Modern biomedical research requires access to high quality specimens of human tissue with or without extensive clinical annotation. Multiple types of organizations have developed to supply human tissues to support biomedical research. These organizations follow different models including the specific models of 1) prospective collection, 2) tissue banking, and 3) tissue collection associated with clinical trials as well as the model of 4) a tissue resource that incorporates features of the other models. These types of organizations devoted to supplying tissues for research have chosen different goals to meet the different tissue and informational needs of the investigators to whom they supply tissue. In order to provide high quality tissues to support research, all models should rely on a strong quality assurance program with extensive quality control of the tissues being provided to support research. In addition to facilities which collect, process, store and provide tissues, the need for a rigorous QA program applies to all resources and infrastructures used to support biomedical research. The UAB Tissue Collection and Banking Facility which provides human tissue to support biomedical research has been functioning and developing since 1979. To our knowledge, similar programs in providing tissues from animals are less developed, but could easily follow the models which UAB and other institutions providing human tissues have established, including the approaches of UAB and others to QA and QC. This manuscript reviews the current concepts of QA and QC in use in organizations supplying tissue to support biomedical research as well as new approaches in QA and QC that have been proposed.
{"title":"Quality Assurance in Tissue Resources Supporting Biomedical Research.","authors":"W. Grizzle, Katherine C. Sexton, W. Bell","doi":"10.1089/CPT.2008.9993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/CPT.2008.9993","url":null,"abstract":"Modern biomedical research requires access to high quality specimens of human tissue with or without extensive clinical annotation. Multiple types of organizations have developed to supply human tissues to support biomedical research. These organizations follow different models including the specific models of 1) prospective collection, 2) tissue banking, and 3) tissue collection associated with clinical trials as well as the model of 4) a tissue resource that incorporates features of the other models. These types of organizations devoted to supplying tissues for research have chosen different goals to meet the different tissue and informational needs of the investigators to whom they supply tissue. In order to provide high quality tissues to support research, all models should rely on a strong quality assurance program with extensive quality control of the tissues being provided to support research. In addition to facilities which collect, process, store and provide tissues, the need for a rigorous QA program applies to all resources and infrastructures used to support biomedical research. The UAB Tissue Collection and Banking Facility which provides human tissue to support biomedical research has been functioning and developing since 1979. To our knowledge, similar programs in providing tissues from animals are less developed, but could easily follow the models which UAB and other institutions providing human tissues have established, including the approaches of UAB and others to QA and QC. This manuscript reviews the current concepts of QA and QC in use in organizations supplying tissue to support biomedical research as well as new approaches in QA and QC that have been proposed.","PeriodicalId":51233,"journal":{"name":"Cell Preservation Technology","volume":"6 2 1","pages":"113-118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1089/CPT.2008.9993","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60916146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hsiu-Hung Chen, Edward H Lin, Shelly Heimfeld, Dayong Gao
Light microscopy method offers unique abilities for the determination of membrane transport properties of either single or multiple cells. A stream imaging system composed of a microfluidic device, a charge-coupled device camera, and a microscope has been developed to study the osmotic behavior of multiple cells in response toward their extracellular environment. Cells of interest were first mixed with the desired extracellular medium and streamed into a microchannel. The microchannel confines the movement of the cells in a monolayer and allows cells to move along the flow direction only. The cells then pass through a sensing zone where the images of cells were capable of being captured under a microscope. Using mouse dendritic cells (mDCs) as a model system, the membrane transport properties were investigated. The kinetics volume changes of mDCs under various extracellular conditions at room temperature (22°C) were analyzed using a biophysical model to determine water and cryoprotectant transport properties of the cell membrane. This prototype system directly allows us to observe, trace, capture, and store the sample information in terms of number, concentration, dynamic size, or shape for further analyses and documentations. We believe that the system has the potential of being used as a stand-alone equipment, or integrated into a lab-on-a-chip system, or embedded into commercialized instruments.
