Pub Date : 2022-06-21DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-35.2.143
Nazemi Mohammad
Abstract : People had considered time as an absolute phenomenon for centuries when, for the first time, Einstein in 1905 criticized the absolute essence of time by introducing “relativity.” One of the byproducts of relativity is the possibility of time traveling. Although being only theoretically possible for now, time traveling has become an attractive subject for physicists and philosophers and so has offering resolutions to avoid various paradoxes related to time travelers. One of the most famous paradoxes related to time traveling is the grandfather paradox. In this paper, a few ideas about the possibility of time traveling and avoiding related paradoxes are reviewed, and a new window is opened through which the “grandfather” paradox for a time traveler who retrogresses to the past is investigated and discussed. This perspective tries not to solve the paradox but to deny it.
{"title":"Grandfather paradox from a new perspective","authors":"Nazemi Mohammad","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-35.2.143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-35.2.143","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Abstract : People had considered time as an absolute phenomenon for centuries when, for the first time, Einstein in 1905 criticized the absolute essence of time by introducing “relativity.” One of the byproducts of relativity is the possibility of time traveling.\u0000 Although being only theoretically possible for now, time traveling has become an attractive subject for physicists and philosophers and so has offering resolutions to avoid various paradoxes related to time travelers. One of the most famous paradoxes related to time traveling is the grandfather\u0000 paradox. In this paper, a few ideas about the possibility of time traveling and avoiding related paradoxes are reviewed, and a new window is opened through which the “grandfather” paradox for a time traveler who retrogresses to the past is investigated and discussed. This perspective\u0000 tries not to solve the paradox but to deny it.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44097657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-16DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-35.2.197
E. Reiter
The unknown mechanism of wave-function collapse is called the measurement problem. The problem is best portrayed by a beam-split coincidence test, usually performed with visible light. The notion that energy conservation requires quantization is challenged by considering new beam-split tests and a threshold model (TM). An analysis of pulse heights in detectors for visible light concludes that their pulse height distribution is too broad to make the quantum/threshold distinction. This is because TM recognizes a preloaded state, understood in the loading theories of Planck, Debye, and Millikan, but usually unrecognized. The narrow pulse height distribution of gamma-ray detectors overcomes this detector problem. In addition, a source of singly emitted radiation is required for these beam-split tests. To assure a singly emitted source, the well-known true-coincidence test from nuclear physics is far more reliable than any test with visible light. One of my many successful beam-split coincidence tests with gamma-rays is described revealing the failure of quantum mechanics. After plotting the times between photoelectric effect pulses from the two detectors and comparing to accidental chance, I report a seemingly two-for-one effect that contradicts a photon kind of energy conservation. My similar tests performed with alpha-rays also contradict quantum mechanics. To explain how matter can load up, I hypothesize that our electron constants h, e, and m are maxima. Simple conserved ratios of these constants h/m, e/m, h/e, seen in equations involving electron beams, can explain how charge waves can spread, yet accumulate to measurable threshold values h, e, m, upon absorption to convey particle-like effects.
