{"title":"Disproportionality, social marketing, and biomass availability: a case study of Virginia and North Carolina family forests.","authors":"M. Brinckman, J. Munsell","doi":"10.5849/SJAF.10-052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5849/SJAF.10-052","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51154,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"36 1","pages":"85-91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5849/SJAF.10-052","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70978497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Blinn, T. Albaugh, T. Fox, R. Wynne, J. Stape, R. Rubilar, H. L. Allen
{"title":"A Method for Estimating Deciduous Competition in Pine Stands Using Landsat","authors":"C. Blinn, T. Albaugh, T. Fox, R. Wynne, J. Stape, R. Rubilar, H. L. Allen","doi":"10.5849/SJAF.10-034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5849/SJAF.10-034","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51154,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"36 1","pages":"71-78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5849/SJAF.10-034","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70978027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Prediction accuracy for projected basal area and trees per acre was assessed for the growth and yield model of the Forest Vegetation Simulator Southern Variant (FVS-Sn). Data for comparison with FVS-Sn predictions were compiled from a collection of n 1,780 permanent inventory plots from mixed-species upland hardwood forests in the Southern Appalachian Mountains. Over a 5-year projection interval, baseline FVS-Sn predictions fell within 15% of observed values in over 88% of the test plots. Several modifications to FVS-Sn were pursued, including a refitting of the background mortality equation by logistic regression. Following the modifications, FVS-Sn accuracy statistics increased to 91 and 94% for basal area and trees per acre, respectively. In plots with high initial stand densities, notable gains in accuracy were achieved by relaxing thresholds that activated a density-dependent mortality algorithm in FVS-Sn. Detailed accuracy results for forest types of the region were generated. Twenty-five-year projection results show size-density trajectories consistent with the concept of maximum stand density index.
{"title":"Evaluating Forest Vegetation Simulator predictions for southern Appalachian upland hardwoods with a modified mortality model","authors":"P. Radtke, Nathan Herring, D. Loftis, C. Keyser","doi":"10.5849/SJAF.10-017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5849/SJAF.10-017","url":null,"abstract":"Prediction accuracy for projected basal area and trees per acre was assessed for the growth and yield model of the Forest Vegetation Simulator Southern Variant (FVS-Sn). Data for comparison with FVS-Sn predictions were compiled from a collection of n 1,780 permanent inventory plots from mixed-species upland hardwood forests in the Southern Appalachian Mountains. Over a 5-year projection interval, baseline FVS-Sn predictions fell within 15% of observed values in over 88% of the test plots. Several modifications to FVS-Sn were pursued, including a refitting of the background mortality equation by logistic regression. Following the modifications, FVS-Sn accuracy statistics increased to 91 and 94% for basal area and trees per acre, respectively. In plots with high initial stand densities, notable gains in accuracy were achieved by relaxing thresholds that activated a density-dependent mortality algorithm in FVS-Sn. Detailed accuracy results for forest types of the region were generated. Twenty-five-year projection results show size-density trajectories consistent with the concept of maximum stand density index.","PeriodicalId":51154,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"36 1","pages":"61-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5849/SJAF.10-017","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70978453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Conrad, W. Ford, M. C. Groover, M. Bolding, W. M. Aust
