Wenhao Qian, Min Xing, Mao Ye, Xiaoyu Huang, Yongjun Li, Bingjie Hao
Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has been visualized as a promising analytical technique in marked‐molecule detection for disease diagnosis, environmental pollution, and so on. Noble metal nanoparticles, especially gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), are commonly used to fabricate SERS substrates. Herein, we facilely fabricated a special platform to improve the dispersity and homogeneity of AuNPs. Practically, based on nano‐graphene oxide (GO), a special platform (s‐GO‐PEG‐R'hB) was prepared through GO functionalization with biocompatible poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), acid‐activated fluorescence molecule (Rhodamine B lactam derivative, R'hB) and thiol sites with cysteamine. AuNPs were then in situ grown on s‐GO‐PEG‐R'hB sheets to provide GO/AuNPs nanocomposite (Au@s‐GO‐PEG‐R'hB) for use as an efficient SERS substrate, which can exert unique electromagnetic characteristics of AuNPs and improve its dispersity. With systematic morphology and composition characterizations, it was confirmed that uniform AuNPs were located on multi‐functionalized GO sheets in Au@s‐GO‐PEG‐R'hB as we designed. Au@s‐GO‐PEG‐R'hB performed well in SERS detection towards 4‐aminothiophenol (4‐ATP) and p‐phenylenediamine (PD), with preferable sensibility, stability and effectiveness. With well‐knit SERS results, it is indicated that Au@s‐GO‐PEG‐R'hB could take the advantages of inherent electrochemical properties of AuNPs and functionalized GO to be a potential substrate in SERS detection. Thus, it is foreseen that Au@s‐GO‐PEG‐R'hB can meet diverse SERS sensing demands in real life.
表面增强拉曼散射（SERS）已被视为一种前景广阔的分析技术，可用于疾病诊断、环境污染等方面的标记分子检测。贵金属纳米颗粒，尤其是金纳米颗粒（AuNPs），常用于制作 SERS 基底。在这里，我们简单地制作了一个特殊的平台，以提高 AuNPs 的分散性和均匀性。实际上，在纳米氧化石墨烯（GO）的基础上，通过对生物相容性聚乙二醇（PEG）、酸激活荧光分子（罗丹明 B 内酰胺衍生物，R'hB）和半胱胺硫醇位点进行 GO 功能化，制备了一种特殊平台（s-GO-PEG-R'hB）。然后在 s-GO-PEG-R'hB 片上原位生长 AuNPs，得到 GO/AuNPs 纳米复合材料（Au@s-GO-PEG-R'hB），用作高效 SERS 基底，可发挥 AuNPs 独特的电磁特性并提高其分散性。通过系统的形态和成分表征，证实了 Au@s-GO-PEG-R'hB 中均匀的 AuNPs 位于我们设计的多功能化 GO 片上。Au@s-GO-PEG-R'hB在对4-氨基苯硫酚（4-ATP）和对苯二胺（PD）的SERS检测中具有良好的灵敏度、稳定性和有效性。良好的 SERS 结合物结果表明，Au@s-GO-PEG-R'hB 可利用 AuNPs 和功能化 GO 固有的电化学特性优势，成为 SERS 检测中的潜在基底。因此，Au@s-GO-PEG-R'hB 可以满足现实生活中多种 SERS 传感需求。
{"title":"Reproducible and acid‐responsive Rhodamine B/PEG functioned nanographene oxide‐Au nanocomposites for surface‐enhanced Raman scattering sensing","authors":"Wenhao Qian, Min Xing, Mao Ye, Xiaoyu Huang, Yongjun Li, Bingjie Hao","doi":"10.1002/smm2.1305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smm2.1305","url":null,"abstract":"Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has been visualized as a promising analytical technique in marked‐molecule detection for disease diagnosis, environmental pollution, and so on. Noble metal nanoparticles, especially gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), are commonly used to fabricate SERS substrates. Herein, we facilely fabricated a special platform to improve the dispersity and homogeneity of AuNPs. Practically, based on nano‐graphene oxide (GO), a special platform (s‐GO‐PEG‐R'hB) was prepared through GO functionalization with biocompatible poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), acid‐activated fluorescence molecule (Rhodamine B lactam derivative, R'hB) and thiol sites with cysteamine. AuNPs were then in situ grown on s‐GO‐PEG‐R'hB sheets to provide GO/AuNPs nanocomposite (Au@s‐GO‐PEG‐R'hB) for use as an efficient SERS substrate, which can exert unique electromagnetic characteristics of AuNPs and improve its dispersity. With systematic morphology and composition characterizations, it was confirmed that uniform AuNPs were located on multi‐functionalized GO sheets in Au@s‐GO‐PEG‐R'hB as we designed. Au@s‐GO‐PEG‐R'hB performed well in SERS detection towards 4‐aminothiophenol (4‐ATP) and p‐phenylenediamine (PD), with preferable sensibility, stability and effectiveness. With well‐knit SERS results, it is indicated that Au@s‐GO‐PEG‐R'hB could take the advantages of inherent electrochemical properties of AuNPs and functionalized GO to be a potential substrate in SERS detection. Thus, it is foreseen that Au@s‐GO‐PEG‐R'hB can meet diverse SERS sensing demands in real life.","PeriodicalId":510850,"journal":{"name":"SmartMat","volume":" 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141825552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Toward highly sensitive, selective, and stable palladium‐based MEMS gas sensors for hydrogen energy security","authors":"Yuxin Zhao, Yanli Zhao","doi":"10.1002/smm2.1303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smm2.1303","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":510850,"journal":{"name":"SmartMat","volume":" 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141828072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lin Sun, Yi Du, Zichen Zhang, Siru Qin, Zixian Wang, Yue Li, Shangda Qu, Zhifang Xu, Yi Guo, Wentao Xu