{"title":"An Application of Stream Imaging Technique in the Study of Osmotic Behaviors of Multiple Cells.","authors":"Hsiu-Hung Chen, Edward H Lin, Shelly Heimfeld, Dayong Gao","doi":"10.1089/cpt.2008.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/cpt.2008.0002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Light microscopy method offers unique abilities for the determination of membrane transport properties of either single or multiple cells. A stream imaging system composed of a microfluidic device, a charge-coupled device camera, and a microscope has been developed to study the osmotic behavior of multiple cells in response toward their extracellular environment. Cells of interest were first mixed with the desired extracellular medium and streamed into a microchannel. The microchannel confines the movement of the cells in a monolayer and allows cells to move along the flow direction only. The cells then pass through a sensing zone where the images of cells were capable of being captured under a microscope. Using mouse dendritic cells (mDCs) as a model system, the membrane transport properties were investigated. The kinetics volume changes of mDCs under various extracellular conditions at room temperature (22°C) were analyzed using a biophysical model to determine water and cryoprotectant transport properties of the cell membrane. This prototype system directly allows us to observe, trace, capture, and store the sample information in terms of number, concentration, dynamic size, or shape for further analyses and documentations. We believe that the system has the potential of being used as a stand-alone equipment, or integrated into a lab-on-a-chip system, or embedded into commercialized instruments.</p>","PeriodicalId":51233,"journal":{"name":"Cell Preservation Technology","volume":"6 2","pages":"125-132"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1089/cpt.2008.0002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29032318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Pugh, P. Becker, B. Porter, M. Ellisor, A. Moors, S. Wise
ABSTRACT The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) environmental specimen banking system consists of two environmental specimen banks (ESBs): the National Biomonitoring Specimen Bank established in 1979, and the Marine Environmental Specimen Bank established in 2002. Both facilities were specifically designed to store environmental specimens over long periods of time (50–100 years) and in such a way that future researchers could use these specimens to answer questions regarding trends in newly recognized environmental contaminants and verification of past analytical results. The NIST environmental banking system maintains collections of human liver specimens, human blood serum and blood spots, human diet samples, marine sediments, fish tissues, mussels, oysters, marine mammal tissues, and bird eggs and feathers collected as part of several monitoring and research programs supported by the U.S. Government. The NIST environmental banking system emphasizes: (1) carefully designed (and publish...
{"title":"Design and Applications of the National Institute of Standards and Technology's (NIST's) Environmental Specimen Banking Programs","authors":"R. Pugh, P. Becker, B. Porter, M. Ellisor, A. Moors, S. Wise","doi":"10.1089/CPT.2007.0517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/CPT.2007.0517","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) environmental specimen banking system consists of two environmental specimen banks (ESBs): the National Biomonitoring Specimen Bank established in 1979, and the Marine Environmental Specimen Bank established in 2002. Both facilities were specifically designed to store environmental specimens over long periods of time (50–100 years) and in such a way that future researchers could use these specimens to answer questions regarding trends in newly recognized environmental contaminants and verification of past analytical results. The NIST environmental banking system maintains collections of human liver specimens, human blood serum and blood spots, human diet samples, marine sediments, fish tissues, mussels, oysters, marine mammal tissues, and bird eggs and feathers collected as part of several monitoring and research programs supported by the U.S. Government. The NIST environmental banking system emphasizes: (1) carefully designed (and publish...","PeriodicalId":51233,"journal":{"name":"Cell Preservation Technology","volume":"6 1","pages":"59-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1089/CPT.2007.0517","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60914956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. N. Caamaño, Aida Rodríguez, M. Muñoz, C. Frutos, C. Díez, E. Gómez
ABSTRACT Genetic resource banks and assisted reproductive technologies support the conservation of endangered or threatened species. In this study we assessed two procedures to cryopreserve skin biopsies from live brown bears. Skin biopsies were taken from six live, anesthetized brown bears. Single biopsies (n = 3) of each animal were cut into small pieces and assigned to one of the three experimental groups: freezing, vitrification, or untreated fresh. There were no differences on cell attachment. However, both freezing and fresh culture allowed for higher cell proliferation (p < 0.05) and less days to reach 70% to 80% confluence (p < 0.03) than vitrification. Skin biopsies from brown bears can be preserved long term, allowing fibroblasts to proliferate in culture. Slow freezing was effective to cryopreserve skin biopsies from brown bears.