{"title":"Virginia Tech Forest Road and Bladed Skid Trail Cost Estimation Method","authors":"J. Conrad, W. Ford, M. C. Groover, M. Bolding, W. M. Aust","doi":"10.5849/SJAF.10-023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5849/SJAF.10-023","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51154,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"36 1","pages":"26-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5849/SJAF.10-023","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70978338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Wigley, C. Hedman, C. Loehle, M. Register, Jeremy R. Poirier, Paul E. Durfield
{"title":"Density of Gopher Tortoise Burrows on Commercial Forestland in Alabama and Mississippi","authors":"T. Wigley, C. Hedman, C. Loehle, M. Register, Jeremy R. Poirier, Paul E. Durfield","doi":"10.5849/SJAF.10-050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5849/SJAF.10-050","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51154,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"36 1","pages":"38-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5849/SJAF.10-050","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70978872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
targeted; thus, systemic herbicides offer one of the most effective tools in an integrated treatment approach. Cogongrass leaves grow directly from buds along rhizomes, without aboveground stems, and may reach 1.5 m in height (Holm et al. 1977, Bryson and Carter 1993). Because shoot meristems are below ground, cogongrass is tolerant of mowing and grazing. Cogongrass is fire tolerant, even though fires are intense during both the growing season and the winter, when the dry thatch remains standing (Dozier et al. 1998). Cogongrass rhizomes have buds at each node that are spaced 1–2 cm apart along the entire length of the rhizome. Rhizomes branch frequently, forming dense mats that can exclude most other vegetation (Ayeni 1985). Rhizome entanglements can fill the upper soil to more than 30 cm deep, they typically make up more than 60% of the total plant biomass, and they are allelopathic to some grass seeds (Sajise 1976, Koger and Bryson 2003). Rapid aboveground regrowth from the rhizomes is stimulated by mowing, disking, burning, or ineffective herbicide treatment (Sajise 1976, Willard et al. 1996, Lippincott 2000). Therefore, rhizomes must be completely killed, leaving no living segments, to achieve eradication. Difficulty in achieving eradication is thought to increase with infestation age as the rhizome mat density and depth increase, although this has not been fully tested. The influence of the soil seed bank on eradication is not a primary concern during local eradication efforts. Prolific numbers of wind-dispersed seeds are produced by cogongrass, but viability is highly variable and declines rapidly after 1 year (Shilling et al. 1997, Dozier et al. 1998). Therefore, seed longevity in the soil seed bank is not a primary concern with regrowth after treatment, whereas spread to nearby mineral soil is a concern. Repeated applications of herbicides, commonly applied in summer to early fall, are required for cogongrass control. Prescribed burning in late winter or early spring preceding treatment is common (Miller 2007b). However, the benefits of burning to eliminate winter thatch have been questioned. Although this approach may allow for more effective herbicide applications early in the spring, burning has been reported to stimulate rhizome initiation and branching, increasing plant density, flowering, and outward spread rates while killing constraining shrubs (Bryson and Carter 1993, Lippincott 2000, Yager et al. 2010). Burning can also produce bare areas favorable for cogongrass seed germination (Yager 2007). Research in Florida and Asia has identified glyphosate, imazapyr, and the combination of these herbicides as the most effective herbicides for controlling cogongrass, although to date, eradication has not been reported even with retreatments (Brook 1989, Willard et al. 1996, 1997). Both glyphosate and imazapyr are readily absorbed by the foliage and translocated to rhizomes (Townson and Butler 1990). Soil-active imazapyr is also absorbed t