The sensory–neuromorphic interface is key to the application of neuromorphic electronics. Artificial spiking neurons and artificial sensory nerves have been created, and a few studies showed a complete neuromorphic system through cointegration with synaptic electronics. However, artificial synaptic devices and systems often do not work in real environments, which limits their ability to provide realistic neural simulations and interface with biological nerves. We report a sensory–neuromorphic interface that uses a fiber synapse to emulate a biological afferent nerve. For the first time, a sensing–neuromorphic interface is connected to a living organism for peripheral nerve stimulation, allowing the organism to establish a connection with its surrounding environment. The interface converts perceived environmental information into analog electrical signals and then into frequency‐dependent pulse signals, which simplify the information interface between the sensor and the pulse‐data processing center. The frequency of the interface shows a sublinear dependence on strain amplitude at different stimulus intensities, and can deliver increased frequency spikes at potentially damaging stimulus intensities, similar to the response of biological afferent nerves. To verify the application of this interface, a system that monitors strain and provides an overstrain alarm was constructed based on this afferent neural circuit. The system has a response time of <2 ms, which is compatible with the response time in biological systems. The interface can be potentially extended to process signals from almost any type of sensors for other afferent senses, and these results demonstrate the potential for neuromorphic interfaces to be applied to bionic sensory interfaces.
{"title":"A sensory–neuromorphic interface capable of environmental perception, sensory coding, and biological stimuli","authors":"Lin Sun, Yi Du, Zichen Zhang, Siru Qin, Zixian Wang, Yue Li, Shangda Qu, Zhifang Xu, Yi Guo, Wentao Xu","doi":"10.1002/smm2.1290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smm2.1290","url":null,"abstract":"The sensory–neuromorphic interface is key to the application of neuromorphic electronics. Artificial spiking neurons and artificial sensory nerves have been created, and a few studies showed a complete neuromorphic system through cointegration with synaptic electronics. However, artificial synaptic devices and systems often do not work in real environments, which limits their ability to provide realistic neural simulations and interface with biological nerves. We report a sensory–neuromorphic interface that uses a fiber synapse to emulate a biological afferent nerve. For the first time, a sensing–neuromorphic interface is connected to a living organism for peripheral nerve stimulation, allowing the organism to establish a connection with its surrounding environment. The interface converts perceived environmental information into analog electrical signals and then into frequency‐dependent pulse signals, which simplify the information interface between the sensor and the pulse‐data processing center. The frequency of the interface shows a sublinear dependence on strain amplitude at different stimulus intensities, and can deliver increased frequency spikes at potentially damaging stimulus intensities, similar to the response of biological afferent nerves. To verify the application of this interface, a system that monitors strain and provides an overstrain alarm was constructed based on this afferent neural circuit. The system has a response time of <2 ms, which is compatible with the response time in biological systems. The interface can be potentially extended to process signals from almost any type of sensors for other afferent senses, and these results demonstrate the potential for neuromorphic interfaces to be applied to bionic sensory interfaces.","PeriodicalId":510850,"journal":{"name":"SmartMat","volume":"16 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140968627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jayraj V. Vaghasiya, Carmen C. Mayorga-Martinez, Jaroslav Zelenka, Shelja Sharma, Tomas Ruml, M. Pumera
