Pine straw harvesting con provide on economic benefit to landowners, but the practice may also change the composition of plant communities. This research was initiated in o 34-yeor-old stand of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.} established in 1956 to study how pine straw management practices (fertilization, prescribed fire, and straw harvesting) affected plant communities, and herein, effects on understory vegetation ore reported. A randomized complete block split-plot design was installed with two main plots: (1) no fertilization and (2) fertilization three times with different combinations of N, P, and K. There were four subplot treatments: (l) control, (2} prescribed fire, (3} prescribed fire and 2 harvests of pine straw, and (4) 13 annual harvests of pine straw. Fertilization significantly increased gross cover os o percentage of surface oreo. However, there was o general lock of understory plant response to nutrient amendments, portly because pine straw harvesting and burning were confounding fertilization effects. Prescribed fire and mechanical harvesting activities created similar understories on subplot treatments 2, 3, and 4 by significantly reducing understory woody plant stature and removing litter. Increases in understory tree and shrub stature, number of woody vines per acre, and percentage of woody plant cover significantly decreased herbaceous plant yields and percentage of cover. P ine straw, a renewable natural resource, has traditionally been harvested for mulch Qemison 1943, Bateman and Wilson 1961, Makus et al. 1994). Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) straw is considered to be one of the best sources of landscape mulch among the southern pines (Mississippi State University 2011) and can bring a higher price per bale than pine straw bales from other southern pine species (Dickens et al. 20 11). Adding pine straw to timber and forage as products of management can increase profits substantially, and the income from multiple straw harvests may exceed that from timber sales (Roise et al. 1991). Pine straw yields from longleaf pine stands of at least 80 ft 2 /ac of basal area can be expected to exceed 2,200 lb/ ac, and at 120 ft 2 I ac of basal area, stands on the best sites can be expected to produce over 4,000 lb/ac of pine straw on a dry weight basis (Blevins et al. 1996/2005). At these levels of production, it might be possible for landowners with longleaf pine stands in good locations and with proper management to make $30 to over $150 per acre per …
松木秸秆采收虽然不能给土地所有者带来经济效益，但也可能改变植物群落的组成。本研究以34年生长叶松(Pinus palustris Mill)林分为研究对象。成立于1956年，旨在研究松秸秆管理措施(施肥、规定的火和秸秆收获)如何影响植物群落，并在此报告了对林下植被的影响。采用随机完全块分割小区设计，设置2个主小区:(1)不施肥和(2)不同氮、磷、钾组合施肥3次。4个小小区处理:(1)对照，(2}规火处理，(3}规火处理，松秸秆2次采收，(4)松秸秆13次年采收。施肥显著增加了地表土壤的总覆盖面积。然而，林下植物对养分变化的响应并没有普遍锁定，这主要是由于松木秸秆的收获和焚烧混淆了施肥效应。在子样地处理2、3和4上，规定的火灾和机械采伐活动通过显著降低林下木本植物的高度和清除凋落物而创造了相似的林下植被。林下乔木和灌木高度、每英亩木本藤蔓数量和木本植物覆盖百分比的增加显著降低了草本植物产量和覆盖百分比。稻草是一种可再生的自然资源，传统上用于覆盖(Qemison 1943, Bateman and Wilson 1961, Makus et al. 1994)。长叶松(Pinus palustris Mill.)秸秆被认为是南部松树中最好的景观覆盖物来源之一(密西西比州立大学2011年)，每包秸秆的价格高于其他南部松树品种的松秸秆包(Dickens et al. 2011)。将松秸秆添加到木材和饲料中作为管理产品可以大幅增加利润，多次秸秆收获的收入可能超过木材销售的收入(Roise et al. 1991)。至少80平方英尺/公顷的长叶松林的松秸秆产量预计将超过2200磅/公顷，而在120平方英尺/公顷的基础上，在最好的地点，松树秸秆的干重有望超过4000磅/公顷(Blevins et al. 1996/2005)。在这些生产水平上，长叶松林的土地所有者在良好的位置和适当的管理下，每英亩每英亩可能赚30美元到150美元以上。
{"title":"Pine Straw Harvesting, Fire, and Fertilization Affect Understory Vegetation within a Louisiana Longleaf Pine Stand","authors":"J. Haywood","doi":"10.5849/SJAF.10-054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5849/SJAF.10-054","url":null,"abstract":"Pine straw harvesting con provide on economic benefit to landowners, but the practice may also change the composition of plant communities. This research was initiated in o 34-yeor-old stand of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.} established in 1956 to study how pine straw management practices (fertilization, prescribed fire, and straw harvesting) affected plant communities, and herein, effects on understory vegetation ore reported. A randomized complete block split-plot design was installed with two main plots: (1) no fertilization and (2) fertilization three times with different combinations of N, P, and K. There were four subplot treatments: (l) control, (2} prescribed fire, (3} prescribed fire and 2 harvests of pine straw, and (4) 13 annual harvests of pine straw. Fertilization significantly increased gross cover os o percentage of surface oreo. However, there was o general lock of understory plant response to nutrient amendments, portly because pine straw harvesting and burning were confounding fertilization effects. Prescribed fire and mechanical harvesting activities created similar understories on subplot treatments 2, 3, and 4 by significantly reducing understory woody plant stature and removing litter. Increases in understory tree and shrub stature, number of woody vines per acre, and percentage of woody plant cover significantly decreased herbaceous plant yields and percentage of cover. P ine straw, a renewable natural resource, has traditionally been harvested for mulch Qemison 1943, Bateman and Wilson 1961, Makus et al. 1994). Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) straw is considered to be one of the best sources of landscape mulch among the southern pines (Mississippi State University 2011) and can bring a higher price per bale than pine straw bales from other southern pine species (Dickens et al. 20 11). Adding pine straw to timber and forage as products of management can increase profits substantially, and the income from multiple straw harvests may exceed that from timber sales (Roise et al. 1991). Pine straw yields from longleaf pine stands of at least 80 ft 2 /ac of basal area can be expected to exceed 2,200 lb/ ac, and at 120 ft 2 I ac of basal area, stands on the best sites can be expected to produce over 4,000 lb/ac of pine straw on a dry weight basis (Blevins et al. 1996/2005). At these levels of production, it might be possible for landowners with longleaf pine stands in good locations and with proper management to make $30 to over $150 per acre per …","PeriodicalId":51154,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"36 1","pages":"130-135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5849/SJAF.10-054","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70978532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For density management diagrams (DMDs), it is usually assumed the relative value between Reineke’s stand density index (SDI) where self-thinning is expected to begin and a maximum size-density relationship species boundary line is constant regardless of planting density. Using estimated size-density trajectories of loblolly pine plantations in the southeastern United States, the quadratic mean diameter at which the onset of self-thinning occurs was determined. An equation was then fitted to estimate the quadratic mean diameter at which self-thinning is expected to begin relative to planting density. DMDs that accounted for planting density showed that self-thinning began at 40 –72% of the species maximum SDI for planting densities ranging from 605 to 2,722 seedlings per acre.
{"title":"Development of Planting Density-Specific Density Management Diagrams for Loblolly Pine","authors":"C. VanderSchaaf, H. Burkhart","doi":"10.5849/SJAF.10-043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5849/SJAF.10-043","url":null,"abstract":"For density management diagrams (DMDs), it is usually assumed the relative value between Reineke’s stand density index (SDI) where self-thinning is expected to begin and a maximum size-density relationship species boundary line is constant regardless of planting density. Using estimated size-density trajectories of loblolly pine plantations in the southeastern United States, the quadratic mean diameter at which the onset of self-thinning occurs was determined. An equation was then fitted to estimate the quadratic mean diameter at which self-thinning is expected to begin relative to planting density. DMDs that accounted for planting density showed that self-thinning began at 40 –72% of the species maximum SDI for planting densities ranging from 605 to 2,722 seedlings per acre.","PeriodicalId":51154,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"36 1","pages":"126-129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5849/SJAF.10-043","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70978137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. South, Everett E. Johnson, M. Hainds, C. VanderSchaaf
{"title":"Restoring Longleaf Pine on an Agricultural Site by Planting Alternating Rows of Slash Pine: A Case Study","authors":"D. South, Everett E. Johnson, M. Hainds, C. VanderSchaaf","doi":"10.5849/SJAF.10-045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5849/SJAF.10-045","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51154,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"36 1","pages":"118-125"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5849/SJAF.10-045","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70978194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carin E. Vadala, R. Bixler, Jeffrey J. Bransford, T. Waldrop
An understanding of how identifiable groups perceive fuel reduction will help forest managers develop formal and informal communication strategies responsive to each group’s concerns. This study identified three opinion segments on the basis of their attitudinal and behavioral characteristics about fuel reduction in the southern Appalachians and further described them on the basis of general forest use attitudes and behaviors (n 640). A Let Nature Take Its Course segment was preservation oriented and supported fuel reduction only to the extent that it was thought to enhance biological diversity. More trusting of federal land managers, they should be approached through natural history and hiking clubs with messages emphasizing effects on nongame species. A Management for Human Benefits group was most supportive of fuel reduction and was concerned about availability of game and nongame species. More trusting of state land managers and strongly supportive of fuel reduction, they should be approached with messages about human benefits of fuel reduction. A Visually Appealing segment tended to evaluate fuel reduction mostly on the basis of aesthetic impacts. This amorphous group is more likely to object to fuel reduction on the basis of aesthetic issues, such as charring, downed timber, and loss of rhododendron and mountain laurel. Each group should be approached through a different channel, by forest managers from agencies it most prefers, with message content emphasizing perspectives on forest management already salient to the group.
