Pub Date : 2023-03-06DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-36.1.1
B. Arneth
Summing up all Feynman diagrams describing an elementary particle can provide a measure of the energy and, with it, the mass of that particle. Moreover, a single mass quantum can be used to convert the Feynman sum into the particle mass. In the following, a mass formula for the calculation of the baryon and meson masses is introduced and explained. This formula involves calculating the number of possible Feynman diagrams and multiplying it by an elementary mass quantum. The mass formula results from a generalization of the connection between the electromagnetic coupling constant alpha (Sommerfelds constant) and the Rydberg constant. This mass formula adds an energy parametrization to the standard model, an important component that has been missing to date. Afterward, this mass formula is interpreted, leading to an interpretation of the elementary particles that is similar to the way in which molecules are interpreted. In this interpretation, gluons take the place of electrons in the case of elementary particles.
{"title":"Summing up the Feynman diagrams: Toward quantum gluonodynamics","authors":"B. Arneth","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-36.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-36.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"Summing up all Feynman diagrams describing an elementary particle can provide a measure of the energy and, with it, the mass of that particle. Moreover, a single mass quantum can be used to convert the Feynman sum into the particle mass. In the following, a mass formula\u0000 for the calculation of the baryon and meson masses is introduced and explained. This formula involves calculating the number of possible Feynman diagrams and multiplying it by an elementary mass quantum. The mass formula results from a generalization of the connection between the electromagnetic\u0000 coupling constant alpha (Sommerfelds constant) and the Rydberg constant. This mass formula adds an energy parametrization to the standard model, an important component that has been missing to date. Afterward, this mass formula is interpreted, leading to an interpretation of\u0000 the elementary particles that is similar to the way in which molecules are interpreted. In this interpretation, gluons take the place of electrons in the case of elementary particles.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46631649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-06DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-36.1.37
J. M. Kerr
The Planck scale is thought to be where space, time and matter as we know them begin, and seems to be vital to physics. Our ideas about that scale are unclear. String theory is dependent on supersymmetry, which unexpectedly has not been found—this leaves no reliable picture. In some views the world is chaotic there, making it hard to explain the order at larger scales. Direct experiment cannot reach that scale, but indirect experiment and mathematics can. It would be wrong to assume, because of string theory, that only complex mathematics is relevant. This paper is the second of three from a conceptual basis with a small group of simple but lateral assumptions about the structure of space, and the nature of light and matter. It leads to interpretations, in some areas to rederivations, in others to new mathematics that closely mimics existing physics. Two spinoffs from the main theory are dimensional quantum mechanics [J. M. Kerr, Phys. Essays 33, 1 2019)], and here Planck scale gravity (PSG), in which a gravity mechanism reproduces Newtonian theory and parts of general relativity (GR). In a simple approach, the result is essentially to test the idea that matter at a small scale is similar to light, as both are waves in the fabric of the dimensions, traveling in different directions through the structure of space, which takes the form of parallel cylinders. If one assumes matter travels at c around the circumference of the cylinders, making loops at the Planck scale not unlike the closed string, one can apply to matter a law normally applied to light. What comes out is the mathematics of gravity, with what might be seen as “smoking gun evidence” (p. 11), showing that every point on any trajectory through a gravitational field is connected to every other point on it. PSG is mathematically different from GR, but it mimics it across a range of physics, in most cases to eight decimal places. It is conceptually equivalent to GR in many areas including gravitational waves, and diverges in a few places, leading to testable predictions.
{"title":"Testing a Planck scale mechanism by applying to matter a law for light: A new gravity theory that closely mimics standard theory","authors":"J. M. Kerr","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-36.1.37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-36.1.37","url":null,"abstract":"The Planck scale is thought to be where space, time and matter as we know them begin, and seems to be vital to physics. Our ideas about that scale are unclear. String theory is dependent on supersymmetry, which unexpectedly has not been found—this leaves no reliable picture. In\u0000 some views the world is chaotic there, making it hard to explain the order at larger scales. Direct experiment cannot reach that scale, but indirect experiment and mathematics can. It would be wrong to assume, because of string theory, that only complex mathematics is relevant. This paper\u0000 is the second of three from a conceptual basis with a small group of simple but lateral assumptions about the structure of space, and the nature of light and matter. It leads to interpretations, in some areas to rederivations, in others to new mathematics that closely mimics existing physics.\u0000 Two spinoffs from the main theory are dimensional quantum mechanics [J. M. Kerr, Phys. Essays 33, 1 2019)], and here Planck scale gravity (PSG), in which a gravity mechanism reproduces Newtonian theory and parts of general relativity (GR). In a simple approach, the result is essentially\u0000 to test the idea that matter at a small scale is similar to light, as both are waves in the fabric of the dimensions, traveling in different directions through the structure of space, which takes the form of parallel cylinders. If one assumes matter travels at c around the circumference\u0000 of the cylinders, making loops at the Planck scale not unlike the closed string, one can apply to matter a law normally applied to light. What comes out is the mathematics of gravity, with what might be seen as “smoking gun evidence” (p. 11), showing that every point on any trajectory\u0000 through a gravitational field is connected to every other point on it. PSG is mathematically different from GR, but it mimics it across a range of physics, in most cases to eight decimal places. It is conceptually equivalent to GR in many areas including gravitational waves, and diverges in\u0000 a few places, leading to testable predictions.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42534595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-03DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-36.1.33
Masanori Sato
The essence of Newtonian mechanics is entanglement, which was inherited by quantum mechanics. Entanglement is a classical phenomenon based on the conservation of angular momentum and does not relate to quantization. Entanglement and propagation are the two wheels of physics. In this report, we show black hole mergers prove gravity entanglement. If we assume that gravity has a finite velocity, black holes are pulled slightly forward in the direction of travel, and gravity acts to accelerate the black holes; therefore, simulation conditions cannot be set, and we find that the assumption that gravity has a finite velocity is incorrect. This is because we cannot use the condition that the sum of kinetic and potential energies is constant. Gravity entanglement shows that entanglement continues permanently. Furthermore, Newtonian mechanics involves entanglement, ether, and equivalence principle.
