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Action Segmentation in the Brain: The Role of Object–Action Associations 大脑中的动作分割:物体-动作关联的作用
IF 3.1 3区 医学 Q2 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-16 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_02210
Jennifer Pomp;Annika Garlichs;Tomas Kulvicius;Minija Tamosiunaite;Moritz F. Wurm;Anoushiravan Zahedi;Florentin Wörgötter;Ricarda I. Schubotz
Motion information has been argued to be central to the subjective segmentation of observed actions. Concerning object-directed actions, object-associated action information might as well inform efficient action segmentation and prediction. The present study compared the segmentation and neural processing of object manipulations and equivalent dough ball manipulations to elucidate the effect of object–action associations. Behavioral data corroborated that objective relational changes in the form of (un-)touchings of objects, hand, and ground represent meaningful anchor points in subjective action segmentation rendering them objective marks of meaningful event boundaries. As expected, segmentation behavior became even more systematic for the weakly informative dough. fMRI data were modeled by critical subjective, and computer-vision-derived objective event boundaries. Whole-brain as well as planned ROI analyses showed that object information had significant effects on how the brain processes these boundaries. This was especially pronounced at untouchings, that is, events that announced the beginning of the upcoming action and might be the point where competing predictions are aligned with perceptual input to update the current action model. As expected, weak object–action associations at untouching events were accompanied by increased biological motion processing, whereas strong object–action associations came with an increased contextual associative information processing, as indicated by increased parahippocampal activity. Interestingly, anterior inferior parietal lobule activity increased for weak object–action associations at untouching events, presumably because of an unrestricted number of candidate actions for dough manipulation. Our findings offer new insights into the significance of objects for the segmentation of action.
运动信息被认为是对观察到的动作进行主观分割的核心。对于物体引导的动作,与物体相关的动作信息也可能为有效的动作分割和预测提供信息。本研究比较了物体操作和等效面团球操作的分割和神经处理,以阐明物体-动作关联的影响。行为数据证实,物体、手和地面(非)接触形式的客观关系变化代表了主观动作分割中的有意义锚点,使它们成为有意义事件边界的客观标记。正如预期的那样,弱信息面团的分割行为变得更加系统化。fMRI 数据通过关键的主观和计算机视觉衍生的客观事件边界进行建模。全脑以及计划 ROI 分析表明,物体信息对大脑如何处理这些边界有显著影响。这种影响在 "未触及 "时尤为明显,"未触及 "即宣布即将开始行动的事件,也可能是竞争预测与感知输入相一致以更新当前行动模型的点。正如预期的那样,在未触碰事件中,微弱的物体-动作联想伴随着生物运动处理的增加,而强烈的物体-动作联想则伴随着上下文联想信息处理的增加,这表现为副海马体活动的增加。有趣的是,在非触摸事件中,弱的物体-动作联想会增加顶叶前下叶的活动,这可能是因为面团操作的候选动作数量不受限制。我们的研究结果为了解物体对动作分割的意义提供了新的视角。
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引用次数: 0
Needing: An Active Inference Process for Physiological Motivation 需要:生理动机的主动推理过程。
IF 3.1 3区 医学 Q2 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-16 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_02209
Juvenal Bosulu;Giovanni Pezzulo;Sébastien Hétu
Need states are internal states that arise from deprivation of crucial biological stimuli. They direct motivation, independently of external learning. Despite their separate origin, they interact with reward processing systems that respond to external stimuli. This article aims to illuminate the functioning of the needing system through the lens of active inference, a framework for understanding brain and cognition. We propose that need states exert a pervasive influence on the organism, which in active inference terms translates to a “pervasive surprise”—a measure of the distance from the organism's preferred state. Crucially, we define needing as an active inference process that seeks to reduce this pervasive surprise. Through a series of simulations, we demonstrate that our proposal successfully captures key aspects of the phenomenology and neurobiology of needing. We show that as need states increase, the tendency to occupy preferred states strengthens, independently of external reward prediction. Furthermore, need states increase the precision of states (stimuli and actions) leading to preferred states, suggesting their ability to amplify the value of reward cues and rewards themselves. Collectively, our model and simulations provide valuable insights into the directional and underlying influence of need states, revealing how this influence amplifies the wanting or liking associated with relevant stimuli.