{"title":"Attitudes, Knowledge, and Perception of Fuel Reduction among Involved Publics in the Southern Appalachians: Implications for Responsive Communication","authors":"Carin E. Vadala, R. Bixler, Jeffrey J. Bransford, T. Waldrop","doi":"10.5849/SJAF.08-029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5849/SJAF.08-029","url":null,"abstract":"An understanding of how identifiable groups perceive fuel reduction will help forest managers develop formal and informal communication strategies responsive to each group’s concerns. This study identified three opinion segments on the basis of their attitudinal and behavioral characteristics about fuel reduction in the southern Appalachians and further described them on the basis of general forest use attitudes and behaviors (n 640). A Let Nature Take Its Course segment was preservation oriented and supported fuel reduction only to the extent that it was thought to enhance biological diversity. More trusting of federal land managers, they should be approached through natural history and hiking clubs with messages emphasizing effects on nongame species. A Management for Human Benefits group was most supportive of fuel reduction and was concerned about availability of game and nongame species. More trusting of state land managers and strongly supportive of fuel reduction, they should be approached with messages about human benefits of fuel reduction. A Visually Appealing segment tended to evaluate fuel reduction mostly on the basis of aesthetic impacts. This amorphous group is more likely to object to fuel reduction on the basis of aesthetic issues, such as charring, downed timber, and loss of rhododendron and mountain laurel. Each group should be approached through a different channel, by forest managers from agencies it most prefers, with message content emphasizing perspectives on forest management already salient to the group.","PeriodicalId":51154,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"36 1","pages":"159-165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5849/SJAF.08-029","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70978218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
However, type and size of container can influence field performance. In this study, longleaf pine seedlings were grown in Beaver Plastics Styroblocks either without a copper treatment (Superblock) or with a copper oxychloride coating (Copperblock) and with three sizes of cavities that were 60, 108, and 164 ml. Seedlings from the six container types (two types of Styroblocks with three cavity sizes) were planted in central Louisiana in a 2 by 3 randomized complete block factorial design. Emergence from the grass stage was quickest for seedlings outplanted from either Copperblocks or large cavities (164 ml), but 99.3% of all seedlings had emerged after five growing seasons. Five-year-old trees outplanted from Copperblocks were significantly taller and had greater volume index (VI [groundline diameter]2 [total height]) than trees outplanted from Superblocks (2.0 m tall and 114 VI versus 1.7 m tall and 87 VI). Trees outplanted from small cavities (60 ml) were shorter and had a smaller VI (1.5 m tall and 73 VI) than trees outplanted from the other two cavity sizes (average of 2.0 m tall and 114 VI).
