测量了相对于对照条件,每个失活条件对其他面部斑块反应的影响。在本研究中,我们使用了相同的方法,测量了在观看人脸和非人脸物体刺激时,每种失活条件对 FEF 和侧顶内区(与注意加工相关的两个区域)反应的影响。我们的研究结果揭示了颞下人脸补丁与这两个注意力相关区域之间的潜在关系:中外侧和前眼底人脸贴片的失活对 FEF 有明显的影响,而中外侧和前外侧人脸贴片的失活则可能对侧顶内区有明显的影响。总之,这些初步的探索性发现记录了一个潜在的电路,它可能是人脸注意捕捉的基础。这一回路的作用还有待在明确测试注意力捕捉面孔的范式中加以确认。
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引用次数: 0
Anatomical Connectivity Constrains Dynamic Functional Connectivity among Neural Systems: Implications for Cognition and Behavior. 解剖连通性制约神经系统间的动态功能连通性:对认知和行为的影响
IF 3.1 3区 医学 Q2 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-06-26 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_02205
Susan M Courtney, Thomas Hinault

Leslie Ungerleider had a tremendous impact across many different areas of cognitive neuroscience. Her ideas and her approach, as well as her findings, will continue to impact the field for generations to come. One of the most impactful aspects of her approach was her focus on the ways that anatomical connections constrain functional communications among brain regions. Furthermore, she emphasized that changes in these functional communications, whether from lesions to the anatomical connections or temporary modulations of the efficacy of information transmission resulting from selective attention, have consequences for cognition and behavior. By necessity, this short review cannot cover the vast amount of research that contributed to or benefited from Leslie's work. Rather, we focus on one line of research that grew directly from some of Leslie's early work and her mentoring on these important concepts. This research and the many other lines of research that arose from these same origins has helped develop our understanding of the visual system, and cognitive systems more generally, as collections of highly organized, specialized, dynamic, and interacting subsystems.

莱斯利-昂格尔莱德对认知神经科学的许多不同领域都产生了巨大影响。她的思想、方法和研究成果将继续影响这一领域的后代。她的研究方法中最具影响力的一点是,她专注于解剖学连接如何制约大脑区域之间的功能性交流。此外,她还强调,无论是解剖连接的病变,还是选择性注意对信息传递效率的暂时性调节,这些功能性沟通的变化都会对认知和行为产生影响。出于必要,这篇简短的综述无法涵盖对莱斯利的工作有贡献或受益于莱斯利的工作的大量研究。相反,我们将重点关注直接源于莱斯利早期工作和她对这些重要概念的指导的一项研究。这项研究以及从这些相同的起源中产生的许多其他研究方向,帮助我们发展了对视觉系统的理解,更广泛地说,认知系统是高度组织化、专业化、动态和相互作用的子系统的集合。
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引用次数: 0
Delta-band Activity Underlies Referential Meaning Representation during Pronoun Resolution 德尔塔波段活动是代词解析过程中指称意义表征的基础
IF 3.1 3区 医学 Q2 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_02163
Rong Ding;Sanne Ten Oever;Andrea E. Martin
Human language offers a variety of ways to create meaning, one of which is referring to entities, objects, or events in the world. One such meaning maker is understanding to whom or to what a pronoun in a discourse refers to. To understand a pronoun, the brain must access matching entities or concepts that have been encoded in memory from previous linguistic context. Models of language processing propose that internally stored linguistic concepts, accessed via exogenous cues such as phonological input of a word, are represented as (a)synchronous activities across a population of neurons active at specific frequency bands. Converging evidence suggests that delta band activity (1–3 Hz) is involved in temporal and representational integration during sentence processing. Moreover, recent advances in the neurobiology of memory suggest that recollection engages neural dynamics similar to those which occurred during memory encoding. Integrating from these two research lines, we here tested the hypothesis that neural dynamic patterns, especially in delta frequency range, underlying referential meaning representation, would be reinstated during pronoun resolution. By leveraging neural decoding techniques (i.e., representational similarity analysis) on a magnetoencephalogram data set acquired during a naturalistic story-listening task, we provide evidence that delta-band activity underlies referential meaning representation. Our findings suggest that, during spoken language comprehension, endogenous linguistic representations such as referential concepts may be proactively retrieved and represented via activation of their underlying dynamic neural patterns.