Soft robots have drawn a lot of interest in the field of human–robot interfaces because they can mimic the propulsion of soft bodies and archive complex tasks that cannot be made by rigid robots such as performing the complex motion, avoiding collisions by absorbing impacts, and shape adaptation by elastic deformation. Herein, drawing inspiration from creatures in the Cambrian period, such as Hallucigenia, we develop a centimeter‐sized soft robot with multiple magnetic legs (referred to as a soft centirobot). This robot is equipped with graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) nanosheets to kill biological threats by photogenerated reactive oxygen species under black light illumination. The motion of g‐C3N4 soft centirobot is controlled by magnetic actuation even in complex wastewater samples (with a relative speed of 0.12 body lengths per second). The magnetic multilegs work as a propeller to walk across and cover large regions, and water disinfection is more efficient than what could be achieved by nano/micrometer scale sheets of g‐C3N4. Finally, factors affecting the accelerated propulsion of g‐C3N4 soft centirobot such as design principle, structure geometry, body mass, driving mechanism, and magnetic sensitivity, have been investigated. We envision that such a photoactive 2D material‐based integrated centimeter‐sized robot shall find application in many areas where pathogen removal is required.
{"title":"Magnetic soft centirobot to mitigate biological threats","authors":"Jayraj V. Vaghasiya, Carmen C. Mayorga-Martinez, Jaroslav Zelenka, Shelja Sharma, Tomas Ruml, M. Pumera","doi":"10.1002/smm2.1289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smm2.1289","url":null,"abstract":"Soft robots have drawn a lot of interest in the field of human–robot interfaces because they can mimic the propulsion of soft bodies and archive complex tasks that cannot be made by rigid robots such as performing the complex motion, avoiding collisions by absorbing impacts, and shape adaptation by elastic deformation. Herein, drawing inspiration from creatures in the Cambrian period, such as Hallucigenia, we develop a centimeter‐sized soft robot with multiple magnetic legs (referred to as a soft centirobot). This robot is equipped with graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) nanosheets to kill biological threats by photogenerated reactive oxygen species under black light illumination. The motion of g‐C3N4 soft centirobot is controlled by magnetic actuation even in complex wastewater samples (with a relative speed of 0.12 body lengths per second). The magnetic multilegs work as a propeller to walk across and cover large regions, and water disinfection is more efficient than what could be achieved by nano/micrometer scale sheets of g‐C3N4. Finally, factors affecting the accelerated propulsion of g‐C3N4 soft centirobot such as design principle, structure geometry, body mass, driving mechanism, and magnetic sensitivity, have been investigated. We envision that such a photoactive 2D material‐based integrated centimeter‐sized robot shall find application in many areas where pathogen removal is required.","PeriodicalId":510850,"journal":{"name":"SmartMat","volume":" 23","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140996518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Meng Guo, Chen Sun, Ruolan Liu, Jiao Jiang, Yuping Qian, Yulong Yang, Qinying Sun, Yuchao Dong, Yan Zhao, Yanfang Liu
Exosomes, a specific subset of extracellular vesicles, have diverse functions in various biological processes. In the field of cancer research, there has been a growing interest in the potential of exosomes to act as versatile vehicles for targeted tumor imaging and therapy. In this study, we constructed a targeted delivery platform using hypoimmunogenic exosomes by genetically modifying β2‐microglobulin knocking‐out HEK‐293F cells to express a fusion protein, referred to as αMUC1‐Exo, which comprises the exosomal membrane‐enriched platelet‐derived growth factor receptor, intracellular nanoluciferase, and extracellular anti‐MUC1 single‐chain variable fragment. The findings of this study indicate that αMUC1‐Exos exhibited notable drug delivery properties toward MUC1‐positive pancreatic cancer cells, resulting in a substantial inhibition of tumor growth. Moreover, these exosomes demonstrated a high level of biosafety and the absence of any adverse effects. The application of engineered exosomes as a vehicle for drug delivery holds promise for enhancing the immunogenicity of neoplastic cells following treatment, thereby inducing antitumor immune memory in mice with intact immune systems, and also improving the response to anti‐PD1 therapy. This approach utilizing engineered exosomes for Gemcitabine administration holds promise as a potential strategy for overcoming drug resistance in pancreatic carcinoma thereby improving the overall treatment efficacy.
