James E. Henderson, S. Roberts, D. Grebner, I. Munn
{"title":"A Graphical Comparison of Loblolly Pine Growth-and-Yield Models","authors":"James E. Henderson, S. Roberts, D. Grebner, I. Munn","doi":"10.5849/SJAF.10-013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5849/SJAF.10-013","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51154,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"37 1","pages":"169-176"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5849/SJAF.10-013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70978442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
increased demand for carbon offsets leading to higher carbon prices and, therefore, encourage forest landowners to enter into forest carbon offset contracts. As a result, qualifying forest tracts might be withdrawn from harvest during the contract leading to decreased timber supply in the short term. Timber markets will respond to such a situation with increased timber stumpage prices (Sohngen and Mendelsohn 2003, Stainback and Alavalapati 2002). However, in the long term, timber harvests might increase as carbon contracts are completed allowing landowners to harvest their forests. Consequently, timber stumpage prices would then decrease (Sohngen et al. 2008) assuming that other factors related to timber supply remain unchanged. Potential impacts of implementing carbon policies and programs on timber supply and timber stumpage prices were demonstrated by several studies. Sohngen et al. (2008) analyzed the effect of carbon policy on carbon accumulation and timber supply at the global level using the Dynamic Timber Supply Model. They showed that carbon policy would induce owners of hardwood forests in the southern United States to withhold their forests from harvest in the short term, which would result in increased timber prices. However, they also showed that additional land supply, longer rotations, and improved forest management would increase timber supply in the long term, causing timber prices eventually to fall. In another study, Sohngen and Mendelsohn (2003) indicated that implementation of the least cost strategy (minimizing the present value of the total costs of greenhouse gas damage and its abatement) to control greenhouse gases would result in global carbon sequestration of 102 billion metric tons. During the same time, global timber supply would increase by up to 785 million cubic meters (m) resulting in lower global timber prices in the long term. Other studies indicated that payments for carbon sequestered by forests will lead to longer forest rotations (Nepal et al. 2009, Sohngen et al. 2008, Gutrich and Howarth 2007, Stainback and Alavalapati 2002, van Kooten et al. 1995) and reduced timber supply in the short term (Sohngen et al. 2008, Sohngen and Mendelsohn 2003, Stainback and Alavalapati 2002). Several studies have indicated that current US carbon prices do not pay enough to make forest-based carbon sequestration financially viable (Nepal et al. 2012, Latta et al. 2011, Malmsheimer et al. 2008). Consequently, under current carbon market conditions, landowners are more likely to retain their right to sell timber rather than enroll their forest stands into carbon contracts. However, if the United States implements a mandatory carbon policy, it is expected that demand for carbon will increase leading to higher carbon prices (Green Assets 2012, US EPA 2009) and improved financial viability of forestry-based carbon sequestration strategies (Malmsheimer et al. 2008). This study investigated how future carbon accumulation in Mississi