有针对性;因此，系统除草剂提供了综合处理方法中最有效的工具之一。Cogongrass叶子直接从芽沿根茎生长，没有地上茎，高度可达1.5 m (Holm et al. 1977; Bryson and Carter 1993)。由于茎的分生组织在地下，所以秋草耐刈割和放牧。尽管在生长季节和冬季，当干茅草仍然存在时，火灾很强烈，但Cogongrass是耐火的(Dozier et al. 1998)。沿根茎的整个长度，在每个节上都有芽，芽间隔1-2厘米。根茎经常分支，形成密集的草席，可以排除大多数其他植被(Ayeni 1985)。根茎缠结可以填满上部土壤超过30厘米深，它们通常占植物总生物量的60%以上，并且它们对某些草籽具有化感作用(Sajise 1976, Koger和Bryson 2003)。通过刈割、盘剥、焚烧或无效除草剂处理，可以促进根茎在地上的快速再生(Sajise 1976, Willard et al. 1996, Lippincott 2000)。因此，根茎必须完全杀死，不留下活的部分，以实现根除。据认为，随着侵染年龄的增长，根茎垫密度和深度的增加，实现根除的难度也会增加，尽管这还没有得到充分的测试。在地方根除工作中，土壤种子库对根除的影响并不是主要关注的问题。风散种子数量丰富，但活力变化很大，1年后迅速下降(Shilling et al. 1997, Dozier et al. 1998)。因此，种子在土壤种子库中的寿命不是处理后再生的主要问题，而传播到附近的矿物土壤则是一个问题。反复施用除草剂，通常在夏季至初秋施用，以控制黄锈草。在冬末或早春治疗前的处方燃烧是常见的(Miller 2007b)。然而，燃烧以消除冬季茅草的好处一直受到质疑。虽然这种方法可以在早春更有效地使用除草剂，但据报道，焚烧可以刺激根茎的形成和分支，增加植物密度，开花和向外传播速度，同时杀死限制性灌木(Bryson和Carter 1993, Lippincott 2000, Yager等人2010)。燃烧也可以产生有利于黄草种子发芽的裸露区域(Yager 2007)。佛罗里达和亚洲的研究已经确定，草甘膦、imazapyr以及这些除草剂的组合是控制红草最有效的除草剂，尽管迄今为止，即使经过重新处理，也没有根除红草的报道(Brook 1989, Willard et al. 1996, 1997)。草甘膦和吡虫啉都很容易被叶片吸收并转移到根茎(Townson和Butler, 1990)。土壤活性imazapyr也通过根吸收(Little and Shaner 1991)，这可能促进更大的控制，尽管通过根茎吸收imazapyr的重要性尚未确定。当单独使用时，imazapyr已被证明比草甘膦更有效(Willard et al. 1996,1997; Ramsey et al. 2003)。Willard等人(1997)发现，与单独使用草甘膦或伊马泽韦相比，不同比例的草甘膦和伊马泽韦联合使用同样有效(3.4千克酸当量/公顷草甘膦或1.1千克酸当量/公顷伊马泽韦)。在他们的研究中，茎部生物量只减少了70%，根茎生物量只减少了39%。佛罗里达州的进一步研究表明，在初冬施用草甘膦(最高9公斤/公顷)或吡唑韦(最高1.1公斤/公顷)的最高率最有效(Shilling等人，1997年，Willard等人，1997年，Ramsey等人，2003年)。然而，没有实现完全控制，这表明需要研究使用这些除草剂的较高比率并重复施用。施用时间和载体体积也会影响除草剂的药效。在佛罗里达州，11月或12月使用草甘膦或吡唑吡虫啉被证明是控制黄草最有效的方法(Shilling等，1997年)。然而，在每年的这个时候，当向北生长时，秋香草通常处于休眠状态，这表明需要在生长季节较短的地区测试更早的应用日期。很少有正式的研究涉及施用量的影响，尽管imazapyr在234 L/ha时比47 L/ha更有效，而草甘膦对施用量的变化没有反应(Willard et al. 1997)。此外，关于草甘膦和伊马扎吡联合使用的最佳施用量的信息也缺乏。我们的总体目标是进一步完善控制佛罗里达州北部各州秋草侵扰的建议。 我们研究的具体目标是:(1)测试草甘膦或伊马扎yr单独使用的比率范围，包括比以前测试的更高的比率，(2)通过测试9月和10月的应用来优化墨西哥湾沿岸平原夏末和初秋的时间，(3)确定草甘膦和伊马扎yr常用组合的最佳施用量，以及(4)在首次应用1年后测试使用相同处理的退田效果。材料和方法研究区域1996年在阿拉巴马州鲍德温县的Bay Minette附近进行了两个实验。这些地点位于中部沿海平原地理省，其中包含了该地区大部分的梧桐草侵扰。Bay Minette位于1911年第一次将秋草引入美国东南部的东北约100公里处(Dickens 1974)。该地区气候温和，平均高温25°C，平均低温13°C，年平均降水量168厘米。研究地点为坡度小于3%的高地。两个样地的初盖度(96% ~ 100%)相似，而树龄、干生物量和平均叶高存在差异。在一个研究点(30°43.732 N, 87°51.475 W)，红草完全覆盖了35年生湿地松(Pinus elliottii Engelm.)的林下。根据土地所有者的说法，虫害已有20多年的历史(简称老虫害)。历史上，该地点每隔一年烧毁一次，1996年2月，大约在我们第一次使用除草剂之前6个月，在1997年2月，在重新处理之前再次被烧毁。研究区内所有林下松苗和大部分灌木均被烧伤致死。第一次处理前9月，草高为0.3 ~ 1.3 m。通过修剪9个随机分布的0.5 m地块，并在70°C烤箱干燥72小时，测定了Cogongrass叶片干生物量，平均为3,170 kg/ha(标准误差为139 kg/ha)。该地点的土壤被归类为Faceville细砂壤土，非常深，排水良好，中等渗透性，热典型的粘土(美国农业部自然资源保护局2010年)。第二个试验是在20 SOUTH两棵火炬松收获和立地准备后形成的相对较新的红草侵染(简称新侵染)中建立的。j:。对。36(1) 2012 (Pinus taeda L.)人工林间距约31 km。在这些人工林中发生了多种不同规模的循环虫害。为了适应同一次侵染的每个试验区，在1个人工林(30°32.537 N, 87°39.331 W)中建立1个试验区，在2个人工林(30°49.180 N, 87°41.944 W)中建立2个试验区。2个人工林均在种植前进行了砍伐后播散焚烧的现场准备，树龄分别为1年和2年。Cogongrass的高度在0.15 ~ 0.3 m之间，明显低于旧病期。根据上述方法，每次侵染3个0.5 m地块测定的铜根草地上生物量为2,861 kg/ha(标准误差为307 kg/ha)。常见的伴生灌木种，稀疏分布在所有块上，是gallberry (Ilex glabra [L.;[A. Gray.])，冬青(Ilex vomitoria Aiton)和蜡桃(Morella cerifera) [L。小)。草本地被植物大部分被秋草取代。这两个人工林内的土壤被归类为湖区壤土细沙，非常深，过度排水，热，包覆的典型石英
{"title":"Use of Glyphosate and Imazapyr for Cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica) Management in Southern Pine Forests","authors":"P. Minogue, J. H. Miller, D. Lauer","doi":"10.5849/SJAF.10-025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5849/SJAF.10-025","url":null,"abstract":"targeted; thus, systemic herbicides offer one of the most effective tools in an integrated treatment approach. Cogongrass leaves grow directly from buds along rhizomes, without aboveground stems, and may reach 1.5 m in height (Holm et al. 1977, Bryson and Carter 1993). Because shoot meristems are below ground, cogongrass is tolerant of mowing and grazing. Cogongrass is fire tolerant, even though fires are intense during both the growing season and the winter, when the dry thatch remains standing (Dozier et al. 1998). Cogongrass rhizomes have buds at each node that are spaced 1–2 cm apart along the entire length of the rhizome. Rhizomes branch frequently, forming dense mats that can exclude most other vegetation (Ayeni 1985). Rhizome entanglements can fill the upper soil to more than 30 cm deep, they typically make up more than 60% of the total plant biomass, and they are allelopathic to some grass seeds (Sajise 1976, Koger and Bryson 2003). Rapid aboveground regrowth from the rhizomes is stimulated by mowing, disking, burning, or ineffective herbicide treatment (Sajise 1976, Willard et al. 1996, Lippincott 2000). Therefore, rhizomes must be completely killed, leaving no living segments, to achieve eradication. Difficulty in achieving eradication is thought to increase with infestation age as the rhizome mat density and depth increase, although this has not been fully tested. The influence of the soil seed bank on eradication is not a primary concern during local eradication efforts. Prolific numbers of wind-dispersed seeds are produced by cogongrass, but viability is highly variable and declines rapidly after 1 year (Shilling et al. 1997, Dozier et