{"title":"Overcoming the quantum mechanics measurement problem by experiment and theory","authors":"E. Reiter","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-35.2.197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-35.2.197","url":null,"abstract":"The unknown mechanism of wave-function collapse is called the measurement problem. The problem is best portrayed by a beam-split coincidence test, usually performed with visible light. The notion that energy conservation requires quantization is challenged by considering new beam-split\u0000 tests and a threshold model (TM). An analysis of pulse heights in detectors for visible light concludes that their pulse height distribution is too broad to make the quantum/threshold distinction. This is because TM recognizes a preloaded state, understood in the loading theories of Planck,\u0000 Debye, and Millikan, but usually unrecognized. The narrow pulse height distribution of gamma-ray detectors overcomes this detector problem. In addition, a source of singly emitted radiation is required for these beam-split tests. To assure a singly emitted source, the well-known true-coincidence\u0000 test from nuclear physics is far more reliable than any test with visible light. One of my many successful beam-split coincidence tests with gamma-rays is described revealing the failure of quantum mechanics. After plotting the times between photoelectric effect pulses from the two detectors\u0000 and comparing to accidental chance, I report a seemingly two-for-one effect that contradicts a photon kind of energy conservation. My similar tests performed with alpha-rays also contradict quantum mechanics. To explain how matter can load up, I hypothesize that our electron constants h,\u0000 e, and m are maxima. Simple conserved ratios of these constants h/m, e/m, h/e, seen in equations involving electron beams, can explain how charge waves can spread, yet accumulate to measurable threshold values h, e, m,\u0000 upon absorption to convey particle-like effects.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44511590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-12DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-35.2.136
John French
A derivation of the Tomonaga‐Schwinger equation is presented based on defining a wave functional on a general spacelike surface such that the expectation values match those in the corresponding Heisenberg picture. This derivation is carried out in flat space-time.
{"title":"The Tomonaga‐Schwinger equation in flat space-time","authors":"John French","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-35.2.136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-35.2.136","url":null,"abstract":"A derivation of the Tomonaga‐Schwinger equation is presented based on defining a wave functional on a general spacelike surface such that the expectation values match those in the corresponding Heisenberg picture. This derivation is carried out in flat space-time.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48264120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-11DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-35.2.127
H. Epstein
A path toward quantizing gravity is suggested by describing the emergence of the spacetime continuum and its curvature using a mechanistic substratum model of discrete entities. By fusing pregeometry and the new mathematics of endo-geometry, a concept of a dynamically changing hyperspherical “quantized bubble” replaces the conventional geometric point. A quantum foam is an assemblage of these interacting bubbles. The structure of the cosmos, particles, and black holes are treated as naturally emerging four-dimensional hyperspheres. An insight into dark energy is considered.
{"title":"Discretization and de-geometrization (II): Quantizing Minkowski's spacetime continuum","authors":"H. Epstein","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-35.2.127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-35.2.127","url":null,"abstract":"A path toward quantizing gravity is suggested by describing the emergence of the spacetime continuum and its curvature using a mechanistic substratum model of discrete entities. By fusing pregeometry and the new mathematics of endo-geometry, a concept of a dynamically changing hyperspherical\u0000 “quantized bubble” replaces the conventional geometric point. A quantum foam is an assemblage of these interacting bubbles. The structure of the cosmos, particles, and black holes are treated as naturally emerging four-dimensional hyperspheres. An insight into dark energy is considered.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46636341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-05DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-35.2.123
A. Šorli, Štefan Čelan
In today’s physics, opinions on what is time are different. Some physicists deny the existence of time, and others think that time has physical existence. Nevertheless, time was never directly perceived by senses. With our eyes, we perceive the flow of material changes, i.e., motion in space. Our recent proposal is that universal space is time-invariant in the sense there is no physical time which would be the fourth dimension of space. The model of space-time is replaced with the model of time-invariant space, where we perceive the flow of material changes. In past years, neuroscience has discovered that linear psychological time “past-present-future” has origin in neuronal activity of the brain. An observer is experiencing the flow of material changes in the frame of psychological time. With eyes, we do not perceive some physical time in which material changes run. The observer perceives a stream of changes that run in the time-invariant space. This stream of changes the observer experiences in the brain through the psychological liner time. In the universe, there is no linear time past‐present‐future, material changes run in time-invariant space. An observer only perceives changes (not time) and he experiences changes in the frame of psychological time. The observer (the subject) is beyond psychological time, and it does not change during a human lifetime. Observer can be understood as the function of consciousness.