对碳补偿的需求增加导致碳价格上涨，因此鼓励森林土地所有者签订森林碳补偿合同。因此，符合条件的林区可能在合同期间停止采伐，导致短期内木材供应减少。木材市场将对这种情况作出反应，增加木材立木价格(Sohngen和Mendelsohn 2003年，Stainback和Alavalapati 2002年)。然而，从长远来看，随着碳合同的完成，允许土地所有者采伐他们的森林，木材采伐可能会增加。因此，假设与木材供应相关的其他因素保持不变，那么木材立木价格将会下降(Sohngen et al. 2008)。几项研究证明了实施碳政策和计划对木材供应和木材立木价格的潜在影响。Sohngen等人(2008)利用动态木材供应模型分析了碳政策对全球碳积累和木材供应的影响。他们表明，碳政策将诱使美国南部阔叶林的所有者在短期内停止砍伐他们的森林，这将导致木材价格上涨。但是，它们也表明，从长远来看，增加土地供应、延长轮伐时间和改善森林管理将增加木材供应，导致木材价格最终下降。在另一项研究中，Sohngen和Mendelsohn(2003)指出，实施最低成本策略(使温室气体损害及其减排的总成本的现值最小化)来控制温室气体将导致全球碳封存1020亿公吨。与此同时，全球木材供应将增加7.85亿立方米，导致全球木材价格长期下降。其他研究表明，对森林固碳的支付将导致更长的森林轮作(Nepal et al. 2009, Sohngen et al. 2008, Gutrich and Howarth 2007, Stainback and Alavalapati 2002, van Kooten et al. 1995)，并在短期内减少木材供应(Sohngen et al. 2008, Sohngen and Mendelsohn 2003, Stainback and Alavalapati 2002)。几项研究表明，目前美国的碳价格不足以使基于森林的碳封存在经济上可行(Nepal et al. 2012, Latta et al. 2011, Malmsheimer et al. 2008)。因此，在目前的碳市场条件下，土地所有者更有可能保留其出售木材的权利，而不是将其林分纳入碳合同。然而，如果美国实施强制性碳政策，预计碳需求将增加，导致碳价格上涨(Green Assets 2012, US EPA 2009)，并提高基于林业的碳封存战略的财务可行性(Malmsheimer et al. 2008)。本研究调查了2006-2051年间未来采伐水平的变化如何影响密西西比州森林和采伐木材产品的未来碳积累。此外，该研究还调查了采伐水平的变化对树桩价格的影响，并量化了密西西比州木材和碳收入的变化。密西西比州之所以被选为研究区域，是因为由于其林地面积大(800万公顷)，年木材采伐量大(3000万平方米)，因此被认为具有增加直立树木和采伐木材产品碳固存的巨大潜力(美国农业部林业局2010年)。美国南部的其他邻近州，包括阿拉巴马州、阿肯色州和路易斯安那州，也具有类似的森林部门特征，如林地面积和所有权、木材库存、采伐水平和木材产品产量(Smith et al. 2009)。因此，我们期望我们对密西西比州收获水平变化的全州影响的分析不仅可以为密西西比州，而且可以为这些邻近州以及美国南部的其他州提供有用的基准信息。本研究采用分区域木材供应(SRTS)模型(Abt et al. 2009)，从2006-2051年密西西比州的碳积累、木材立木价格以及木材和碳收入等方面考察了照常经营(BAU)和四种替代木材采伐情景。选择2006年作为分析的起点，因为这是密西西比州可获得森林清查数据的最近一年，而2051年代表BAU情景中可获得的收获预测的结束。SRTS是一个部分市场均衡模型，它结合了经济和森林清查信息，以确定木材需求和供应变化对木材清查和木材立木市场的影响(Abt et al. 2009)。 该模型的最初版本是为了模拟两个物种组中单一产品的市场，并估计软木和硬木的总材积。该模型已经更新，可用于预测多种产品和分区域的木材供应(Abt等人，2009)。该木材市场模型的早期版本被用于预测美国南部和东北部的木材供应(例如，Bingham等人，2003年，Sendak等人，2003年，Prestemon和Abt 2002年，Abt等人，2000年，Pacheco等人，1997年，Abt等人，1993年)。该模型还被用于预测气候变化对美国南部木材供应的影响(Abt and Murray 2001)，并分析非市场森林价值对非工业私有林地(NIPF)土地所有者木材供应决策的影响(Pattanayak et al. 2002)。木材需求和供给建模木材需求建模为立木价格和需求转移函数的函数，而木材供应建模为立木价格、森林库存和使用SRTS市场模块的供应转移函数。第t年的全州平衡收获是由以下木材需求和供应函数的相互作用决定的(Abt et al. 2000):
{"title":"Impact of Harvest-Level Changes on Carbon Accumulation and Timber Stumpage Prices in Mississippi","authors":"P. Nepal, Robert K Grala, D. Grebner, R. Abt","doi":"10.5849/SJAF.12-020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5849/SJAF.12-020","url":null,"abstract":"increased demand for carbon offsets leading to higher carbon prices and, therefore, encourage forest landowners to enter into forest carbon offset contracts. As a result, qualifying forest tracts might be withdrawn from harvest during the contract leading to decreased timber supply in the short term. Timber markets will respond to such a situation with increased timber stumpage prices (Sohngen and Mendelsohn 2003, Stainback and Alavalapati 2002). However, in the long term, timber harvests might increase as carbon contracts are completed allowing landowners to harvest their forests. Consequently, timber stumpage prices would then decrease (Sohngen et al. 2008) assuming that other factors related to timber supply remain unchanged. Potential impacts of implementing carbon policies and programs on timber supply and timber stumpage prices were demonstrated by several studies. Sohngen et al. (2008) analyzed the effect of carbon policy on carbon accumulation and timber supply at the global level using the Dynamic Timber Supply