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Optimum economic operation of coordinated power system based on turbulent water flow optimization 基于湍流水流优化的协调电力系统最优经济运行
IF 3.9 4区 工程技术 Q2 Chemical Engineering Pub Date : 2022-11-29 DOI: 10.1080/15567249.2022.2147605
V. Sakthivel, K. Thirumal, P. Sathya, S. Seenivasan, R. Shivakumar
ABSTRACT Owing to increase in power demand, generation costs and environmental anxieties, renewable energy needs to be utilized to conserve energy and to reduce atmospheric pollutants. This study aims to present a new physics inspired metaheuristic algorithm, turbulent water flow optimization (TWFO) for scheduling the power generation of hydrothermal power systems incorporating with pumped storage units (PSU). TWFO is inspired by a natural phenomenon of action of whirlpools in water bodies. Different characteristics of power plants including valve point effect, transmission losses and multiple fuel sources are considered. A heuristic constraint handling mechanism is embedded in the proposed method to satisfy all the equality and inequality constraints. To exemplify the effectiveness of the TWFO, the proposed method has been validated on three coordinated power generation scheduling problems with different characteristics, and compared with particle swarm optimization, sine cosine algorithm, Harris hawks optimization, and other state-of-the-art techniques in the literature. Numerical results clearly signify that the TWFO is competent to obtain superior solutions than the other compared approaches, both in the quality of the solutions and the rate of convergence. Moreover, the fuel cost attained by the TWFO addressing PSU is lesser than that without addressing PSU. The proposed work ensures the economic operation of coordinated power system and increases the renewable energy utilization.
由于电力需求的增加、发电成本的增加以及对环境的担忧,人们需要利用可再生能源来节约能源和减少大气污染物。本文提出了一种新的物理启发的元启发式算法——湍流水流优化(TWFO),用于与抽水蓄能机组(PSU)合并的热液发电系统的发电调度。TWFO的灵感来自于水体中漩涡的自然现象。考虑了电厂的不同特性,包括阀点效应、传输损耗和多种燃料源。在该方法中嵌入了启发式约束处理机制,以满足所有的等式和不等式约束。为了验证TWFO算法的有效性,将该方法应用于三个具有不同特征的协调发电调度问题,并与粒子群优化、正弦余弦算法、哈里斯鹰优化等文献中最先进的技术进行了比较。数值结果清楚地表明,TWFO方法在解的质量和收敛速度上都优于其他比较方法。此外,寻址PSU的TWFO比不寻址PSU的燃料成本更低。所提出的工作保证了协调电力系统的经济运行,提高了可再生能源的利用率。
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引用次数: 1
Oil extraction and crude oil price behavior in the United States: a fractional integration and cointegration analysis 美国石油开采和原油价格行为:分数积分和协整分析
IF 3.9 4区 工程技术 Q2 Chemical Engineering Pub Date : 2022-11-29 DOI: 10.1080/15567249.2022.2149900
M. Monge, Enrique Cristobal, L. Gil‐Alana, Ana Lazcano
ABSTRACT This study reviews the relationship between the different types of oil extraction such as horizontal drilling or fracking, or directional drilling, which is a hybrid between vertical and horizontal, on the behavior of West Texas Intermediate crude oil prices. In doing so the study adds a new dimension to the literature on the relationship between oil price and extraction techniques. The analysis is based on statistical properties using the VAR model of Fractional Cointegration, reflecting evidence of cointegration between the series, and indicating a long-term equilibrium relationship. In addition, we apply the wavelet transform to analyze the structural changes in the price of West Texas Intermediate brought about by changes in drilling technology. Our results show that all three forms of extraction and West Texas Intermediate prices reach high levels of correlation, particularly around 2014. We conclude that a decrease in production based on any form of crude oil extraction leads to an increase in the price of crude oil.