{"title":"Time, observer, and consciousness","authors":"A. Šorli, Štefan Čelan","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-35.2.123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-35.2.123","url":null,"abstract":"In today’s physics, opinions on what is time are different. Some physicists deny the existence of time, and others think that time has physical existence. Nevertheless, time was never directly perceived by senses. With our eyes, we perceive the flow of material changes, i.e.,\u0000 motion in space. Our recent proposal is that universal space is time-invariant in the sense there is no physical time which would be the fourth dimension of space. The model of space-time is replaced with the model of time-invariant space, where we perceive the flow of material changes. In\u0000 past years, neuroscience has discovered that linear psychological time “past-present-future” has origin in neuronal activity of the brain. An observer is experiencing the flow of material changes in the frame of psychological time. With eyes, we do not perceive some physical time\u0000 in which material changes run. The observer perceives a stream of changes that run in the time-invariant space. This stream of changes the observer experiences in the brain through the psychological liner time. In the universe, there is no linear time past‐present‐future, material\u0000 changes run in time-invariant space. An observer only perceives changes (not time) and he experiences changes in the frame of psychological time. The observer (the subject) is beyond psychological time, and it does not change during a human lifetime. Observer can be understood as the function\u0000 of consciousness.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44724866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-02DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-35.2.181
Reiner Georg Ziefle
Einstein’s special and general relativity are relics from before quantum physics. If forces are transmitted by quanta, this must also apply to gravity. As light consist of quanta, it is only logical that gravitational quanta interact with light. In my article “Cognitive bias in physics with respect to Einstein’s relativity, demonstrated by the famous experiment of Pound and Rebka (1960), which in reality refutes Einstein’s general relativity” [R. G. Ziefle, Phys. Essays 35, 91 (2022)], I could demonstrate that Einstein’s “proper time” t 0 does not refer to reference frames but to gravitational potentials. That is why “Newtonian quantum gravity” [R. G. Ziefle, Phys. Essays 33, 99 (2020)] can predict the correct curvature of a light beam at the surface of the Sun. Also, the phenomena observed at the binary pulsar PSR B1913 + 16 can precisely be predicted by merely applying Kepler’s second law. If gravitational quanta move away from masses with the constant speed c of light, this coincides with Einstein’s postulate of a constant speed c of light with respect to reference frames, as a mass, such as a star or a planet, can also be defined as a reference frame. Therefore, Einstein’s found by chance an artificial and complicated method to calculate changes in space-time caused by motion, which are in reality additional gravitational effects caused by the relative velocity between gravitational quanta emitted by masses and other masses or photons.
{"title":"Contradiction in Einstein’s subjective explanation of the gravitational and kinematic time dilation","authors":"Reiner Georg Ziefle","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-35.2.181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-35.2.181","url":null,"abstract":"Einstein’s special and general relativity are relics from before quantum physics. If forces are transmitted by quanta, this must also apply to gravity. As light consist of quanta, it is only logical that gravitational quanta interact with light. In my article “Cognitive\u0000 bias in physics with respect to Einstein’s relativity, demonstrated by the famous experiment of Pound and Rebka (1960), which in reality refutes Einstein’s general relativity” [R. G. Ziefle, Phys. Essays 35, 91 (2022)], I could demonstrate that Einstein’s “proper\u0000 time” t\u0000 0 does not refer to reference frames but to gravitational potentials. That is why “Newtonian quantum gravity” [R. G. Ziefle, Phys. Essays 33, 99 (2020)] can predict the correct curvature of a light beam at the surface of the Sun. Also, the\u0000 phenomena observed at the binary pulsar PSR B1913 + 16 can precisely be predicted by merely applying Kepler’s second law. If gravitational quanta move away from masses with the constant speed c of light, this coincides with Einstein’s postulate of a constant\u0000 speed c of light with respect to reference frames, as a mass, such as a star or a planet, can also be defined as a reference frame. Therefore, Einstein’s found by chance an artificial and complicated method to calculate changes in space-time caused by motion, which are in reality\u0000 additional gravitational effects caused by the relative velocity between gravitational quanta emitted by masses and other masses or photons.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45693251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-02DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-35.2.191
T. Ognean
Abstract This article aims to present a completely original take on the relationship between space, time, gravity, and mass, determined through dimensional analysis, based on an original method proposed by the author and previously published in several other articles and books. Through these results, the author aims to demonstrate that space curves in relation to time and this curvature is directly related to gravity and mass, while also highlighting how an elementary physical entity could be generated by gravity within the space‐time relationship. This elementary physical entity is also in a direct relation with the Avogadro number.