需要状态是一种内部状态,是由于缺乏重要的生物刺激而产生的。它们引导动机,与外部学习无关。尽管它们的起源是独立的,但它们与对外部刺激做出反应的奖赏处理系统相互作用。本文旨在通过主动推理这一理解大脑和认知的框架来阐明需要系统的功能。我们提出,需求状态会对有机体产生无处不在的影响,用主动推理的术语来说就是 "无处不在的惊喜"--一种衡量有机体偏好状态距离的尺度。最重要的是,我们将 "需要 "定义为一种主动推理过程,旨在减少这种普遍存在的意外。通过一系列模拟,我们证明我们的建议成功地捕捉到了需求现象学和神经生物学的关键方面。我们证明,随着需要状态的增加,占据首选状态的倾向会加强,而与外部奖励预测无关。此外,需要状态会提高导致首选状态的状态(刺激和行动)的精确度,这表明它们有能力放大奖励线索和奖励本身的价值。总之,我们的模型和模拟对需要状态的方向性和潜在影响提供了有价值的见解,揭示了这种影响如何放大与相关刺激相关的想要或喜欢。
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引用次数: 0
Multiattribute Decision-making in Macaques Relies on Direct Attribute Comparisons 猕猴的多属性决策依赖于直接属性比较。
IF 3.1 3区 医学 Q2 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-16 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_02208
Aster Q. Perkins;Zachary S. Gillis;Erin L. Rich
In value-based decisions, there are frequently multiple attributes, such as cost, quality, or quantity, that contribute to the overall goodness of an option. Because one option may not be better in all attributes at once, the decision process should include a means of weighing relevant attributes. Most decision-making models solve this problem by computing an integrated value, or utility, for each option from a weighted combination of attributes. However, behavioral anomalies in decision-making, such as context effects, indicate that other attribute-specific computations might be taking place. Here, we tested whether rhesus macaques show evidence of attribute-specific processing in a value-based decision-making task. Monkeys made a series of decisions involving choice options comprising a sweetness and probability attribute. Each attribute was represented by a separate bar with one of two mappings between bar size and the magnitude of the attribute (i.e., bigger = better or bigger = worse). We found that translating across different mappings produced selective impairments in decision-making. Choices were less accurate and preferences were more variable when like attributes differed in mapping, suggesting that preventing monkeys from easily making direct attribute comparisons resulted in less accurate choice behavior. This was not the case when mappings of unalike attributes within the same option were different. Likewise, gaze patterns favored transitions between like attributes over transitions between unalike attributes of the same option, so that like attributes were sampled sequentially to support within-attribute comparisons. Together, these data demonstrate that value-based decisions rely, at least in part, on directly comparing like attributes of multiattribute options.
在以价值为基础的决策中,经常会有多种属性(如成本、质量或数量)对某一选择方案 的整体优劣产生影响。由于一种方案不可能同时在所有属性上都更优,因此决策过程应包括权衡相关属性的方法。大多数决策模型都是通过对各种属性进行加权组合,计算出每个选项的综合价值或效用,从而解决这个问题。然而,决策过程中的行为异常(如情境效应)表明,可能还存在其他特定属性的计算。在这里,我们测试了猕猴在基于价值的决策任务中是否表现出特定属性处理的证据。猴子做出了一系列涉及由甜度和概率属性组成的选择方案的决策。每个属性都由一个单独的条形图表示,条形图的大小与属性的大小之间有两种映射关系(即越大=越好或越大=越差)。我们发现,不同映射之间的转换会产生选择性决策障碍。当同类属性的映射不同时,选择的准确性较低,偏好的可变性较大,这表明猴子无法轻易地进行直接的属性比较,从而导致选择行为的准确性较低。而当同一选项中不相似属性的映射不同时,情况就不是这样了。同样,注视模式也更倾向于同类属性之间的转换,而不是同一选项中不同类属性之间的转换,因此同类属性被依次采样,以支持属性内比较。这些数据共同表明,基于价值的决策至少部分依赖于直接比较多属性选项的同类属性。
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引用次数: 0
Brain Stimulation of Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortices Influences Impulsivity in Delay Discounting Choices 大脑刺激背外侧前额叶皮层会影响延迟贴现选择中的冲动性
IF 3.1 3区 医学 Q2 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-16 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_02185
Cong Fan;Jiayi Sun;Xiwen Chen;Wenbo Luo
Intertemporal decision-making is pivotal for human interests and health. Recently, studies instructed participants to make intertemporal choices for both themselves and others, but the specific mechanisms are still debated. To address the issue, in the current study, the cost-unneeded conditions (i.e., “Self Immediately – Self Delay” and “Other Immediately – Other Delay” conditions) and the cost-needed conditions (i.e., “Self Immediately – Other Delay” and “Self Delay – Other Immediately” conditions) were set with the identity of OTHER being a stranger. We manipulated the magnitude of reward (Experiment 1) and disrupted the activation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS; Experiment 2). We found that both the behavioral and rTMS manipulations increased smaller but sooner choice probability via reducing self-control function. The reduced self-control function elicited by rTMS affected both self- and other-related intertemporal choices via increasing the choice preference for smaller but sooner reward options, which may help people deeply understand the relationship between self- and other-related intertemporal choices in processing mechanism, especially when the OTHER condition is set as a stranger.