{"title":"Cryopreservation of Brown Bear Skin Biopsies","authors":"J. N. Caamaño, Aida Rodríguez, M. Muñoz, C. Frutos, C. Díez, E. Gómez","doi":"10.1089/CPT.2007.0518","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/CPT.2007.0518","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Genetic resource banks and assisted reproductive technologies support the conservation of endangered or threatened species. In this study we assessed two procedures to cryopreserve skin biopsies from live brown bears. Skin biopsies were taken from six live, anesthetized brown bears. Single biopsies (n = 3) of each animal were cut into small pieces and assigned to one of the three experimental groups: freezing, vitrification, or untreated fresh. There were no differences on cell attachment. However, both freezing and fresh culture allowed for higher cell proliferation (p < 0.05) and less days to reach 70% to 80% confluence (p < 0.03) than vitrification. Skin biopsies from brown bears can be preserved long term, allowing fibroblasts to proliferate in culture. Slow freezing was effective to cryopreserve skin biopsies from brown bears.","PeriodicalId":51233,"journal":{"name":"Cell Preservation Technology","volume":"6 1","pages":"83-86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1089/CPT.2007.0518","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60915137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
1 WITH THIS ISSUE the Journal begins a partnership with the Institute for Problems of Cryobiology & Cryomedicine of the National Academy of Sciences of the Ukraine, which entails the publication of the abstracts from the annual conference of young scientists. The conference, traditionally titled “Cold in Biology and Medicine,” features the work of post-graduate students and young scientists from a diversity of regional institutions. The two-day conference is held mutually with the UNESCO Chair in Cryobiology, and the reports are published in the Problems of Cryobiology journal. The Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine of the National Academy of Sciences of the Ukraine was organized in 1972 with two laboratories, the Institute of Low Temperature Physics and Engineering of the National Academy of Sciences of the USSR and the Research and Development Laboratory for Low Temperature Preservation of Bone Marrow and Blood at Kharkov Institute for Physicians Advanced Training. The Institute is structured uniquely to integrate both the physical and biological aspects of low temperature biology. The Institute is the largest in the world focused on “problems in cryobiology and cryomedicine.” It has a staff of 326, including 19 doctors of sciences and 116 candidates of sciences. Dr. Valentin I. Grischenko of the National Academy of Sciences of the Ukraine is the head of the Institute. The major research interests of the varied scientific departments of the Institute include:
本期杂志开始与乌克兰国家科学院低温生物学和低温医学问题研究所合作，发表青年科学家年度会议的摘要。该会议传统上以“生物学和医学中的寒冷”为主题，以来自不同地区机构的研究生和年轻科学家的工作为特色。为期两天的会议与联合国教科文组织低温生物学主席共同举行，报告发表在《低温生物学问题》杂志上。乌克兰国家科学院低温生物学和低温医学问题研究所成立于1972年，有两个实验室，即苏联国家科学院低温物理和工程研究所和哈尔科夫医生高级培训研究所的骨髓和血液低温保存研究和发展实验室。该研究所的结构独特，将低温生物学的物理和生物方面结合起来。该研究所是世界上最大的专注于“低温生物学和低温医学问题”的研究所。现有教职工326人，其中理学博士19人，理学研究生116人。乌克兰国家科学院的Valentin I. Grischenko博士是该研究所的负责人。研究所各科学部门的主要研究兴趣包括:
{"title":"ISBER: Best Practices for Repositories and Trends at the Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Medicine","authors":"J. Baust","doi":"10.1089/CPT.2008.9996","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/CPT.2008.9996","url":null,"abstract":"1 WITH THIS ISSUE the Journal begins a partnership with the Institute for Problems of Cryobiology & Cryomedicine of the National Academy of Sciences of the Ukraine, which entails the publication of the abstracts from the annual conference of young scientists. The conference, traditionally titled “Cold in Biology and Medicine,” features the work of post-graduate students and young scientists from a diversity of regional institutions. The two-day conference is held mutually with the UNESCO Chair in Cryobiology, and the reports are published in the Problems of Cryobiology journal. The Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine of the National Academy of Sciences of the Ukraine was organized in 1972 with two laboratories, the Institute of Low Temperature Physics and Engineering of the National Academy of Sciences of the USSR and the Research and Development Laboratory for Low Temperature Preservation of Bone Marrow and Blood at Kharkov Institute for Physicians Advanced Training. The Institute is structured uniquely to integrate both the physical and biological aspects of low temperature biology. The Institute is the largest in the world focused on “problems in cryobiology and cryomedicine.” It has a