{"title":"A drug delivery platform using engineered MUC1‐targeting exosomes enhances chemosensitivity and immunogenic cell death in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","authors":"Meng Guo, Chen Sun, Ruolan Liu, Jiao Jiang, Yuping Qian, Yulong Yang, Qinying Sun, Yuchao Dong, Yan Zhao, Yanfang Liu","doi":"10.1002/smm2.1279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smm2.1279","url":null,"abstract":"Exosomes, a specific subset of extracellular vesicles, have diverse functions in various biological processes. In the field of cancer research, there has been a growing interest in the potential of exosomes to act as versatile vehicles for targeted tumor imaging and therapy. In this study, we constructed a targeted delivery platform using hypoimmunogenic exosomes by genetically modifying β2‐microglobulin knocking‐out HEK‐293F cells to express a fusion protein, referred to as αMUC1‐Exo, which comprises the exosomal membrane‐enriched platelet‐derived growth factor receptor, intracellular nanoluciferase, and extracellular anti‐MUC1 single‐chain variable fragment. The findings of this study indicate that αMUC1‐Exos exhibited notable drug delivery properties toward MUC1‐positive pancreatic cancer cells, resulting in a substantial inhibition of tumor growth. Moreover, these exosomes demonstrated a high level of biosafety and the absence of any adverse effects. The application of engineered exosomes as a vehicle for drug delivery holds promise for enhancing the immunogenicity of neoplastic cells following treatment, thereby inducing antitumor immune memory in mice with intact immune systems, and also improving the response to anti‐PD1 therapy. This approach utilizing engineered exosomes for Gemcitabine administration holds promise as a potential strategy for overcoming drug resistance in pancreatic carcinoma thereby improving the overall treatment efficacy.","PeriodicalId":510850,"journal":{"name":"SmartMat","volume":"20 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139962647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Yan, Ning Su, Ying Yang, Xue Li, Jieting Sun, Shumeng Wang, Lei Zhao, Liming Ding, Junqiao Ding
Solution‐processed fluorescent organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) are believed to be favorable for low‐cost, large‐area, and flexible displays but still suffer from the limited external quantum efficiency (EQE) below 5%. Herein, we demonstrate the EQE breakthrough by introducing a donor–acceptor type thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) polymer as the sensitizer for the typical green‐emitting fluorescent dopants. Benefitting from their matched energy alignment, the unwanted trap‐assisted recombination directly on fluorescent dopant is prevented to avoid the additional loss of triplet excitons. Indeed, triplet excitons are mainly formed on the polymeric TADF sensitizer via a Langevin recombination and then spin‐flipped to singlet excitons due to the good upconversion capability. Followed by an efficient Förster energy transfer, both singlet and triplet excitons can be harvested by fluorescent dopants, leading to a promising solution‐processed green hyperfluorescence with a record‐high EQE of 21.2% (72.2 cd/A, 59.7 lm/W) and Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage coordinates of (0.32, 0.59). The results clearly highlight the great potential of solution‐processed fluorescent OLEDs based on TADF polymers as the sensitizer.