人类语言提供了多种创造意义的方式,其中之一就是指称世界上的实体、物体或事件。其中一种意义生成方式就是理解话语中的代词指代谁或指代什么。要理解一个代词,大脑必须从以前的语言环境中获取编码在记忆中的匹配实体或概念。语言处理模型认为,通过外源线索(如单词的语音输入)获取的内部存储的语言概念,在特定频段活跃的神经元群中表现为(a)同步活动。越来越多的证据表明,δ波段活动(1-3赫兹)参与了句子加工过程中的时间和表征整合。此外,记忆神经生物学的最新研究进展表明,回忆时的神经动态与记忆编码时的神经动态相似。综合这两个研究方向,我们在此测试了一个假设,即神经动态模式,尤其是在 delta 频率范围内,作为指代意义表征的基础,会在代词解析过程中得到恢复。通过利用神经解码技术(即表征相似性分析)对自然故事聆听任务中获得的脑磁图数据集进行分析,我们提供了δ频段活动是指代意义表征基础的证据。我们的研究结果表明,在口语理解过程中,指代概念等内源性语言表征可能会通过激活其潜在的动态神经模式而被主动检索和表征。
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引用次数: 0
Representing Context and Priority in Working Memory 在工作记忆中表示上下文和优先级
IF 3.1 3区 医学 Q2 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_02166
Quan Wan;Adel Ardalan;Jacqueline M. Fulvio;Bradley R. Postle
The ability to prioritize among contents in working memory (WM) is critical for successful control of thought and behavior. Recent work has demonstrated that prioritization in WM can be implemented by representing different states of priority in different representational formats. Here, we explored the mechanisms underlying WM prioritization by simulating the double serial retrocuing task with recurrent neural networks. Visualization of stimulus representational dynamics using principal component analysis revealed that the network represented trial context (order of presentation) and priority via different mechanisms. Ordinal context, a stable property lasting the duration of the trial, was accomplished by segregating representations into orthogonal subspaces. Priority, which changed multiple times during a trial, was accomplished by separating representations into different strata within each subspace. We assessed the generality of these mechanisms by applying dimensionality reduction and multiclass decoding to fMRI and EEG data sets and found that priority and context are represented differently along the dorsal visual stream and that behavioral performance is sensitive to trial-by-trial variability of priority coding, but not context coding.
对工作记忆(WM)中的内容进行优先排序的能力对于成功控制思维和行为至关重要。最近的研究表明,工作记忆中的优先级可以通过用不同的表征格式来表示不同的优先级状态来实现。在这里,我们用递归神经网络模拟了双序列倒摄任务,从而探索了 WM 优先级的内在机制。利用主成分分析对刺激表征动态进行可视化后发现,网络通过不同的机制来表征试验情境(呈现顺序)和优先级。顺序上下文是试验持续时间内的稳定属性,是通过将表征分离到正交子空间来实现的。优先级在试验过程中会发生多次变化,是通过在每个子空间中将表征分离成不同的阶层来实现的。我们通过对 fMRI 和脑电图数据集进行降维和多类解码来评估这些机制的通用性,结果发现优先级和上下文在背侧视觉流中的表示方式不同,而且行为表现对优先级编码的逐次试验变化很敏感,但对上下文编码却不敏感。
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引用次数: 0
P1, N170, and N250 Event-related Potential Components Reflect Temporal Perception Processing in Face and Body Personal Identification P1、N170 和 N250 事件相关电位成分反映了面部和身体个人识别中的时间感知处理。
IF 3.1 3区 医学 Q2 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_02167
Hideaki Tanaka;Peilun Jiang
Human faces and bodies represent various socially important signals. Although adults encounter numerous new people in daily life, they can recognize hundreds to thousands of different individuals. However, the neural mechanisms that differentiate one person from another person are unclear. This study aimed to clarify the temporal dynamics of the cognitive processes of face and body personal identification using face-sensitive ERP components (P1, N170, and N250). The present study performed three blocks (face–face, face–body, and body–body) of different ERP adaptation paradigms. Furthermore, in the above three blocks, ERP components were used to compare brain biomarkers under three conditions (same person, different person of the same sex, and different person of the opposite sex). The results showed that the P1 amplitude for the face–face block was significantly greater than that for the body–body block, that the N170 amplitude for a different person of the same sex condition was greater than that for the same person condition in the right hemisphere only, and that the N250 amplitude gradually increased as the degree of face and body sex–social categorization grew closer (i.e., same person condition > different person of the same sex condition > different person of the opposite sex condition). These results suggest that early processing of the face and body processes the face and body separately and that structural encoding and personal identification of the face and body process the face and body collaboratively.