staff of 326, including 19 doctors of sciences and 116 candidates of sciences. Dr. Valentin I. Grischenko of the National Academy of Sciences of the Ukraine is the head of the Institute. The major research interests of the varied scientific departments of the Institute include:","PeriodicalId":51233,"journal":{"name":"Cell Preservation Technology","volume":"6 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1089/CPT.2008.9996","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60916206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Transformation of B cells by Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is used by the CCR at Coriell Institute for Medical Research to produce renewable cell lines and DNA to further genomic and proteomic studies of inherited and complex diseases alike. Optimal and efficient transformation requires an accurate assessment of the titer of the virus in each virus preparation. However, current methods to determine EBV titer assess transformation efficiency using large-scale biological assays ending in the establishment of lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). This method determines the virus dilution capable of producing LCL outgrowth but does not determine virion number and optimal dilution will vary with the preparation. Therefore, we developed a real-time PCR method to detect and quantify EBV DNA. In addition to quantifying the titer of the viral supernatants, we evaluated both the biological activity of the viral dilutions as measured by LCL outgrowth and the use of diluted EBV viral stocks to transform previously fr...
{"title":"Quantitative Analysis of Epstein-Barr Virus Supernatant by Real-Time PCR Assay","authors":"Karen Fecenko-Tacka, Laura Schina, C. Beiswanger","doi":"10.1089/CPT.2007.0515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/CPT.2007.0515","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Transformation of B cells by Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is used by the CCR at Coriell Institute for Medical Research to produce renewable cell lines and DNA to further genomic and proteomic studies of inherited and complex diseases alike. Optimal and efficient transformation requires an accurate assessment of the titer of the virus in each virus preparation. However, current methods to determine EBV titer assess transformation efficiency using large-scale biological assays ending in the establishment of lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). This method determines the virus dilution capable of producing LCL outgrowth but does not determine virion number and optimal dilution will vary with the preparation. Therefore, we developed a real-time PCR method to detect and quantify EBV DNA. In addition to quantifying the titer of the viral supernatants, we evaluated both the biological activity of the viral dilutions as measured by LCL outgrowth and the use of diluted EBV viral stocks to transform previously fr...","PeriodicalId":51233,"journal":{"name":"Cell Preservation Technology","volume":"6 1","pages":"73-81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1089/CPT.2007.0515","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60914910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Approaches to Improving Biospecimen Quality Through Research","authors":"J. Vaught, M. Cosentino","doi":"10.1089/CPT.2007.9986","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/CPT.2007.9986","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51233,"journal":{"name":"Cell Preservation Technology","volume":"5 1","pages":"178-179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1089/CPT.2007.9986","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60915471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Biorepositories are tasked with the care and storage of priceless collections of biological specimens. Critical to the success of biorepository operations is the safe, secure, viable storage of the specimens entrusted to its care. The primary means by which this is accomplished is to ensure proper function of ultralow freezers. For a large biorepository this involves the tracking and monitoring of hundreds of freezers. Biorepository procedures typically require recording of the temperature of each freezer on a daily basis. At the Central Repository of the National Cancer Institute in Frederick, Maryland, temperature monitoring has been taken one step further. New procedures utilize the in-house 24-h temperature monitoring system to produce daily printouts of the fluctuation of temperature with time. These graphs are reviewed, and based upon an understanding of freezer compressor cycles are used to identify potential problems with freezer function. These new procedures, which can be used to predict failure...