{"title":"TADF polymer enables over 20% EQE in solution‐processed green fluorescent OLEDs","authors":"L. Yan, Ning Su, Ying Yang, Xue Li, Jieting Sun, Shumeng Wang, Lei Zhao, Liming Ding, Junqiao Ding","doi":"10.1002/smm2.1272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smm2.1272","url":null,"abstract":"Solution‐processed fluorescent organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) are believed to be favorable for low‐cost, large‐area, and flexible displays but still suffer from the limited external quantum efficiency (EQE) below 5%. Herein, we demonstrate the EQE breakthrough by introducing a donor–acceptor type thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) polymer as the sensitizer for the typical green‐emitting fluorescent dopants. Benefitting from their matched energy alignment, the unwanted trap‐assisted recombination directly on fluorescent dopant is prevented to avoid the additional loss of triplet excitons. Indeed, triplet excitons are mainly formed on the polymeric TADF sensitizer via a Langevin recombination and then spin‐flipped to singlet excitons due to the good upconversion capability. Followed by an efficient Förster energy transfer, both singlet and triplet excitons can be harvested by fluorescent dopants, leading to a promising solution‐processed green hyperfluorescence with a record‐high EQE of 21.2% (72.2 cd/A, 59.7 lm/W) and Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage coordinates of (0.32, 0.59). The results clearly highlight the great potential of solution‐processed fluorescent OLEDs based on TADF polymers as the sensitizer.","PeriodicalId":510850,"journal":{"name":"SmartMat","volume":"28 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139962612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chen Yang, Weizhong Zheng, Chujun Ni, Ye Li, Di Chen, Tao Xie, Qiao Zhao
Patterning diversified properties and surface structure of polymer materials are of great importance toward their potential in biology, optics, and electronics. However, achieving both the patternability of stiffness and microstructure in a reconfigurable manner remains challenging. Here, we prepare amphigels crosslinked by dynamic disulfide bonds, which can be reversibly swollen by immiscible water or liquid paraffin. In the paraffingel form, the materials exhibited a high modulus of 130 MPa due to densified hydrogen bonds. Whereas swollen by water, the modulus fell over two orders of magnitude owing to the destruction of the hydrogen bonds. Via regionalized swelling of the solvents, well‐controlled and rewritable soft/stiff mechanical patterns can be created. On the other hand, the dynamic exchange of the disulfide crosslinking enables mechanophoto patterning to fabricate sophisticated macrogeometries and microstructures. The reconfigurable stiffness‐structure patterning can be manipulated orthogonally, which will create more application opportunities beyond conventional hydrogels and organogels.
{"title":"Reconfigurable and orthogonal stiffness‐structure patterning of dynamically crosslinked amphigels","authors":"Chen Yang, Weizhong Zheng, Chujun Ni, Ye Li, Di Chen, Tao Xie, Qiao Zhao","doi":"10.1002/smm2.1255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smm2.1255","url":null,"abstract":"Patterning diversified properties and surface structure of polymer materials are of great importance toward their potential in biology, optics, and electronics. However, achieving both the patternability of stiffness and microstructure in a reconfigurable manner remains challenging. Here, we prepare amphigels crosslinked by dynamic disulfide bonds, which can be reversibly swollen by immiscible water or liquid paraffin. In the paraffingel form, the materials exhibited a high modulus of 130 MPa due to densified hydrogen bonds. Whereas swollen by water, the modulus fell over two orders of magnitude owing to the destruction of the hydrogen bonds. Via regionalized swelling of the solvents, well‐controlled and rewritable soft/stiff mechanical patterns can be created. On the other hand, the dynamic exchange of the disulfide crosslinking enables mechanophoto patterning to fabricate sophisticated macrogeometries and microstructures. The reconfigurable stiffness‐structure patterning can be manipulated orthogonally, which will create more application opportunities beyond conventional hydrogels and organogels.","PeriodicalId":510850,"journal":{"name":"SmartMat","volume":"1 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139389940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yuting Wang, Xu Fang, Siheng Li, Ni An, Hongyu Pan, Junqi Sun
Thermochromic smart windows have gained increasing popularity in light modulation and energy management in buildings. However, the fabrication of flexible thermochromic smart windows with high luminous transmittance (Tlum), tailorable critical temperature (τc), strong solar modulation ability (ΔTsol), and long‐term durability remains a huge challenge. In this study, hydrogel‐based thermochromic smart windows are fabricated by sandwiching thermochromic hydrogels of polyallylamine hydrochloride, polyacrylic acid, and carbonized polymer dots (CPDs) complexes between two pieces of transparent substrates. Benefiting from the incorporation of nanosized CPDs, the thermochromic hydrogel has an ultrahigh Tlum of ~98.7%, a desirable τc of ~24.2 °C, a ΔTsol of ~89.3% and a rapid transition time of ~3 s from opaque state to transparent state. Moreover, the thermochromic hydrogel exhibits excellent anti‐freezing ability, tight adhesion toward various substrates, and excellent self‐healing capability. The self‐healing capability enables the fabrication of large‐area smart windows by welding multiple hydrogel pieces. The smart windows retain their original thermochromic properties after being stored under ambient conditions for at least 147 days or undergoing 10,000 uninterrupted heating/cooling cycles. The model houses with smart windows can achieve a temperature reduction of 9.2 °C, demonstrating the excellent indoor temperature modulation performance of the smart windows.