{"title":"Entanglement physics: Newtonian mechanics involves entanglement, ether, and equivalence principle","authors":"Masanori Sato","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-36.1.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-36.1.33","url":null,"abstract":"The essence of Newtonian mechanics is entanglement, which was inherited by quantum mechanics. Entanglement is a classical phenomenon based on the conservation of angular momentum and does not relate to quantization. Entanglement and propagation are the two wheels of physics. In this\u0000 report, we show black hole mergers prove gravity entanglement. If we assume that gravity has a finite velocity, black holes are pulled slightly forward in the direction of travel, and gravity acts to accelerate the black holes; therefore, simulation conditions cannot be set, and we find that\u0000 the assumption that gravity has a finite velocity is incorrect. This is because we cannot use the condition that the sum of kinetic and potential energies is constant. Gravity entanglement shows that entanglement continues permanently. Furthermore, Newtonian mechanics involves entanglement,\u0000 ether, and equivalence principle.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43849321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-27DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-36.1.100
A. Paglietti
The law of balance of angular momentum is shown to imply the existence of absolute time, a fundamental physical quantity that is independent of the motion or position of the observer. Absolute time implies the notion of absolute simultaneity, which in turn leads to the notion of absolute distance between two points. The existence of absolute space follows as a consequence. These concepts apply to every field of physics to which the angular momentum balance law applies and, in particular, to the theory of special relativity. This paper also shows that in a vacuum, the independence of the speed of light from the motion of its source makes it possible to determine the absolute positions of all points in space. The same independence also allows us to determine the state of absolute rest or motion of a reference frame from within the frame itself.
{"title":"Conservation of angular momentum and the existence of absolute time and space","authors":"A. Paglietti","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-36.1.100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-36.1.100","url":null,"abstract":"The law of balance of angular momentum is shown to imply the existence of absolute time, a fundamental physical quantity that is independent of the motion or position of the observer. Absolute time implies the notion of absolute simultaneity, which in turn leads to the notion of absolute\u0000 distance between two points. The existence of absolute space follows as a consequence. These concepts apply to every field of physics to which the angular momentum balance law applies and, in particular, to the theory of special relativity. This paper also shows that in a vacuum, the independence\u0000 of the speed of light from the motion of its source makes it possible to determine the absolute positions of all points in space. The same independence also allows us to determine the state of absolute rest or motion of a reference frame from within the frame itself.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44437988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-04DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-36.1.13
Huai-Yu Wang
Liouville equation is a fundamental one in statistical mechanics. It is rooted in ensemble theory. By ensemble theory, the variation of the system’s microscopic state is indicated by the moving of the phase point, and the moving trajectory is believed continuous. Thus, the ensemble density is thought to be a smooth function, and it observes continuity equation. When the Hamiltonian canonical equations of the molecules are applied to the continuity equation, Liouville equation can be obtained. We carefully analyze a gas composed of a great number of molecules colliding with each other. The defects in deriving Liouville equation are found. Due to collision, molecules’ momenta changes discontinuously, so that the trajectories of the phase points are actually not continuous. In statistical mechanics, infinitesimals in physics and in mathematics should be distinguished. In continuity equation that the ensemble density satisfies, the derivatives with respect to space and time should be physical infinitesimals, while in Hamiltonian canonical equations that every molecule follows, the derivatives take infinitesimals in mathematics. In the course of deriving Liouville equation, the infinitesimals in physics are unknowingly replaced by those in mathematics. The conclusion is that Liouville equation is not applicable to gases.