跨时空决策对人类的利益和健康至关重要。最近,有研究指导参与者为自己和他人做出跨时空选择,但具体机制仍存在争议。为了解决这个问题,在本研究中,我们设置了成本-不需要条件(即 "自己立即-自己延迟 "和 "他人立即-他人延迟 "条件)和成本-需要条件(即 "自己立即-他人延迟 "和 "自己延迟-他人立即 "条件),其中 "他人 "的身份是一个陌生人。我们操纵了奖励的大小(实验 1),并通过重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS;实验 2)破坏了背外侧前额叶皮层的激活。我们发现,行为操作和经颅磁刺激操作都会通过降低自我控制功能来增加较小但较快的选择概率。经颅磁刺激引起的自我控制功能降低通过增加对SS选项的选择偏好影响了自我和他人相关的时际选择,这可能有助于人们深入理解自我和他人相关时际选择在处理机制中的关系,尤其是当 "他人 "条件被设定为陌生人时。
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引用次数: 0
Prior Context and Individual Alpha Frequency Influence Predictive Processing during Language Comprehension 先验语境和个体阿尔法频率影响语言理解过程中的预测处理
IF 3.1 3区 医学 Q2 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-16 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_02196
Sophie Jano;Zachariah R. Cross;Alex Chatburn;Matthias Schlesewsky;Ina Bornkessel-Schlesewsky
The extent to which the brain predicts upcoming information during language processing remains controversial. To shed light on this debate, the present study reanalyzed Nieuwland and colleagues' (2018) [Nieuwland, M. S., Politzer-Ahles, S., Heyselaar, E., Segaert, K., Darley, E., Kazanina, N., et al. Large-scale replication study reveals a limit on probabilistic prediction in language comprehension. eLife, 7, e33468, 2018] replication of DeLong and colleagues (2015) [DeLong, K. A., Urbach, T. P., & Kutas, M. Probabilistic word pre-activation during language comprehension inferred from electrical brain activity. Nature Neuroscience, 8, 1117–1121, 2005]. Participants (n = 356) viewed sentences containing articles and nouns of varying predictability, while their EEG was recorded. We measured ERPs preceding the critical words (namely, the semantic prediction potential), in conjunction with postword N400 patterns and individual neural metrics. ERP activity was compared with two measures of word predictability: cloze probability and lexical surprisal. In contrast to prior literature, semantic prediction potential amplitudes did not increase as cloze probability increased, suggesting that the component may not reflect prediction during natural language processing. Initial N400 results at the article provided evidence against phonological prediction in language, in line with Nieuwland and colleagues' findings. Strikingly, however, when the surprisal of the prior words in the sentence was included in the analysis, increases in article surprisal were associated with increased N400 amplitudes, consistent with prediction accounts. This relationship between surprisal and N400 amplitude was not observed when the surprisal of the two prior words was low, suggesting that expectation violations at the article may be overlooked under highly predictable conditions. Individual alpha frequency also modulated the relationship between article surprisal and the N400, emphasizing the importance of individual neural factors for prediction. The present study extends upon existing neurocognitive models of language and prediction more generally, by illuminating the flexible and subject-specific nature of predictive processing.