摘要本研究综述了不同类型的采油方式,如水平钻井或水力压裂,或定向钻井,这是一种垂直和水平的混合,对西德克萨斯中质原油价格走势的影响。在此过程中,该研究为有关石油价格与开采技术之间关系的文献增加了一个新的维度。分析是基于统计性质使用VAR模型的分数协整,反映了序列之间的协整的证据,并表明一个长期的均衡关系。此外,应用小波变换分析了钻井技术变化对西德克萨斯中质原油价格的结构性影响。我们的研究结果表明,所有三种开采形式与西德克萨斯中质原油价格都达到了很高的相关性,特别是在2014年左右。我们的结论是,基于任何形式的原油开采的产量减少都会导致原油价格上涨。
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引用次数: 1
Technology import modes, environmental regulation types and total factor energy efficiency 技术进口方式、环境规制类型与全要素能效
IF 3.9 4区 工程技术 Q2 Chemical Engineering Pub Date : 2022-11-13 DOI: 10.1080/15567249.2022.2141374
Shuangshuang Li, Xin Miao, Enhui Feng, Yiqun Liu, Yanhong Tang
ABSTRACT This paper examines the mediating roles of different modes of technology import on the relationship between environmental regulations (ERs) and total factor energy efficiency (TFEE) by using the data of 30 provinces of China from 2008 to 2019. Based on the Porter hypothesis, this work reveals that different modes of technology import can be driven by different environmental regulation types, including command-control environmental regulation (CCER) and market-incentive environmental regulation (MIER), which have different impacts on TFEE. By distinguishing technology imports into the purchases of foreign technology (POFT) and the imitations of foreign technology (IOFT), the results show that CCER and MIER induce corporate executives to focus on POFT, resulting in sluggishness in self-innovation and accordingly undermining TFEE. The MIER shifts corporate executives’ attention on IOFT, inspiring them to focus on re-innovation, and is beneficial for improving TFEE. Additionally, this research finds that technology absorption capacity (TAC) can blunt the negative relationship between POFT and TFEE, as well as strengthen IOFT’s positive effect on TFEE. This research unearths the roles of different technology import modes and environmental regulation modes on TFEE. It also uncovers the role of TAC as a moderator for improving TFEE within the context of technology import. It offers a new dialogue perspective about the effects of environmental regulation types on green development, and contributes to the porter hypothesis literature by incorporating the missing technology import factors into the theory, and also provides managerial and policy implications.
本文利用2008 - 2019年中国30个省份的数据,研究了不同技术进口模式对环境法规与全要素能源效率关系的中介作用。基于波特假设,本研究揭示了不同的技术进口模式可以被不同的环境管制类型驱动,包括命令控制型环境管制(CCER)和市场激励型环境管制(MIER),它们对TFEE有不同的影响。通过将技术引进与外国技术引进区分开来,结果表明,CCER和MIER诱导企业高管关注外国技术引进,导致企业自主创新乏力,进而削弱企业自主创新能力。MIER将企业高管的注意力转移到IOFT上,激励他们关注再创新,有利于提高TFEE。此外,本研究发现技术吸收能力(TAC)可以减弱POFT与TFEE之间的负向关系,并增强IOFT对TFEE的正向作用。研究揭示了不同的技术引进方式和环境规制方式对TFEE的影响。它还揭示了在技术进口的背景下,技术咨询在提高技术费用方面的调节作用。它为环境规制类型对绿色发展的影响提供了一个新的对话视角,并通过将缺失的技术进口因素纳入理论,为波特假设文献做出了贡献,并提供了管理和政策启示。
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引用次数: 1
Strategic pathways to combating remittance-induced carbon emissions; the imperatives of renewable energy, structural transformations, urbanization and human development 打击汇款引起的碳排放的战略途径;可再生能源、结构转型、城市化和人类发展的必要性
IF 3.9 4区 工程技术 Q2 Chemical Engineering Pub Date : 2022-11-07 DOI: 10.1080/15567249.2022.2141375
E. Uche
ABSTRACT Remittances are notable environmental quality (EQ) determinant, but their precise effect remains contextual. Moreover, it is still unclear how factors such as renewable energy consumption, structural transformations, urbanization processes and human capital development moderate the remittance-EQ nexus, particularly in countries with the highest share of remittances to gross domestic product. Thus, with annual panel series over 1990–2019 from the top twenty-one countries in such category and estimates of robust panel estimators, including the pool-mean group, dynamic cross-section autoregressive distributed lag (PMG and CS ARDL) and panel nonlinear (PNARDL), the following fresh empirical narratives subsist: (i) The enlisted panel series coevolve with EQ in the long term. (ii) Remittance is an all-time pollution enabler when the other explanatory variables were held constant. (iii) When the moderating variables were incorporated, the influence of remittances on EQ became insignificant (PMG and CS ARDL) and less severe (PNARDL) (iii) Renewable energy consumption and human capital development possess significant EQ enhancing attributes mostly in the long run, while structural transformations and urbanization promote pollution significantly. Instructively, the optimal pathway is not discouraging remittance inflows; rather, greater proportions of remittances should be invested in renewable energy and human capital. Likewise, it is essential to reappraise the subsisting structural arrangements and urbanization processes to make them answerable to sustainable development goals.