{"title":"The Use of Compressor Cycle Patterns: The Ability to Predict Freezer Failure","authors":"K. Groover, K. Drew, J. Franke","doi":"10.1089/CPT.2007.0510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/CPT.2007.0510","url":null,"abstract":"Biorepositories are tasked with the care and storage of priceless collections of biological specimens. Critical to the success of biorepository operations is the safe, secure, viable storage of the specimens entrusted to its care. The primary means by which this is accomplished is to ensure proper function of ultralow freezers. For a large biorepository this involves the tracking and monitoring of hundreds of freezers. Biorepository procedures typically require recording of the temperature of each freezer on a daily basis. At the Central Repository of the National Cancer Institute in Frederick, Maryland, temperature monitoring has been taken one step further. New procedures utilize the in-house 24-h temperature monitoring system to produce daily printouts of the fluctuation of temperature with time. These graphs are reviewed, and based upon an understanding of freezer compressor cycles are used to identify potential problems with freezer function. These new procedures, which can be used to predict failure...","PeriodicalId":51233,"journal":{"name":"Cell Preservation Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":"225-228"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1089/CPT.2007.0510","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60914859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wen Shao, M. García-Closas, J. Alguacil, N. Rothman, A. Schatzkin, J. Vaught, A. Sigurdson, M. Cosentino
A standard mouthwash protocol (a single 10-mL swish of mouthwash for 45 sec) was modified in an attempt to increase the amount of human buccal cell DNA per collection and to reduce the percentage of low yielding human DNA collections (<4 μg). A group of 22 healthy individuals donated a buccal sample each week for several weeks according to the standard protocol without or with one of the following modifications: (1) decreasing the volume of mouthwash, (2) having participants externally rub or not rub their cheeks before donating a specimen, (3) donating two consecutive specimens at each collection, (4) substituting saline for mouthwash, and (5) having individuals expectorate into mouthwash. There was no significant difference in the amount of human DNA collected when 10 mL or 5 mL of mouthwash was used. Externally rubbing cheeks before donating did not significantly alter the amount of human DNA collected, regardless of whether it was one or two donations. Addition of a second donation resulted in 24% to ...
{"title":"Modifications to a Standard Buccal Collection Protocol: Effects on Human DNA Yield","authors":"Wen Shao, M. García-Closas, J. Alguacil, N. Rothman, A. Schatzkin, J. Vaught, A. Sigurdson, M. Cosentino","doi":"10.1089/CPT.2007.0512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/CPT.2007.0512","url":null,"abstract":"A standard mouthwash protocol (a single 10-mL swish of mouthwash for 45 sec) was modified in an attempt to increase the amount of human buccal cell DNA per collection and to reduce the percentage of low yielding human DNA collections (<4 μg). A group of 22 healthy individuals donated a buccal sample each week for several weeks according to the standard protocol without or with one of the following modifications: (1) decreasing the volume of mouthwash, (2) having participants externally rub or not rub their cheeks before donating a specimen, (3) donating two consecutive specimens at each collection, (4) substituting saline for mouthwash, and (5) having individuals expectorate into mouthwash. There was no significant difference in the amount of human DNA collected when 10 mL or 5 mL of mouthwash was used. Externally rubbing cheeks before donating did not significantly alter the amount of human DNA collected, regardless of whether it was one or two donations. Addition of a second donation resulted in 24% to ...","PeriodicalId":51233,"journal":{"name":"Cell Preservation Technology","volume":"5 1","pages":"216-224"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1089/CPT.2007.0512","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60914882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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