Model. They showed that carbon policy would induce owners of hardwood forests in the southern United States to withhold their forests from harvest in the short term, which would result in increased timber prices. However, they also showed that additional land supply, longer rotations, and improved forest management would increase timber supply in the long term, causing timber prices eventually to fall. In another study, Sohngen and Mendelsohn (2003) indicated that implementation of the least cost strategy (minimizing the present value of the total costs of greenhouse gas damage and its abatement) to control greenhouse gases would result in global carbon sequestration of 102 billion metric tons. During the same time, global timber supply would increase by up to 785 million cubic meters (m) resulting in lower global timber prices in the long term. Other studies indicated that payments for carbon sequestered by forests will lead to longer forest rotations (Nepal et al. 2009, Sohngen et al. 2008, Gutrich and Howarth 2007, Stainback and Alavalapati 2002, van Kooten et al. 1995) and reduced timber supply in the short term (Sohngen et al. 2008, Sohngen and Mendelsohn 2003, Stainback and Alavalapati 2002). Several studies have indicated that current US carbon prices do not pay enough to make forest-based carbon sequestration financially viable (Nepal et al. 2012, Latta et al. 2011, Malmsheimer et al. 2008). Consequently, under current carbon market conditions, landowners are more likely to retain their right to sell timber rather than enroll their forest stands into carbon contracts. However, if the United States implements a mandatory carbon policy, it is expected that demand for carbon will increase leading to higher carbon prices (Green Assets 2012, US EPA 2009) and improved financial viability of forestry-based carbon sequestration strategies (Malmsheimer et al. 2008). This study investigated how future carbon accumulation in Mississi","PeriodicalId":51154,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"37 1","pages":"160-168"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5849/SJAF.12-020","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70979080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Transpirational drying effects on energy and ash content from whole-tree southern pine plantation chipping operations.","authors":"Jason B. Cutshall, W. D. Greene, S. Baker","doi":"10.5849/SJAF.11-046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5849/SJAF.11-046","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51154,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"37 1","pages":"133-139"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5849/SJAF.11-046","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70978982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Modeling fire effects, including terrestrial and atmospheric carbon fluxes and pollutant emissions during wildland fires, requires accurate predictions of fuel consumption. Empirical models were developed for predicting fuel consumption from fuel and environmental measurements on a series of operational prescribed fires in pine flatwoods ecosystems in the southeastern United States. The models predicted fuel consumption more accurately than the decision support tools First Order Fire Effects Model (FOFEM) and Consume and will allow fire and fuels managers in the region to belter estimate fuel consumption and air quality impacts from prescribed burning.