汇款是显著的环境质量(EQ)决定因素,但其确切影响仍取决于环境。此外,目前尚不清楚可再生能源消费、结构转型、城市化进程和人力资本发展等因素如何缓和汇款与情商之间的联系,特别是在汇款占国内生产总值比重最高的国家。因此,利用1990-2019年间来自该类别前21个国家的年度面板序列,以及对稳健面板估计器(包括池均值组、动态截面自回归分布滞后(PMG和CS ARDL)和面板非线性(PNARDL)的估计,可以得出以下新的经验叙述:(i)所列面板序列在长期内与EQ共同进化。当其他解释变量保持不变时,汇款是造成污染的一个因素。(3)当引入调节变量后,汇款对EQ的影响变得不显著(PMG和CS ARDL),而不那么严重(PNARDL)。(3)可再生能源消费和人力资本开发具有显著的EQ增强属性,主要是在长期,而结构转型和城市化显著促进污染。具有指导意义的是,最佳途径不是阻止汇款流入;相反,更大比例的汇款应该投资于可再生能源和人力资本。同样,必须重新评价现有的结构安排和城市化进程,使其符合可持续发展目标。
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引用次数: 6
The effect of solar energy production on financial development and economic growth: Evidence from 11 selected countries 太阳能生产对金融发展和经济增长的影响:来自11个选定国家的证据
IF 3.9 4区 工程技术 Q2 Chemical Engineering Pub Date : 2022-11-02 DOI: 10.1080/15567249.2022.2141377
Betül Altay Topcu, M. Doğan
ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of solar energy production on financial development and economic growth in 11 leading countries in solar energy production over the period 2000–2019. The results of the analysis indicated that solar energy production had a positive and significant impact on financial development, however, not on economic growth. It was found that the impacts of capital and direct investment variables on financial development and economic growth were positive and significant. According to Dumitrescu-Hurlin’s causality test results, a bidirectional causality relationship was determined to exist between solar energy production and financial development. Furthermore, a unidirectional causality relationship running from economic growth to solar energy production was detected. In this context, the analysis results confirmed the conservation hypothesis. The results could be a guide on solar energy production policies. By considering the impacts of solar energy production on financial development and economic growth, more effective policy decisions could be made.
本研究的目的是研究2000-2019年期间太阳能生产对11个太阳能生产大国金融发展和经济增长的影响。分析结果表明,太阳能生产对金融发展有显著的积极影响,但对经济增长没有积极影响。研究发现,资本和直接投资变量对金融发展和经济增长的影响是显著的。根据dumitrescuo - hurlin的因果检验结果,确定太阳能生产与金融发展之间存在双向因果关系。此外,从经济增长到太阳能生产的单向因果关系被发现。在这种情况下,分析结果证实了守恒假设。研究结果可以作为太阳能生产政策的指南。通过考虑太阳能生产对金融发展和经济增长的影响,可以制定更有效的政策决策。
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引用次数: 6
The puzzle of energy efficiency in Turkey: combining a multiple criteria decision making and the time series analysis 土耳其能源效率的难题:结合多标准决策和时间序列分析
IF 3.9 4区 工程技术 Q2 Chemical Engineering Pub Date : 2022-10-21 DOI: 10.1080/15567249.2022.2136791
Salih Çam, Ali Samet Karataş, Kenan Lopcu
ABSTRACT Enhancing energy efficiency is important for sustainable economic development and environmental-related issues such as carbon emissions. Therefore, measuring energy efficiency is crucial for countries to achieve economic and environmental objectives. In this study, we utilize the TOPSIS method with the intent of monitoring the energy efficiency of Turkey from the 1980 to 2018 period. Several variables such as renewable and nonrenewable energy consumption, GDP, labor force, and capital stock are employed in calculating energy efficiency scores. Thereafter, we analyze the long-term, symmetric and asymmetric effects of some contextual variables such as capital stock-labor force ratio, renewable energy consumption-total energy consumption ratio, and carbon emission-total energy consumption ratio on energy efficiency via ARDL and nonlinear ARDL models. Results from the linear model indicate that an increase in the renewable energy consumption-total energy consumption ratio and capital stock-labor force ratio increase the energy efficiency. In contrast, an increase in the carbon emission-total energy consumption ratio decreases it. The nonlinear ARDL model, on the other hand, signals asymmetric effects in the long-run but not in the short-run.