在语言处理过程中,大脑在多大程度上能预测即将到来的信息仍存在争议。为了阐明这一争论,本研究重新分析了[Nieuwland, M. S., Politzer-Ahles, S., Heyselaar, E., Segaert, K., Darley, E., Kazanina, N., et al.eLife, 7, e33468, 2018] 复制[DeLong, K. A., Urbach, T. P., & Kutas, M. Probabilistic word pre-activation during language comprehension inferred from electrical brain activity.Nature Neuroscience, 8, 1117-1121, 2005]。参与者(n = 356)在观看包含不同可预测性的冠词和名词的句子时,他们的脑电图会被记录下来。我们测量了关键词语前的ERP(即语义预测电位),以及词语后的N400模式和单个神经指标。我们将 ERP 活动与词语可预测性的两种测量方法进行了比较:掐词概率和词性意外。与之前的文献不同,语义预测电位振幅并没有随着掐词概率的增加而增加,这表明该成分可能并不反映自然语言处理过程中的预测。文章中最初的 N400 结果与 Nieuwland 及其同事的研究结果一致,提供了语言中语音预测的反面证据。然而,令人吃惊的是,当句子中前面单词的惊奇度被纳入分析时,文章惊奇度的增加与 N400 振幅的增加相关,这与预测的说法一致。当前面两个词的惊奇度较低时,惊奇度和 N400 振幅之间的这种关系并没有被观察到,这表明在高度可预测的条件下,文章中的预期违规可能会被忽略。个体的阿尔法频率也会调节文章意外和 N400 之间的关系,这强调了个体神经因素对预测的重要性。本研究通过阐明预测处理的灵活性和特定主体性,扩展了现有的语言和预测神经认知模型。
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引用次数: 0
Statistical Complexity Analysis of Neurovascular Coupling with Cognitive Stimulation in Healthy Participants 健康受试者神经血管耦合与认知刺激的统计复杂性分析
IF 3.1 3区 医学 Q2 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-16 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_02200
Héctor Rojas-Pescio;Lucy Beishon;Ronney Panerai;Max Chacón
Neurovascular coupling (NVC) is the tight relationship between changes in cerebral blood flow and neural activation. NVC can be evaluated non-invasively using transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD)-measured changes in brain activation (cerebral blood velocity [CBv]) using different cognitive tasks and stimuli. This study used a novel approach to analyzing CBv changes occurring in response to 20 tasks from the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination III in 40 healthy individuals. The novel approach compared various information entropy families (permutation, Tsallis, and Rényi entropy) and statistical complexity measures based on disequilibrium. Using this approach, we found the majority of the attention, visuospatial, and memory tasks from the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination III that showed lower statistical complexity values when compared with the resting state. On the entropy-complexity (HC) plane, a receiver operating characteristic curve was used to distinguish between baseline and cognitive tasks using the area under the curve. Best area under the curve values were 0.91 ± 0.04, p = .001, to distinguish between resting and cognitively active states. Our findings show that brain hemodynamic signals captured with TCD can be used to distinguish between resting state (baseline) and cognitive effort (stimulation paradigms) using entropy and statistical complexity as an alternative method to traditional techniques such as coherent averaging of CBv signals. Further work should directly compare these analysis methods to identify the optimal method for analyzing TCD-measured changes in NVC.