{"title":"Fuel consumption models for pine flatwoods fuel types in the southeastern United States","authors":"C. S. Wright","doi":"10.5849/SJAF.12-006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5849/SJAF.12-006","url":null,"abstract":"Modeling fire effects, including terrestrial and atmospheric carbon fluxes and pollutant emissions during wildland fires, requires accurate predictions of fuel consumption. Empirical models were developed for predicting fuel consumption from fuel and environmental measurements on a series of operational prescribed fires in pine flatwoods ecosystems in the southeastern United States. The models predicted fuel consumption more accurately than the decision support tools First Order Fire Effects Model (FOFEM) and Consume and will allow fire and fuels managers in the region to belter estimate fuel consumption and air quality impacts from prescribed burning.","PeriodicalId":51154,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"37 1","pages":"148-159"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5849/SJAF.12-006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70978994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Potential Erosion from Bladed Firelines in the Appalachian Region Estimated with USLE-Forest and WEPP Models","authors":"A. M. Christie, W. M. Aust, S. Zedaker, B. Strahm","doi":"10.5849/SJAF.12-021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5849/SJAF.12-021","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51154,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"37 1","pages":"140-147"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5849/SJAF.12-021","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70979128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Measurements of bark thickness generally ignore the fact that bark is comprised of both living inner bark (phloem) and essentially dead outer bark (rhytidome). Discerning between them has ramifications for the utility of bark as a byproduct of timber harvesting and its functionality on a living tree. Inner bark and outer bark thicknesses for longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) were investigated using disks collected from trees harvested on a 70-year-old plantation. Inner bark thickness was relatively constant up the bole of each tree whereas outer bark thickness rapidly declined from its thickest point at stump height; at relative heights above 20%, the decrease in outer bark thickness was more gradual. The proportion of inner bark, therefore, increased up the bole, from an average of 15% at stump height to above 40% toward the top of the tree. Since inner bark is a richer source of extractives than old outer bark, tree tops may be preferable in terms of bark abundance and quality as feedstock for extractive-based products. Reductions in the inner and outer bark thicknesses on disk drying, with averages of roughly 20 and 10%, respectively, differed when the data were pooled by cardinal direction. Thus, variability in bark thickness around the circumference of a standing tree may actually be a manifestation of differences in bark moisture content.
{"title":"Longleaf Pine Inner Bark and Outer Bark Thicknesses: Measurement and Relevance","authors":"T. Eberhardt","doi":"10.5849/SJAF.12-023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5849/SJAF.12-023","url":null,"abstract":"Measurements of bark thickness generally ignore the fact that bark is comprised of both living inner bark (phloem) and essentially dead outer bark (rhytidome). Discerning between them has ramifications for the utility of bark as a byproduct of timber harvesting and its functionality on a living tree. Inner bark and outer bark thicknesses for longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) were investigated using disks collected from trees harvested on a 70-year-old plantation. Inner bark thickness was relatively constant up the bole of each tree whereas outer bark thickness rapidly declined from its thickest point at stump height; at relative heights above 20%, the decrease in outer bark thickness was more gradual. The proportion of inner bark, therefore, increased up the bole, from an average of 15% at stump height to above 40% toward the top of the tree. Since inner bark is a richer source of extractives than old outer bark, tree tops may be preferable in terms of bark abundance and quality as feedstock for extractive-based products. Reductions in the inner and outer bark thicknesses on disk drying, with averages of roughly 20 and 10%, respectively, differed when the data were pooled by cardinal direction. Thus, variability in bark thickness around the circumference of a standing tree may actually be a manifestation of differences in bark moisture content.","PeriodicalId":51154,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"37 1","pages":"177-180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5849/SJAF.12-023","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70979166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ground disturbance caused by forest harvest operations can negatively impact oak regeneration. On the Cumberland Plateau, for successful regeneration, managers often must rely on very small (less than a ft in height) oak advance reproduction that is susceptible to disturbance by harvesting equipment. Furthermore, sites on the Plateau top are often harvested when conditions are too wet to permit operations elsewhere, increasing the risk to small seedlings that may be more easily pulled from the moist soil. This study was designed to assess the effect of unrestricted and restricted harvesting equipment traffic on small oak advance reproduction under a clearcutting prescription. A feller-buncher and grapple skidding were used to harvest sites under “free access,” resulting in unrestricted traffic on the sites, or under “trail access,” with restricted site traffic. Six hundred eighty-seven oak seedlings were permanently tagged (preharvest); species, height, and basal diameter were recorded and have been remeasured 1, 2, and 8 years postharvest. Fifty-two percent of the tagged seedlings survived after 8 years. The survival rate for seedlings exposed to restricted traffic did not differ from that for seedlings exposed to unrestricted traffic. No evidence of seedlings being pulled out of the ground was observed. After three growing seasons, there was no significant difference in visual site disturbance between the two treatments. After eight growing seasons, the status of the reproduction suggests that little damage was incurred under unrestricted equipment traffic.