人的面孔和身体代表着各种重要的社会信号。虽然成年人在日常生活中会遇到许多新的人,但他们可以识别成百上千个不同的个体。然而,区分一个人和另一个人的神经机制尚不清楚。本研究旨在利用对脸部敏感的ERP成分(P1、N170和N250)来阐明脸部和身体个人识别认知过程的时间动态。本研究进行了三个区块(脸-脸、脸-身体和身体-身体)的不同ERP适应范式。此外,在上述三个区块中,ERP成分还用于比较三种条件(同一人、同性不同人和异性不同人)下的大脑生物标志物。结果显示,脸-脸区块的 P1 波幅明显大于身体-身体区块,同性不同人条件下的 N170 波幅仅在右半球大于同人条件下的 N170 波幅,N250 波幅随着脸部和身体性别-社会分类程度的接近而逐渐增大(即同人条件>同性不同人条件>异性不同人条件)。这些结果表明,脸部和身体的早期加工是分别处理脸部和身体的,而脸部和身体的结构编码和个人识别则是共同处理脸部和身体的。
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引用次数: 0
The Neural Corelates of Constructing Conceptual and Perceptual Representations of Autobiographical Memories 构建自传体记忆的概念和感知表征的神经核心环节
IF 3.1 3区 医学 Q2 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_02170
Lauri Gurguryan;Can Fenerci;Nguyet Ngo;Signy Sheldon
Contemporary neurocognitive frameworks propose that conceptual and perceptual content of autobiographical memories—personal past experiences—are processed by dissociable neural systems. Other work has proposed a central role of the anterior hippocampus in initially constructing autobiographical memories, regardless of the content. Here, we report on an fMRI study that utilized a repeated retrieval paradigm to test these ideas. In an MRI scanner, participants retrieved autobiographical memories at three timepoints. During the third retrieval, participants either shifted their focus to the conceptual content of the memory, the perceptual content of the memory, or retrieved the memory as they had done so on previous trials. We observed stronger anterior hippocampal activity for the first retrieval compared with later retrievals, regardless of whether there was a shift in content in those later trials. We also found evidence for separate cortical systems when constructing autobiographical memories with a focus on conceptual or perceptual content. Finally, we found that there was common engagement between later retrievals that required a shift toward conceptual content and the initial retrieval of a memory. This final finding was explored further with a behavioral experiment that provided evidence that focusing on conceptual content of a memory guides memory construction, whereas perceptual content adds precision to a memory. Together, these findings suggest there are distinct content-oriented cortical systems that work with the anterior hippocampus to construct representations of autobiographical memories.