{"title":"Copper Root Pruning and Container Cavity Size Influence Longleaf Pine Growth through Five Growing Seasons","authors":"J. Haywood, S. S. Sung, M. S. Sayer","doi":"10.5849/SJAF.10-051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5849/SJAF.10-051","url":null,"abstract":"However, type and size of container can influence field performance. In this study, longleaf pine seedlings were grown in Beaver Plastics Styroblocks either without a copper treatment (Superblock) or with a copper oxychloride coating (Copperblock) and with three sizes of cavities that were 60, 108, and 164 ml. Seedlings from the six container types (two types of Styroblocks with three cavity sizes) were planted in central Louisiana in a 2 by 3 randomized complete block factorial design. Emergence from the grass stage was quickest for seedlings outplanted from either Copperblocks or large cavities (164 ml), but 99.3% of all seedlings had emerged after five growing seasons. Five-year-old trees outplanted from Copperblocks were significantly taller and had greater volume index (VI \u0001 [groundline diameter]2 \u0002 [total height]) than trees outplanted from Superblocks (2.0 m tall and 114 VI versus 1.7 m tall and 87 VI). Trees outplanted from small cavities (60 ml) were shorter and had a smaller VI (1.5 m tall and 73 VI) than trees outplanted from the other two cavity sizes (average of 2.0 m tall and 114 VI).","PeriodicalId":51154,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"36 1","pages":"146-151"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5849/SJAF.10-051","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70978489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Regional Differences among Family Forest Landowners Using National Woodland Owner Survey Results","authors":"B. Kaetzel, I. Majumdar, L. Teeter, B. Butler","doi":"10.5849/SJAF.11-007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5849/SJAF.11-007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51154,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"36 1","pages":"141-145"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5849/SJAF.11-007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70978695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Wyman, F. Escobedo, Taylor Stein, M. Orfanedes, Robert Northrop
{"title":"Community leader perceptions and attitudes toward coastal urban forests and hurricanes in Florida","authors":"M. Wyman, F. Escobedo, Taylor Stein, M. Orfanedes, Robert Northrop","doi":"10.5849/SJAF.10-022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5849/SJAF.10-022","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51154,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"65 1","pages":"152-158"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5849/SJAF.10-022","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70978469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Structure and Growth of 40-Year-Old Unthinned Loblolly Pine Planted at Three Spacings in South-Central Tennessee","authors":"S. Torreano, G. Smalley, A. Nunley, J. C. Rennie","doi":"10.5849/SJAF.11-002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5849/SJAF.11-002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51154,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"36 1","pages":"136-140"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5849/SJAF.11-002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70978596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The financial health and response of Arkansas's loggers to depressed timber markets and severe operating conditions of 2009.","authors":"M. Pelkki","doi":"10.5849/SJAF.10-033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5849/SJAF.10-033","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51154,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"36 1","pages":"92-97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5849/SJAF.10-033","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70978019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An annual growth model that predicts individual tree survival and diameter growth was developed for loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) and slash pine (Pinus elliottii) trees in East Texas as a function of individual-tree diameter, plantation age, basal area per acre, dominant height, quadratic mean diameter, and presence of fusiform rust (Cronartium quercuum [Berk.] Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme). Data from 104,035 loblolly pine and 37,515 slash pine individual tree observations collected on a 3-year cycle from 174 loblolly pine and 80 slash pine permanent plots located in plantations throughout East Texas were used in this study. The survival equation assumes that mortality is constant across the projection length, whereas the diameter growth equation incorporates whole-stand predictions to update stand-level independent variables on an annual basis. Predictions were evaluated in terms of bias and precision, with independent observations for projection lengths from 3 to 24 years. For both survival and diameter growth, bias was lowest and precision highest for 3-year projection lengths. For survival, bias increased and precision decreased as projection length increased through 24 years. For diameter growth, bias was constant ( 1 in.) across all projection lengths, whereas precision decreased from 1 in. for the 3-year projection length to 2 in. for the 6 –24-year projection lengths. A numerical example is provided that describes how to use the new model to project individual tree survival and diameter growth on an annual basis.
{"title":"An Annual Tree Survival and Diameter Growth Model for Loblolly and Slash Pine Plantations in East Texas","authors":"D. Coble, Q. V. Cao, Lewis Jordan","doi":"10.5849/SJAF.10-032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5849/SJAF.10-032","url":null,"abstract":"An annual growth model that predicts individual tree survival and diameter growth was developed for loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) and slash pine (Pinus elliottii) trees in East Texas as a function of individual-tree diameter, plantation age, basal area per acre, dominant height, quadratic mean diameter, and presence of fusiform rust (Cronartium quercuum [Berk.] Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme). Data from 104,035 loblolly pine and 37,515 slash pine individual tree observations collected on a 3-year cycle from 174 loblolly pine and 80 slash pine permanent plots located in plantations throughout East Texas were used in this study. The survival equation assumes that mortality is constant across the projection length, whereas the diameter growth equation incorporates whole-stand predictions to update stand-level independent variables on an annual basis. Predictions were evaluated in terms of bias and precision, with independent observations for projection lengths from 3 to 24 years. For both survival and diameter growth, bias was lowest and precision highest for 3-year projection lengths. For survival, bias increased and precision decreased as projection length increased through 24 years. For diameter growth, bias was constant ( 1 in.) across all projection lengths, whereas precision decreased from 1 in. for the 3-year projection length to 2 in. for the 6 –24-year projection lengths. A numerical example is provided that describes how to use the new model to project individual tree survival and diameter growth on an annual basis.","PeriodicalId":51154,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"36 1","pages":"79-84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5849/SJAF.10-032","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70978404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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