{"title":"An original relationship between space, time, gravity, and mass established by dimensional analysis","authors":"T. Ognean","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-35.2.191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-35.2.191","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Abstract This article aims to present a completely original take on the relationship between space, time, gravity, and mass, determined through dimensional analysis, based on an original method proposed by the author and previously published in several other articles\u0000 and books. Through these results, the author aims to demonstrate that space curves in relation to time and this curvature is directly related to gravity and mass, while also highlighting how an elementary physical entity could be generated by gravity within the space‐time relationship.\u0000 This elementary physical entity is also in a direct relation with the Avogadro number.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43974493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-35.2.111
Filip Dambi Filipescu
The hypothesis that the velocity of light depends on the motion of the light source was rejected by astronomers’ observations of binary stars and by the result of the experiment performed at CERN, Geneva, in 1964. Opposingly, the study of the emission, propagation, and reflection of light as mechanical phenomena concludes that the velocity of light depends on the velocity of the light source. According to this study, the human eye sees the orbit of a star larger than its actual size, and the light from the star on the observed orbit travels to the observer’s eyes at the emitted velocity c ; therefore, there are no time irregularities. This paper exposes visual irregularities predicted by the hypothesis that the velocity of light is independent of the velocity of the light source.
{"title":"Observation of a star’s orbit based on the emission and propagation of light as mechanical phenomena","authors":"Filip Dambi Filipescu","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-35.2.111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-35.2.111","url":null,"abstract":"The hypothesis that the velocity of light depends on the motion of the light source was rejected by astronomers’ observations of binary stars and by the result of the experiment performed at CERN, Geneva, in 1964. Opposingly, the study of the emission, propagation, and reflection\u0000 of light as mechanical phenomena concludes that the velocity of light depends on the velocity of the light source. According to this study, the human eye sees the orbit of a star larger than its actual size, and the light from the star on the observed orbit travels to the observer’s\u0000 eyes at the emitted velocity c ; therefore, there are no time irregularities. This paper exposes visual irregularities predicted by the hypothesis that the velocity of light is independent of the velocity of the\u0000 light source.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43168432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-35.2.115
E. Panarella
The motivation for the present study is energy production from thermonuclear fusion, as discussed in recent works [Panarella, Phys. Essays 33, 283 (2020); 34, 256 (2021); Peretti et al., Phys. Essays 34, 596 (2021)]. The direction of research for the attainment of the milestone of fusion energy breakeven was analyzed in depth in those works. The path of increasing the efficiency of the energy input deposition was found to be favorable relative to the alternative path of increasing the fusion energy output in ever bigger machines, as pursued for the past seven decades by all major research programs. The input for the fusion machines is electrical energy, which is generated from conventional engines that convert heat to work. In a simulation study, it was found that the efficiency of these engines could be improved through heat recovery and recirculation without violating the second law of thermodynamics. However, an experimental proof-of-principle was required to conclusively prove what the simulation indicated to be possible. The present study reports on such an experimental confirmation. It demonstrates experimentally a novel thermodynamic cycle where heat is re-used and re-circulated in a reciprocating steam engine. An advanced study of the second law of thermodynamics is provided that justifies this experimental result, as well as its historical interpretation. Re-use and recirculation of heat in engines used in power plants all over the world leads to global energy savings, as well as to significant reductions of global greenhouse gas emissions. These are estimated on a yearly time-scale with the most recent data available. Their significance regarding mitigation of climate change is highlighted.