当代神经认知框架认为,自传体记忆的概念和感知内容--个人过去的经历--是由可分离的神经系统处理的。其他研究则提出,无论自传体记忆的内容如何,前海马体在最初构建自传体记忆时都扮演着核心角色。在此,我们报告了一项利用重复检索范式来检验这些观点的 fMRI 研究。在磁共振成像扫描仪中,参与者在三个时间点检索自传体记忆。在第三次检索过程中,参与者要么将注意力转移到记忆的概念内容、记忆的感知内容上,要么按照之前的试验方法检索记忆。我们观察到,与后面的检索相比,第一次检索的海马前部活动更强,无论后面的试验内容是否发生了转变。我们还发现,在构建侧重于概念或感知内容的自传体记忆时,有证据表明大脑皮层系统是独立的。最后,我们发现,在需要转向概念内容的后期检索和记忆的初始检索之间存在共同的参与。我们通过一项行为实验进一步探讨了这一最终发现,实验证明,关注记忆的概念性内容能引导记忆的构建,而知觉性内容则能提高记忆的精确度。这些发现共同表明,存在着不同的以内容为导向的大脑皮层系统,它们与前海马共同构建自传体记忆的表征。
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引用次数: 0
Early Rise and Persistent Inhibition of Electromyography during Failed Stopping 停车失败时肌电图的早起和持续抑制
IF 3.1 3区 医学 Q2 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_02174
Mitchell Fisher;Hoa Trinh;Jessica O’Neill;Ian Greenhouse
Reactively canceling movements is a vital feature of the motor system to ensure safety. This behavior can be studied in the laboratory using the stop-signal task. There remains ambiguity about whether a “point-of-no-return” exists, after which a response cannot be aborted. A separate question concerns whether motor system inhibition associated with attempted stopping persists when stopping is unsuccessful. We address these two questions using electromyography (EMG) in two stop-signal task experiments. Experiment 1 (n = 24) involved simple right and left index finger responses in separate task blocks. Experiment 2 (n = 28) involved a response choice between the right index and pinky fingers. To evaluate the approximate point of no return, we measured EMG in responding fingers during the 100 msec preceding the stop signal and observed significantly greater EMG amplitudes during failed than successful stopping in both experiments. Thus, EMG before the stop signal differentiated success, regardless of whether there was a response choice. To address whether motor inhibition persists after failed stopping, we assessed EMG peak-to-offset durations and slopes (i.e., rate of EMG decline) for go, failed stop, and successful stop (partial response) trials. EMG peak-to-offset was shorter and steeper for failed stopping compared to go and successful stop partial response trials, suggesting motor inhibition persists even when failing to stop. These findings indicate EMG is sensitive to a “transition zone” at which the relative likelihood of stop failure versus success inverts and also suggest peak-to-offset time of response-related EMG activity during failed stopping reflects stopping-related inhibition.
反应性取消动作是运动系统确保安全的一个重要特征。这种行为可以通过停止信号任务在实验室中进行研究。关于是否存在一个 "不归点",即在该点之后不能终止反应,目前仍存在模糊不清的地方。另一个问题是,当停止不成功时,与试图停止有关的运动系统抑制是否会持续存在。我们在两个停止信号任务实验中使用肌电图(EMG)来解决这两个问题。实验 1(n = 24)涉及在不同任务块中简单的左右食指反应。实验 2(n = 28)涉及右手食指和小指之间的反应选择。为了评估 "不归点 "的大致位置,我们测量了停止信号发出前 100 毫秒内做出反应的手指的肌电图。因此,无论是否有反应选择,停止信号前的肌电图都能区分成功与否。为了解决停止失败后运动抑制是否持续的问题,我们评估了前进、停止失败和成功停止(部分反应)试验的肌电图峰值到峰值的持续时间和斜率(即肌电图下降率)。与前进和成功停止部分反应试验相比,停止失败的 EMG 峰值到峰值的持续时间更短,斜率更大,这表明即使停止失败,运动抑制仍然存在。这些研究结果表明,EMG 对 "过渡区 "很敏感,在这个过渡区,停止失败与成功的相对可能性发生了逆转,同时还表明,在停止失败时,与反应相关的 EMG 活动的峰值到偏移时间反映了与停止相关的抑制。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
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