al. 1998). Therefore, seed longevity in the soil seed bank is not a primary concern with regrowth after treatment, whereas spread to nearby mineral soil is a concern. Repeated applications of herbicides, commonly applied in summer to early fall, are required for cogongrass control. Prescribed burning in late winter or early spring preceding treatment is common (Miller 2007b). However, the benefits of burning to eliminate winter thatch have been questioned. Although this approach may allow for more effective herbicide applications early in the spring, burning has been reported to stimulate rhizome initiation and branching, increasing plant density, flowering, and outward spread rates while killing constraining shrubs (Bryson and Carter 1993, Lippincott 2000, Yager et al. 2010). Burning can also produce bare areas favorable for cogongrass seed germination (Yager 2007). Research in Florida and Asia has identified glyphosate, imazapyr, and the combination of these herbicides as the most effective herbicides for controlling cogongrass, although to date, eradication has not been reported even with retreatments (Brook 1989, Willard et al. 1996, 1997). Both glyphosate and imazapyr are readily absorbed by the foliage and translocated to rhizomes (Townson and Butler 1990). Soil-active imazapyr is also absorbed t","PeriodicalId":51154,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"36 1","pages":"19-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5849/SJAF.10-025","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70978352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study reports cubic-foot volume yields for particular product definitions from a 25-year-old loblolly pine spacing trial and shows how closely, in the absence of thinning, total and merchantable wood production are linked to initial spacing. Results at the close of the study indicate that (1) high-density plantations can be managed on short rotations for woody biomass production; (2) pulpwood yields can be maximized at a planting density in the neighborhood of 680 trees/ac; (3) the production of solidwood products, without imposing thinning, requires lower establishment densities, with as few as 300 trees/ac planted resulting in a substantial proportion of the total yield recovered as large sawtimber; and (4) a ratio of between-row to within-row planting distances of at least 3:1 does not substantially affect yield production. Considered together, the results of this study suggest that no single planting density is optimal for the wide array of product objectives for which loblolly pine is managed in the South. Rather, managers must select an appropriate planting density in view of the products anticipated at harvest.
{"title":"Rotation-Age Results from a Loblolly Pine Spacing Trial","authors":"R. Amateis, H. Burkhart","doi":"10.5849/SJAF.10-038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5849/SJAF.10-038","url":null,"abstract":"This study reports cubic-foot volume yields for particular product definitions from a 25-year-old loblolly pine spacing trial and shows how closely, in the absence of thinning, total and merchantable wood production are linked to initial spacing. Results at the close of the study indicate that (1) high-density plantations can be managed on short rotations for woody biomass production; (2) pulpwood yields can be maximized at a planting density in the neighborhood of 680 trees/ac; (3) the production of solidwood products, without imposing thinning, requires lower establishment densities, with as few as 300 trees/ac planted resulting in a substantial proportion of the total yield recovered as large sawtimber; and (4) a ratio of between-row to within-row planting distances of at least 3:1 does not substantially affect yield production. Considered together, the results of this study suggest that no single planting density is optimal for the wide array of product objectives for which loblolly pine is managed in the South. Rather, managers must select an appropriate planting density in view of the products anticipated at harvest.","PeriodicalId":51154,"journal":{"name":"Southern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"161 1","pages":"11-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5849/SJAF.10-038","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70978044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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