{"title":"Logging intensity impact on small oak seedling survival and growth on the Cumberland Plateau in northeastern Alabama","authors":"C. Schweitzer, D. Dey","doi":"10.5849/SJAF.11-003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5849/SJAF.11-003","url":null,"abstract":"Ground disturbance caused by forest harvest operations can negatively impact oak regeneration. On the Cumberland Plateau, for successful regeneration, managers often must rely on very small (less than a ft in height) oak advance reproduction that is susceptible to disturbance by harvesting equipment. Furthermore, sites on the Plateau top are often harvested when conditions are too wet to permit operations elsewhere, increasing the risk to small seedlings that may be more easily pulled from the moist soil. This study was designed to assess the effect of unrestricted and restricted harvesting equipment traffic on small oak advance reproduction under a clearcutting prescription. A feller-buncher and grapple skidding were used to harvest sites under “free access,” resulting in unrestricted traffic on the sites, or under “trail access,” with restricted site traffic. Six hundred eighty-seven oak seedlings were permanently tagged (preharvest); species, height, and basal diameter were recorded and have been remeasured 1, 2, and 8 years postharvest. Fifty-two percent of the tagged seedlings survived after 8 years. The survival rate for seedlings exposed to restricted traffic did not differ from that for seedlings exposed to unrestricted traffic. No evidence of seedlings being pulled out of the ground was observed. After three growing seasons, there was no significant difference in visual site disturbance between the two treatments. After eight growing seasons, the status of the reproduction suggests that little damage was incurred under unrestricted equipment traffic.","PeriodicalId":51154,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"37 1","pages":"113-121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5849/SJAF.11-003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70978638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Application of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) to midrotation loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stands is a common silvicultural practice used to increase crop-tree volume production in the western Gulf Coastal Plain of Arkansas and Louisiana. Studies in other regions have shown that midrotation herbicide application, with or without an application of fertilizer, can also benefit crop-tree growth. We studied the impact of herbicide (16 oz of imazapyr with 3.2 oz of surfactant ac 1 ), fertilizer (200 lb of N and 35 lb of P ac 1 ), and a combined herbicidefertilizer treatment on pine crop tree and competing woody vegetation growth in three, thinned midrotation stands for 5 years. The density and basal area of woody competition was significantly reduced (73‐78%) with an application of imazapyr, but was not affected by fertilization. The application of imazapyr inhibited height growth of the pine crop trees and without an application of fertilizer had little impact on basal area or volume growth during the 5-year measurement period. Fertilizer application increased merchantable volume growth (21.5‐25.1 ft 3 ac 1 yr 1 ), but response was low compared to that reported for loblolly pine stands elsewhere in the southern United States. Fertilization increased mortality of smaller, less vigorous pine trees. The combined herbicidefertilizer resulted in a 20.5% increase in chip-n-saw volume, suggesting that the larger, more vigorous trees in these stands respond most rapidly to the combined herbicide and fertilizer treatments.
在阿肯色州和路易斯安那州西部海湾沿岸平原，在中轮火炬松(Pinus taeda L.)林分施用氮(N)和磷(P)是一种常见的造林方法，用于增加作物和树木的产量。其他地区的研究表明，在轮作中期施用除草剂，无论是否施用化肥，也有利于作物树的生长。我们研究了除草剂(16盎司imazapyr和3.2盎司表面活性剂ac 1)、肥料(200磅N和35磅P ac 1)和混合除草剂肥处理对3个稀疏中轮林分松树和竞争木本植被生长的影响，为期5年。施用imazapyr可显著降低木本竞争的密度和基面积(73 ~ 78%)，但不受施肥的影响。在5年的测量期内，施用imazapyr抑制了松树作物树木的高度生长，不施肥对基材面积和体积生长的影响不大。施肥增加了可售体积的增长(21.5 - 25.1英尺/年)，但与美国南部其他地方报道的火炬松林分相比，响应较低。施肥增加了矮小、低壮松树的死亡率。结果表明，施用除草剂和化肥后，这些林分中高大健壮的树木对除草剂和化肥联合施用的反应最为迅速。
{"title":"Response of Midrotation Pine Stands to Fertilizer and Herbicide Application in the Western Gulf Coastal Plain","authors":"Hal O. Liechty, Conner Fristoe","doi":"10.5849/SJAF.11-044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5849/SJAF.11-044","url":null,"abstract":"Application of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) to midrotation loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stands is a common silvicultural practice used to increase crop-tree volume production in the western Gulf Coastal Plain of Arkansas and Louisiana. Studies in other regions have shown that midrotation herbicide application, with or without an application of fertilizer, can also benefit crop-tree growth. We studied the impact of herbicide (16 oz of imazapyr with 3.2 oz of surfactant ac 1 ), fertilizer (200 lb of N and 35 lb of P ac 1 ), and a combined herbicidefertilizer treatment on pine crop tree and competing woody vegetation growth