{"title":"Polyelectrolyte complex‐based thermochromic hydrogels containing carbonized polymer dots for smart windows with fast response, excellent solar modulation ability, and high durability","authors":"Yuting Wang, Xu Fang, Siheng Li, Ni An, Hongyu Pan, Junqi Sun","doi":"10.1002/smm2.1256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smm2.1256","url":null,"abstract":"Thermochromic smart windows have gained increasing popularity in light modulation and energy management in buildings. However, the fabrication of flexible thermochromic smart windows with high luminous transmittance (Tlum), tailorable critical temperature (τc), strong solar modulation ability (ΔTsol), and long‐term durability remains a huge challenge. In this study, hydrogel‐based thermochromic smart windows are fabricated by sandwiching thermochromic hydrogels of polyallylamine hydrochloride, polyacrylic acid, and carbonized polymer dots (CPDs) complexes between two pieces of transparent substrates. Benefiting from the incorporation of nanosized CPDs, the thermochromic hydrogel has an ultrahigh Tlum of ~98.7%, a desirable τc of ~24.2 °C, a ΔTsol of ~89.3% and a rapid transition time of ~3 s from opaque state to transparent state. Moreover, the thermochromic hydrogel exhibits excellent anti‐freezing ability, tight adhesion toward various substrates, and excellent self‐healing capability. The self‐healing capability enables the fabrication of large‐area smart windows by welding multiple hydrogel pieces. The smart windows retain their original thermochromic properties after being stored under ambient conditions for at least 147 days or undergoing 10,000 uninterrupted heating/cooling cycles. The model houses with smart windows can achieve a temperature reduction of 9.2 °C, demonstrating the excellent indoor temperature modulation performance of the smart windows.","PeriodicalId":510850,"journal":{"name":"SmartMat","volume":"107 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139391376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fluorescent poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐Nile blue) (pNIPAm‐co‐NB) microgels were synthesized that exhibited fluorescence intensity changes in a water temperature‐dependent fashion. NB is well known to exhibit fluorescence intensity that depends on the hydrophobicity of the environment, while pNIPAm‐based microgels are well known to transition from swollen (hydrophilic) to collapsed (relatively hydrophobic) at temperatures greater than 32 °C; hence, we attribute the above behavior to the hydrophobicity changes of the microgels with increasing temperature. This phenomenon is ultimately due to NB dimers (relatively quenched fluorescence) being broken in the hydrophobic environment of the microgels leading to relatively enhanced fluorescence. We went on to show that the introduction of cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) into the pNIPAm‐co‐NB microgels enhanced their fluorescence allowing them to be used for polyamine (e.g., spermine [SPM]) detection. Specifically, CB[7] forms a host–guest interaction with NB in the microgels, which prevents NB dimerization and enhances their fluorescence. When SPM is present, it forms a host–guest complex that is favored over the CB[7]‐NB host–guest interaction, which frees the NB for dimerization and leads to fluorescence quenching. As a result, we could generate an SPM sensor capable of SPM detection down to ~0.5 µmol/L in complicated matrixes such as serum and urine.