神经血管耦合(NVC)是指脑血流变化与神经激活之间的紧密关系。通过经颅多普勒超声(TCD)测量脑激活的变化(脑血流速度[CBv]),并使用不同的认知任务和刺激对神经血管耦合进行无创评估。这项研究采用了一种新方法来分析 40 名健康人在完成 Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination III 中的 20 项任务时发生的 CBv 变化。这种新方法比较了各种信息熵族(permutation、Tsallis 和 Rényi entropy)和基于不平衡性的统计复杂性测量。利用这种方法,我们发现与静息状态相比,Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination III 中的大部分注意力、视觉空间和记忆任务都显示出较低的统计复杂度值。在熵-复杂度(HC)平面上,使用接收者操作特征曲线,通过曲线下面积来区分基线任务和认知任务。最佳曲线下面积值为 0.91 ± 0.04,p = .001,以区分静息状态和认知活动状态。我们的研究结果表明,通过 TCD 采集的脑血流动力学信号可用于区分静息状态(基线)和认知努力(刺激范式),使用熵和统计复杂性作为传统技术(如 CBv 信号的相干平均)的替代方法。进一步的工作应直接比较这些分析方法,以确定分析 TCD 测量的 NVC 变化的最佳方法。
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引用次数: 0
Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Age-related Disintegration in Functional Connectivity: Reference Ability Neural Network Cohort 功能连接性的横向和纵向年龄相关解体:参考能力神经网络队列。
IF 3.1 3区 医学 Q2 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-16 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_02188
Georgette Argiris;Yaakov Stern;Christian Habeck
Some theories of aging have linked age-related cognitive decline to a reduction in distinctiveness of neural processing. Observed age-related correlation increases among disparate cognitive tasks have supported the dedifferentiation hypothesis. We previously showed cross-sectional evidence for age-related correlation decreases instead, supporting an alternative disintegration hypothesis. In the current study, we extended our previous research to a longitudinal sample. We tested 135 participants (20–80 years) at two time points—baseline and 5-year follow-up—on a battery of 12 in-scanner tests, each tapping one of four reference abilities. We performed between-tasks correlations within domain (convergent) and between domain (discriminant) at both the behavioral and neural level, calculating a single measure of construct validity (convergent − discriminant). Cross-sectionally, behavioral construct validity was significantly different from chance at each time point, but longitudinal change was not significant. Analysis by median age split revealed that older adults showed higher behavioral validity, driven by higher discriminant validity (lower between-tasks correlations). Participant-level neural validity decreased over time, with convergent validity consistently greater than discriminant validity; this finding was also observed at the cross-sectional level. In addition, a disproportionate decrease in neural validity with age remained significant after controlling for demographic factors. Factors predicting longitudinal changes in global cognition (mean performance across all 12 tasks) included age, change in neural validity, education, and National Adult Reading Test (premorbid intelligence). Change in neural validity partially mediated the effect of age on change in global cognition. Our findings support the theory of age-related disintegration, linking cognitive decline to changes in neural representations over time.
一些衰老理论认为,与年龄相关的认知能力衰退与神经处理的独特性降低有关。在不同的认知任务中观察到的与年龄相关的相关性增加支持了去分化假说。我们以前的横断面研究表明,与年龄相关的相关性反而下降了,这支持了另一种解体假说。在本研究中,我们将之前的研究扩展到了纵向样本。我们在两个时间点--基线和 5 年随访--对 135 名参与者(20-80 岁)进行了一系列测试,包括 12 个扫描仪内测试,每个测试针对四种参考能力中的一种。我们在行为和神经水平上进行了领域内(收敛性)和领域间(判别性)的任务间相关性测试,计算出了单一的建构效度(收敛性-判别性)。从横向来看,行为建构效度在每个时间点都与偶然性有显著差异,但纵向变化并不显著。按年龄中位数进行的分析表明,老年人的行为效度较高,这是因为他们的判别效度较高(任务间相关性较低)。随着时间的推移,参与者水平的神经效度有所下降,收敛效度一直高于判别效度;这一结果在横截面水平上也能观察到。此外,在控制了人口统计学因素后,神经效度随年龄不成比例的下降仍然显著。预测总体认知纵向变化(所有 12 项任务的平均成绩)的因素包括年龄、神经有效性变化、教育程度和全国成人阅读测试(病前智力)。神经有效性的变化在一定程度上调节了年龄对整体认知变化的影响。我们的研究结果支持与年龄有关的解体理论,该理论将认知能力的下降与神经表征随时间的变化联系起来。
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引用次数: 0
Is That You I Hear? Speaker Familiarity Modulates Neural Signatures of Lexical-semantic Activation in 18-month-old Infants 我听到的是你吗?扬声器熟悉度调节 18 个月大婴儿词义激活的神经特征
IF 3.1 3区 医学 Q2 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-16 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_02218
Clarissa Montgomery;Bahia Guellaï;Pia Rämä
Developmental language studies have shown that lexical-semantic organization develops between 18 and 24 months of age in monolingual infants. In the present study, we aimed to examine whether voice familiarity facilitates lexical-semantic activation in the infant brain. We recorded the brain activity of 18-month-old, French-learning infants using EEG while they listened to taxonomically related and unrelated spoken word pairs by one voice with which they were familiarized with before the experiment, and one voice with which they were not familiarized. The ERPs were measured in response to related and unrelated target words. Our results showed an N400 effect (greater amplitudes for unrelated as opposed to related target words) over the left hemisphere, only for the familiar voice, suggesting that the voice familiarity facilitated lexical-semantic activation. For unfamiliar voices, we observed an earlier congruence effect (greater amplitudes for related than for unrelated target words). This suggests that although 18-month-olds process lexical-semantic information from unfamiliar speakers, their neural signatures of lexical-semantic processing are less mature. Our results show that even in the absence of personal relation with a speaker, familiarity with a voice augments infant lexical-semantic processing. This supports the idea that extralinguistic information plays a role in infant lexical-semantic activation.