in three, thinned midrotation stands for 5 years. The density and basal area of woody competition was significantly reduced (73‐78%) with an application of imazapyr, but was not affected by fertilization. The application of imazapyr inhibited height growth of the pine crop trees and without an application of fertilizer had little impact on basal area or volume growth during the 5-year measurement period. Fertilizer application increased merchantable volume growth (21.5‐25.1 ft 3 ac 1 yr 1 ), but response was low compared to that reported for loblolly pine stands elsewhere in the southern United States. Fertilization increased mortality of smaller, less vigorous pine trees. The combined herbicidefertilizer resulted in a 20.5% increase in chip-n-saw volume, suggesting that the larger, more vigorous trees in these stands respond most rapidly to the combined herbicide and fertilizer treatments.","PeriodicalId":51154,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"37 1","pages":"69-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5849/SJAF.11-044","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70978957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Development of Three Underplanted Hardwood Species 7 Years Following Midstory Removal","authors":"J. Lhotka, E. Loewenstein","doi":"10.5849/SJAF.12-001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5849/SJAF.12-001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51154,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"37 1","pages":"81-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5849/SJAF.12-001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70978850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Hanberry, Phillip Hanberry, S. Riffell, S. Demarais, Jeanne C. Jones
Intensively established pine plantations are an important component of the southeastern US landscape. Because only minimal information exists about how current establishment practices affect wintering birds in managed forests, we documented effects of five pine plantation establishment practices that varied in intensity on wintering birds during years 1 through 5 postestablishment in the Coastal Plain of Mississippi. Using mixed general linear models, we compared species richness, total bird abundance, and individual species abundance. During the first 5 years, species richness and total abundance were greatest in the chemical-only establishment practice, whereas species richness and total abundance were lower in mechanical site preparation establishments with increasingly intensive chemical herbaceous controls. For five common species with treatment effects, abundance generally was greatest in the chemical-only establishment practice and abundance decreased as establishment intensity increased. Increasing stand establishment intensity in mechanical-prepared treatments generally reduced presence of wintering avian species in young pine plantations of the Lower Coastal Plain. Conversely, tree and snag retention facilitated by chemical-only site preparation may enrich avian assemblages in intensively established pine plantations.
{"title":"Wintering Birds in Intensively Established Pine Plantations of Coastal Plain Mississippi","authors":"B. Hanberry, Phillip Hanberry, S. Riffell, S. Demarais, Jeanne C. Jones","doi":"10.5849/SJAF.11-028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5849/SJAF.11-028","url":null,"abstract":"Intensively established pine plantations are an important component of the southeastern US landscape. Because only minimal information exists about how current establishment practices affect wintering birds in managed forests, we documented effects of five pine plantation establishment practices that varied in intensity on wintering birds during years 1 through 5 postestablishment in the Coastal Plain of Mississippi. Using mixed general linear models, we compared species richness, total bird abundance, and individual species abundance. During the first 5 years, species richness and total abundance were greatest in the chemical-only establishment practice, whereas species richness and total abundance were lower in mechanical site preparation establishments with increasingly intensive chemical herbaceous controls. For five common species with treatment effects, abundance generally was greatest in the chemical-only establishment practice and abundance decreased as establishment intensity increased. Increasing stand establishment intensity in mechanical-prepared treatments generally reduced presence of wintering avian species in young pine plantations of the Lower Coastal Plain. Conversely, tree and snag retention facilitated by chemical-only site preparation may enrich avian assemblages in intensively established pine plantations.","PeriodicalId":51154,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"37 1","pages":"91-96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5849/SJAF.11-028","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70978608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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