提高能源效率对于经济可持续发展和碳排放等环境相关问题具有重要意义。因此,衡量能源效率对各国实现经济和环境目标至关重要。在本研究中,我们利用TOPSIS方法监测土耳其1980年至2018年期间的能源效率。在计算能源效率得分时,采用了可再生和不可再生能源消耗、GDP、劳动力和资本存量等几个变量。在此基础上,通过ARDL模型和非线性ARDL模型分析了资本存量-劳动力比、可再生能源消费-总能源消费比、碳排放-总能源消费比等背景变量对能源效率的长期、对称和非对称影响。线性模型的结果表明,可再生能源消费与总能源消费之比和资本存量劳动力之比的增加会提高能源效率。相反,碳排放-总能耗比的增加使其降低。另一方面,非线性的ARDL模型表明了长期而非短期的不对称效应。
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引用次数: 1
Does the audit quality affect the financing efficiency of photovoltaic enterprises? Evidence from listed companies in China 审计质量是否影响光伏企业的融资效率?来自中国上市公司的证据
IF 3.9 4区 工程技术 Q2 Chemical Engineering Pub Date : 2022-10-20 DOI: 10.1080/15567249.2022.2136792
Ming Pang, Y. Zhang, Ruimin Zhang, Ke Hou
ABSTRACT The Photovoltaic industry promotes the transformation of China’s energy structure to green and low-carbon, which is of great significance to achieve the goal of “Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality.” At present, the industry is mainly faced with problems such as the drastic reduction of government subsidies and the difficulty of financing. From the perspective of independent auditing, our paper takes 54 A-share listed photovoltaic companies in China from 2011 to 2020 as the research object to study the impact of audit quality on financing efficiency, and the role of agency costs in the relationship between audit quality and financing efficiency.The results show that audit quality is positively related to financing efficiency. For every 1% increase in audit quality, the financing efficiency will increase by 13%. In addition, agency cost plays an intermediary role between audit quality and financing efficiency. For every 1% increase in audit quality, agency cost can be reduced by 34% and financing efficiency can be increased by 25%.
光伏产业推动了中国能源结构向绿色低碳转型,对实现“碳调峰、碳中和”目标具有重要意义。目前,该行业主要面临政府补贴大幅减少、融资难等问题。本文从独立审计的视角出发,以2011 - 2020年中国54家a股光伏上市公司为研究对象,研究审计质量对融资效率的影响,以及代理成本在审计质量与融资效率关系中的作用。结果表明,审计质量与融资效率正相关。审计质量每提高1%,融资效率将提高13%。此外,代理成本在审计质量与融资效率之间起中介作用。审计质量每提高1%,代理成本可降低34%,融资效率可提高25%。
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引用次数: 1
The interplay between financial development, electricity consumption and foreign direct investment in the GCC countries: new insights from GMM panel VAR 海湾合作委员会国家金融发展、电力消费和外国直接投资之间的相互作用:来自GMM面板VAR的新见解
IF 3.9 4区 工程技术 Q2 Chemical Engineering Pub Date : 2022-10-20 DOI: 10.1080/15567249.2022.2136875
Hichem Saidi, G. Montasser, Nadia Doytch
ABSTRACT Over the past years, the economies of the Gulf Cooperation Countries (GCC) countries, which hold a large of the world in oil and gas exports, have suffered from dramatic declines in oil prices. This has put pressure on their policymakers to seek relief from their heavy dependence on natural resources and diversify their exports. At the same time, the GCC countries have high electricity consumption due to their severe climatic conditions. This has prompted their policymakers to consider the inevitable shift to environmentally friendly resources for electricity generation. Foreign direct investment, facilitated by the financial systems of these countries, may play an important role in achieving the above objectives. Therefore, the objectives of our paper are to investigate the relationship between foreign direct investment, electricity consumption, and financial development in GCC countries using a novel GMM-Panel VAR approach. Data are observed from 1990 to 2019. We find bidirectional causality between foreign direct investment and financial development and two unidirectional paths: one from electricity consumption to foreign direct investment and from financial development to electricity consumption. In addition, we observe negative and significant responses of financial development to shocks in electricity consumption. Our results can have a double interpretation. First, they provide an overview of the interactions between the variables studied, whose evolution may be prognosticated with the analysis of shocks resulting from the methodology adopted in our paper. This is serviceable given the recurrent turbulence in the international financial markets and the incessant perturbations in the prices of energy commodities, visually examined especially in recent years. Second, our empirical findings are useful for policymakers willing to have earlier diagnoses for policies strengthening renewable energy use in these countries. Our results can be seen on the side of this objective. The quite developed financial system in these countries may play, indeed, an important role in encouraging the FDI installation in the field of renewable energy.