{"title":"Experimental proof-of-principle of heat recovery and recirculation in a reciprocating steam engine. Applicability of the technology to present electricity generating power plants and estimation of the yearly world energy saving and reduction of greenhouse gas emission","authors":"E. Panarella","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-35.2.115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-35.2.115","url":null,"abstract":"The motivation for the present study is energy production from thermonuclear fusion, as discussed in recent works [Panarella, Phys. Essays 33, 283 (2020); 34, 256 (2021); Peretti et al., Phys. Essays 34, 596 (2021)]. The direction of research for the attainment\u0000 of the milestone of fusion energy breakeven was analyzed in depth in those works. The path of increasing the efficiency of the energy input deposition was found to be favorable relative to the alternative path of increasing the fusion energy output in ever bigger machines, as pursued for the\u0000 past seven decades by all major research programs. The input for the fusion machines is electrical energy, which is generated from conventional engines that convert heat to work. In a simulation study, it was found that the efficiency of these engines could be improved through heat recovery\u0000 and recirculation without violating the second law of thermodynamics. However, an experimental proof-of-principle was required to conclusively prove what the simulation indicated to be possible. The present study reports on such an experimental confirmation. It demonstrates experimentally\u0000 a novel thermodynamic cycle where heat is re-used and re-circulated in a reciprocating steam engine. An advanced study of the second law of thermodynamics is provided that justifies this experimental result, as well as its historical interpretation. Re-use and recirculation of heat in engines\u0000 used in power plants all over the world leads to global energy savings, as well as to significant reductions of global greenhouse gas emissions. These are estimated on a yearly time-scale with the most recent data available. Their significance regarding mitigation of climate change is highlighted.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45266067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-05DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-35.2.152
Huai-Yu Wang
The Schrödinger equation, Klein‐Gordon equation (KGE), and Dirac equation are believed to be the fundamental equations of quantum mechanics. Schrödinger’s equation has a defect in that there are no negative kinetic energy (NKE) solutions. Dirac’s equation has positive kinetic energy (PKE) and NKE branches. Both branches should have low-momentum, or nonrelativistic, approximations: One is the Schrödinger equation, and the other is the NKE Schrödinger equation. The KGE has two problems: It is an equation of the second time derivative so that the calculated density is not definitely positive, and it is not a Hamiltonian form. To overcome these problems, the equation should be revised as PKE- and NKE-decoupled KGEs. The fundamental equations of quantum mechanics after the modification have at least two merits. They are unitary in that all contain the first time derivative and are symmetric with respect to PKE and NKE. This reflects the symmetry of the PKE and NKE matters, as well as, in the author’s opinion, the matter and dark matter of our universe. The problems of one-dimensional step potentials are resolved by utilizing the modified fundamental equations for a nonrelativistic particle.
{"title":"The modified fundamental equations of quantum mechanics","authors":"Huai-Yu Wang","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-35.2.152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-35.2.152","url":null,"abstract":"The Schrödinger equation, Klein‐Gordon equation (KGE), and Dirac equation are believed to be the fundamental equations of quantum mechanics. Schrödinger’s equation has a defect in that there are no negative kinetic energy (NKE) solutions. Dirac’s equation\u0000 has positive kinetic energy (PKE) and NKE branches. Both branches should have low-momentum, or nonrelativistic, approximations: One is the Schrödinger equation, and the other is the NKE Schrödinger equation. The KGE has two problems: It is an equation of the second time derivative\u0000 so that the calculated density is not definitely positive, and it is not a Hamiltonian form. To overcome these problems, the equation should be revised as PKE- and NKE-decoupled KGEs. The fundamental equations of quantum mechanics after the modification have at least two merits. They are unitary\u0000 in that all contain the first time derivative and are symmetric with respect to PKE and NKE. This reflects the symmetry of the PKE and NKE matters, as well as, in the author’s opinion, the matter and dark matter of our universe. The problems of one-dimensional step potentials are resolved\u0000 by utilizing the modified fundamental equations for a nonrelativistic particle.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48115041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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