语言发育研究表明,单语婴儿的词汇-语义组织是在 18 到 24 个月大时形成的。在本研究中,我们旨在探讨语音熟悉程度是否会促进婴儿大脑中的词义激活。我们使用脑电图记录了 18 个月大的学习法语的婴儿在听分类学相关和不相关的口语词对时的大脑活动,其中一个声音是他们在实验前熟悉的,另一个是他们不熟悉的。对相关和不相关目标词的反应进行了 ERP 测量。我们的结果表明,只有熟悉的声音才会在左半球出现 N400 效应(与相关目标词相比,不相关目标词的振幅更大),这表明声音的熟悉程度促进了词汇-语义的激活。对于不熟悉的声音,我们观察到更早的一致性效应(相关目标词的振幅大于不相关目标词的振幅)。这表明,虽然 18 个月大的幼儿会处理来自陌生说话者的词义信息,但他们的词义处理神经特征还不太成熟。我们的研究结果表明,即使与说话者没有个人关系,对声音的熟悉程度也会增强婴儿的词义处理能力。这支持了语外信息在婴儿词义激活中发挥作用的观点。
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引用次数: 0
Model-based Mind Wandering in Older Adults: Age Differences in the Behavioral and Electrophysiological Correlates of Subjective and Objective Measures of Mind Wandering 老年人基于模型的思维徘徊:主观和客观思维徘徊测量的行为和电生理相关性的年龄差异。
IF 3.1 3区 医学 Q2 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-16 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_02195
Sarah E. Henderson;A. Dawn Ryan;Luke W. Atack;Karen Campbell
Mind wandering is typically characterized as a failure of attentional control, yet despite age-related executive function deficits, older adults typically report less mind wandering than younger adults during cognitive tasks and in daily life. Self-reported mind wandering episodes usually result in similar behavioral detriments in younger and older adults (e.g., greater RT variability, more task errors). However, the relatively few studies investigating the neural correlates of mind wandering and aging have revealed mixed findings, possibly because they typically rely on infrequent thought probes and, therefore, few trials for neural analyses. In the current study, we propose a method to recover more task data by categorizing trials from a commonly used sustained attention to response task according to RT variability. Behavioral data (n = 49 younger; n = 40 older) revealed that compared with younger adults, older adults reported fewer mind wandering episodes, but showed similar behavioral impacts thereof. Furthermore, in both age groups, subjective reports of mind wandering predicted the more objective sorting of trials into “on-” and “off-task” according to RT variability. Using these objectively sorted trials, we investigated two commonly reported EEG measures of mind wandering (diminished P1 and P3 amplitude) in 26 younger and 24 older adults. Although the P1 did not differ between on- and off-task trials for either group, the P3 was diminished for off-task trials in both age groups (albeit significantly less in older adults) suggesting preserved perceptual but reduced higher-order processing during off-task periods in both groups.