在过去的几年里,海湾合作国家(GCC)国家的经济受到油价大幅下跌的影响,这些国家拥有世界上大部分的石油和天然气出口。这给他们的政策制定者施加了压力,要求他们减轻对自然资源的严重依赖,并使出口多样化。与此同时,由于气候条件恶劣,海湾合作委员会国家的用电量很高。这促使他们的政策制定者考虑不可避免地转向环保的发电资源。在这些国家的金融制度的推动下,外国直接投资可以在实现上述目标方面发挥重要作用。因此,本文的目的是利用一种新颖的GMM-Panel VAR方法来研究海湾合作委员会国家的外国直接投资、电力消费和金融发展之间的关系。数据观测时间为1990年至2019年。我们发现外商直接投资与金融发展之间存在双向因果关系,并有两条单向路径:一条是从电力消费到外商直接投资,一条是从金融发展到电力消费。此外,我们观察到金融发展对电力消费冲击的负面和显著反应。我们的结果可以有双重解释。首先,它们概述了所研究变量之间的相互作用,这些变量的演变可以通过分析我们论文中采用的方法产生的冲击来预测。鉴于国际金融市场的反复动荡和能源商品价格的不断动荡,特别是近年来的目测情况,这是可行的。其次,我们的实证研究结果有助于决策者更早地诊断这些国家加强可再生能源使用的政策。我们的结果可以从这个目标的侧面看出来。事实上,这些国家相当发达的金融制度可能在鼓励外国直接投资在可再生能源领域的安装方面发挥重要作用。
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引用次数: 0
An integrated mixed integer linear programming model for resilient and sustainable natural gas supply chain 弹性可持续天然气供应链的综合混合整数线性规划模型
IF 3.9 4区 工程技术 Q2 Chemical Engineering Pub Date : 2022-10-03 DOI: 10.1080/15567249.2022.2118901
Scholastica N. Emenike, A. Ioannou, G. Falcone
ABSTRACT Disruptions in the natural gas supply chain result in reduced throughput and associated emissions and losses, causing significant economic, environmental, and social impacts. Therefore, it is crucial to design supply chains that are resilient and sustainable to prevent or reduce the effects of disruptions. This paper proposes a novel Mixed-Integer Linear Programming model, which optimizes the natural gas supply chain in terms of resilience and sustainability, by examining the impact of an additional workflow design (contingency pipeline) located between the shutdown inlet and outlet nodes in the transmission echelon. The model is applied to a “real world” case, using data collected from gas companies operating in Nigeria. Both steady and transient states of the system are examined in this study through a set of scenarios. The best final solution was found to yield 93.6% performance increase when compared to target throughput and 63% performance increase with the introduction of the contingency when compared with the baseline scenario.