我们合成了荧光聚（N-异丙基丙烯酰胺-尼罗河蓝）（pNIPAm-co-NB）微凝胶，这种微凝胶的荧光强度变化与水温有关。众所周知，NB 的荧光强度取决于环境的疏水性，而 pNIPAm 基微凝胶在温度高于 32 °C 时会从膨胀（亲水性）转变为塌陷（相对疏水性）；因此，我们将上述行为归因于微凝胶的疏水性随温度升高而变化。这一现象归根结底是由于 NB 二聚体（荧光相对熄灭）在微凝胶的疏水环境中被破坏，从而导致荧光相对增强。我们接着证明，在 pNIPAm-co-NB 微凝胶中引入葫芦[7]脲（CB[7]）可增强其荧光，使其可用于多胺（如精胺 [SPM]）检测。具体来说，CB[7] 与微凝胶中的 NB 形成主客体相互作用，从而防止 NB 二聚化并增强其荧光。当 SPM 存在时，它形成的主-客复合物比 CB[7]-NB 的主-客相互作用更有利，从而释放 NB 使其二聚化并导致荧光淬灭。因此，我们可以生成一种 SPM 传感器，能够在血清和尿液等复杂基质中检测低至 ~0.5 µmol/L 的 SPM。
{"title":"Fluorescent Nile blue‐functionalized poly (N‐isopropylacrylamide) microgels responsive to temperature and polyamines","authors":"Qiming Shen, Changhao Fang, Liang Hu, M. Serpe","doi":"10.1002/smm2.1254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smm2.1254","url":null,"abstract":"Fluorescent poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐Nile blue) (pNIPAm‐co‐NB) microgels were synthesized that exhibited fluorescence intensity changes in a water temperature‐dependent fashion. NB is well known to exhibit fluorescence intensity that depends on the hydrophobicity of the environment, while pNIPAm‐based microgels are well known to transition from swollen (hydrophilic) to collapsed (relatively hydrophobic) at temperatures greater than 32 °C; hence, we attribute the above behavior to the hydrophobicity changes of the microgels with increasing temperature. This phenomenon is ultimately due to NB dimers (relatively quenched fluorescence) being broken in the hydrophobic environment of the microgels leading to relatively enhanced fluorescence. We went on to show that the introduction of cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) into the pNIPAm‐co‐NB microgels enhanced their fluorescence allowing them to be used for polyamine (e.g., spermine [SPM]) detection. Specifically, CB[7] forms a host–guest interaction with NB in the microgels, which prevents NB dimerization and enhances their fluorescence. When SPM is present, it forms a host–guest complex that is favored over the CB[7]‐NB host–guest interaction, which frees the NB for dimerization and leads to fluorescence quenching. As a result, we could generate an SPM sensor capable of SPM detection down to ~0.5 µmol/L in complicated matrixes such as serum and urine.","PeriodicalId":510850,"journal":{"name":"SmartMat","volume":"82 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139389853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Polymer ionogel (PIG) is a new type of flexible, stretchable, and ion‐conductive material, which generally consists of two components (polymer matrix materials and ionic liquids/deep eutectic solvents). More and more attention has been received owing to its excellent properties, such as nonvolatility, good ionic conductivity, excellent thermal stability, high electrochemical stability, and transparency. In this review, the latest research and developments of PIGs are comprehensively reviewed according to different polymer matrices. Particularly, the development of novel structural designs, preparation methods, basic properties, and their advantages are respectively summarized. Furthermore, the typical applications of PIGs in flexible ionic skin, flexible electrochromic devices, flexible actuators, and flexible power supplies are reviewed. The novel working mechanism, device structure design strategies, and the unique functions of the PIG‐based flexible ionic devices are briefly introduced. Finally, the perspectives on the current challenges and future directions of PIGs and their application are discussed.
{"title":"Polymer ionogels and their application in flexible ionic devices","authors":"Jinqiao Wen, Lei Zhou, Tengling Ye","doi":"10.1002/smm2.1253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smm2.1253","url":null,"abstract":"Polymer ionogel (PIG) is a new type of flexible, stretchable, and ion‐conductive material, which generally consists of two components (polymer matrix materials and ionic liquids/deep eutectic solvents). More and more attention has been received owing to its excellent properties, such as nonvolatility, good ionic conductivity, excellent thermal stability, high electrochemical stability, and transparency. In this review, the latest research and developments of PIGs are comprehensively reviewed according to different polymer matrices. Particularly, the development of novel structural designs, preparation methods, basic properties, and their advantages are respectively summarized. Furthermore, the typical applications of PIGs in flexible ionic skin, flexible electrochromic devices, flexible actuators, and flexible power supplies are reviewed. The novel working mechanism, device structure design strategies, and the unique functions of the PIG‐based flexible ionic devices are briefly introduced. Finally, the perspectives on the current challenges and future directions of PIGs and their application are discussed.","PeriodicalId":510850,"journal":{"name":"SmartMat","volume":"113 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139391294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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