思维游离的典型特征是注意力控制失效,然而,尽管存在与年龄相关的执行功能缺陷,老年人在认知任务和日常生活中的思维游离程度通常低于年轻人。在年轻人和老年人中,自我报告的思维游离发作通常会导致类似的行为损害(如更大的RT变异性、更多的任务错误)。然而,调查思维游走与衰老的神经相关性的研究相对较少,其结果也不尽相同,这可能是因为这些研究通常依赖于不频繁的思维探测,因此用于神经分析的试验较少。在当前的研究中,我们提出了一种方法,通过将常用的持续注意反应任务中的试验按照RT变异性进行分类,从而恢复更多的任务数据。行为数据(n = 49 名年轻人;n = 40 名老年人)显示,与年轻人相比,老年人报告的思维游离发作次数较少,但表现出的行为影响相似。此外,在这两个年龄组中,对思维游移的主观报告都能预测根据实时变异性将试验分为 "任务中 "和 "任务外 "的更客观分类。利用这些客观分类的试验,我们对 26 名年轻人和 24 名老年人中两种常见的精神游离脑电图测量方法(P1 和 P3 振幅减弱)进行了研究。虽然两个年龄组的 P1 在任务中和任务外试验之间没有差异,但两个年龄组的 P3 在任务外试验中都有所减弱(尽管在老年人中明显减弱),这表明两个年龄组在任务外期间都保留了知觉处理,但减少了高阶处理。
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引用次数: 0
Comparing Neural Correlates of Memory Encoding and Maintenance for Foveal and Peripheral Stimuli 比较眼窝和周边刺激记忆编码和保持的神经相关性
IF 3.1 3区 医学 Q2 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-16 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_02203
Güven Kandemir;Chris Olivers
Visual working memory is believed to rely on top–down attentional mechanisms that sustain active sensory representations in early visual cortex, a mechanism referred to as sensory recruitment. However, both bottom–up sensory input and top–down attentional modulations thereof appear to prioritize the fovea over the periphery, such that initially peripheral percepts may even be assimilated by foveal processes. This raises the question whether and how visual working memory differs for central and peripheral input. To address this, we conducted a delayed orientation recall task in which an orientation was presented either at the center of the screen or at 15° eccentricity to the left or right. Response accuracy, EEG activity, and gaze position were recorded from 30 participants. Accuracy was slightly but significantly higher for foveal versus peripheral memories. Decoding of EEG recordings revealed a clear dissociation between early sensory and later maintenance signals. Although sensory signals were clearly decodable for foveal stimuli, they were not for peripheral input. In contrast, maintenance signals were equally decodable for both foveal and peripheral memories, suggesting comparable top–down components regardless of eccentricity. Moreover, although memory representations were initially spatially specific and reflected in voltage fluctuations, later during the maintenance period, they generalized across locations, as emerged in alpha oscillations, thus revealing a dynamic transformation within memory from separate sensory traces to what we propose are common output-related codes. Furthermore, the combined absence of reliable decoding of sensory signals and robust presence of maintenance decoding indicates that storage activity patterns as measured by EEG reflect signals beyond primary visual cortex. We discuss the implications for the sensory recruitment hypothesis.
人们认为,视觉工作记忆依赖于自上而下的注意机制,这种机制维持了早期视觉皮层中活跃的感觉表征,这种机制被称为感觉招募。然而,自下而上的感觉输入及其自上而下的注意调节似乎都优先于眼窝而非外围,因此最初的外围知觉甚至可能被眼窝过程同化。这就提出了一个问题:视觉工作记忆对于中心输入和外围输入是否不同,以及如何不同。为了解决这个问题,我们进行了一项延迟方位回忆任务,在这项任务中,方位出现在屏幕中央或偏左或偏右 15° 处。我们记录了 30 名参与者的反应准确性、脑电图活动和注视位置。眼窝记忆的准确率略高于外围记忆,但明显高于外围记忆。对脑电图记录的解码显示,早期感觉信号和后期维持信号之间存在明显的分离。虽然对眼窝刺激的感觉信号可以清楚地解码,但对外围输入的信号却不能。与此相反,维持信号对眼窝和外围记忆同样可解码,这表明无论偏心率如何,自上而下的成分都是相似的。此外,虽然记忆表征最初具有空间特异性,并反映在电压波动中,但在维持期的后期,记忆表征会跨位置泛化,表现为阿尔法振荡,从而揭示了记忆内部从独立的感觉痕迹到我们提出的共同输出相关代码的动态转变。此外,感觉信号没有可靠的解码,而维持性解码却强劲存在,这表明脑电图测量的存储活动模式反映了初级视觉皮层以外的信号。我们将讨论感觉招募假说的意义。
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Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
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