天然气供应链的中断会导致吞吐量降低、相关排放和损失减少,对经济、环境和社会造成重大影响。因此,设计具有弹性和可持续性的供应链以防止或减少中断的影响至关重要。本文提出了一种新的混合整数线性规划模型,该模型通过检查位于传输梯队中停机进口和出口节点之间的额外工作流设计(应急管道)的影响,从弹性和可持续性方面优化天然气供应链。该模型应用于“现实世界”的一个案例,使用了从尼日利亚运营的天然气公司收集的数据。在本研究中,系统的稳态和瞬态都通过一组场景进行了检验。我们发现,与目标吞吐量相比,最佳最终解决方案的性能提高了93.6%,与基线场景相比,引入偶然性后的性能提高了63%。
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引用次数: 0
Social acceptance, sources of inequality, and autonomy issues toward sustainable energy transition 可持续能源转型的社会接受度、不平等的来源和自主性问题
IF 3.9 4区 工程技术 Q2 Chemical Engineering Pub Date : 2022-09-27 DOI: 10.1080/15567249.2022.2121383
H. Doukas, G. P. Trachanas
The global energy and climate agenda has been progressing fast, going through different stages and coevolved with scientific advancements (Nikas et al. 2021). In order to reach carbon neutrality, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Shukla et al. 2022), clearly states the importance of a multi-pronged approach based, among others, on: phasing out fossil fuels, using renewable energy sources and improving energy efficiency for both supply and demand (Salvia et al. 2021). Despite the beneficiary impact of the transition to cleaner energy, there are various idiosyncratic effects which should also be treated, not only technical, but of social, economic, and political nature (Marinakis et al. 2020). Implementation of appropriate energy policies necessitates the understanding of the level of their social acceptance. Technology and social conflicts may have mutual effects, entailing the potential rejection of technologies and projects by the general public. Therefore, it is important to acquire further knowledge on the components of social acceptance to promote policies and projects implementation toward improving community welfare. To meet sustainability goals, numerous policies have focused on the overall electricity demand. In this direction, the issue of inequality in electricity consumption has attracted growing concerns. In this spirit, investigating the factors affecting electricity consumption is fundamental toward (a) understanding households’ inability to maintain adequate levels of energy and (b) alleviating energy poverty in general (Doukas and Marinakis 2020). At technical level, the integration of renewable energy will be a crucial feature of energy systems, which entails a deep understanding of energy networks (Taylor et al. 2022). In this context, there is a growing debate concerning the role of decentralized and distributed solutions. It is therefore required to formulate evaluation methods that allow cooperation among the different factors toward promoting local energy transition solutions (Ha and Kumar 2021). Moreover, in addition to the established solutions of the solar and wind industry, the focus can also be directed toward the development of less conventional solutions such as the geothermal energy projects. The present Special Issue of the Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems 2020 Conference (SDEWES2020) aims to contribute to the debate on the aforementioned subjects, as well as to the analysis of the effective policies toward a well-established transition of the energy sector.
全球能源和气候议程进展迅速,经历了不同的阶段,并与科学进步共同发展(Nikas et al. 2021)。为了实现碳中和,政府间气候变化专门委员会(Shukla et al. 2022)明确指出了多管齐下的重要性,其中包括:逐步淘汰化石燃料,使用可再生能源,提高供需双方的能源效率(Salvia et al. 2021)。尽管向清洁能源过渡带来了受益者的影响,但也有各种特殊的影响,不仅是技术上的,而且是社会、经济和政治性质的(Marinakis et al. 2020)。执行适当的能源政策必须了解其社会接受程度。技术和社会冲突可能相互影响,导致技术和项目可能被公众拒绝。因此,重要的是进一步了解社会接受的组成部分,以促进政策和项目的实施,以改善社区福利。为了实现可持续发展目标,许多政策都侧重于总体电力需求。在这个方向上,电力消费不平等的问题引起了越来越多的关注。本着这种精神,调查影响电力消费的因素对于(a)了解家庭无法维持足够的能源水平和(b)普遍减轻能源贫困至关重要(Doukas和Marinakis 2020)。在技术层面,可再生能源的整合将是能源系统的一个关键特征,这需要对能源网络的深刻理解(Taylor et al. 2022)。在这种情况下,关于分散和分布式解决方案的作用的争论越来越多。因此,需要制定评估方法,允许不同因素之间的合作,以促进当地的能源转型解决方案(Ha和Kumar 2021)。此外,除了太阳能和风能工业的既定解决方案外,还可以将重点放在开发不太传统的解决方案上,例如地热能项目。2020年能源、水和环境系统可持续发展会议(SDEWES2020)的本期特刊旨在促进对上述主题的辩论,并分析实现能源部门成熟转型的有效政策。
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引用次数: 1
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