{"title":"Liouville equation in statistical mechanics is not applicable to gases composed of colliding molecules","authors":"Huai-Yu Wang","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-36.1.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-36.1.13","url":null,"abstract":"Liouville equation is a fundamental one in statistical mechanics. It is rooted in ensemble theory. By ensemble theory, the variation of the system’s microscopic state is indicated by the moving of the phase point, and the moving trajectory is believed continuous. Thus, the ensemble\u0000 density is thought to be a smooth function, and it observes continuity equation. When the Hamiltonian canonical equations of the molecules are applied to the continuity equation, Liouville equation can be obtained. We carefully analyze a gas composed of a great number of molecules colliding\u0000 with each other. The defects in deriving Liouville equation are found. Due to collision, molecules’ momenta changes discontinuously, so that the trajectories of the phase points are actually not continuous. In statistical mechanics, infinitesimals in physics and in mathematics should\u0000 be distinguished. In continuity equation that the ensemble density satisfies, the derivatives with respect to space and time should be physical infinitesimals, while in Hamiltonian canonical equations that every molecule follows, the derivatives take infinitesimals in mathematics. In the course\u0000 of deriving Liouville equation, the infinitesimals in physics are unknowingly replaced by those in mathematics. The conclusion is that Liouville equation is not applicable to gases.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47841155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-35.4.364
Martin T. Cole
New physical evidence of the compressibility of neutrons has supported a reappraisal of how neutron stars transition into black holes, taken from the perspective of an internal observer. After comparing observational evidence with relativistic models, it is concluded that, at least nonrotating isolated black holes are better termed as black stars, which fit a continuum of increasingly massive neutron stars that become invisible once they exceed a critical mass, suggested as 5 M⊙. Beyond this mass, two event horizons develop concurrently, separating to form a photon trap that exists between the inner horizon and the outer horizon. This inner horizon (below the surface) avoids the formation of a real singularity and is apparently ≤ 6.75 km radius, while the outer horizon is ≥ 6.75 km radius, confirmed as 50% of the Schwarzschild radius. The mathematical singularity that is apparent to an external observer in general relativity may be an illusion. Our methodology also shows how gravitational redshift may inform the mass and surface radius of a neutron star.
{"title":"Neutron star event horizons","authors":"Martin T. Cole","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-35.4.364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-35.4.364","url":null,"abstract":"New physical evidence of the compressibility of neutrons has supported a reappraisal of how neutron stars transition into black holes, taken from the perspective of an internal observer. After comparing observational evidence with relativistic models, it is concluded that, at least\u0000 nonrotating isolated black holes are better termed as black stars, which fit a continuum of increasingly massive neutron stars that become invisible once they exceed a critical mass, suggested as 5 M⊙. Beyond this mass, two event horizons develop concurrently, separating\u0000 to form a photon trap that exists between the inner horizon and the outer horizon. This inner horizon (below the surface) avoids the formation of a real singularity and is apparently ≤ 6.75 km radius, while the outer horizon is ≥ 6.75 km radius,\u0000 confirmed as 50% of the Schwarzschild radius. The mathematical singularity that is apparent to an external observer in general relativity may be an illusion. Our methodology also shows how gravitational redshift may inform the mass and surface radius of a neutron star.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49377080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-29DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-35.4.322
Christopher N. Watson
Measurements of a black hole’s position are limited in four different ways: Absorption of short-wavelength photons by the black hole, gravitational lensing’s interference with geometric diffraction, gravitational redshift decreasing the resolution of interactions close to the event horizon, and the relatively long wavelength of Hawking radiation. These limitations mean that a black hole cannot be localized more precisely than its Schwarzschild radius. Limitations on measuring mass and velocity mean that the position and momentum of a black hole cannot be simultaneously known more precisely than 2 h rs/lP , a value more restrictive than the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Hidden information about a black hole’s position and momentum results in many possible microstates that are indistinguishable to an observer. One way to interpret the physical meaning of Bekenstein‐Hawking entropy is as a measure of the number of these microstates. This interpretation allows entropy to be generalized to objects in any gravitational field, because gravitational redshift increases uncertainty about position and momentum for objects in all gravitational fields, not just those of black holes.
对黑洞位置的测量受到四种不同方式的限制：黑洞对短波长光子的吸收、引力透镜对几何衍射的干扰、引力红移降低了接近视界的相互作用的分辨率，以及霍金辐射的波长相对较长。这些限制意味着黑洞不能比其史瓦西半径更精确地定位。测量质量和速度的限制意味着黑洞的位置和动量不能同时精确到2 h rs/lP，一个比海森堡不确定性原理更具限制性的值。关于黑洞位置和动量的隐藏信息导致了许多可能的微观状态，而这些微观状态对观察者来说是无法区分的。解释Bekenstein‐Hawking熵的物理意义的一种方法是测量这些微观状态的数量。这种解释允许熵被推广到任何引力场中的物体，因为引力红移增加了物体在所有引力场中位置和动量的不确定性，而不仅仅是黑洞的位置和动量。
{"title":"Microstates of position and momentum result in gravitational entropy","authors":"Christopher N. Watson","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-35.4.322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-35.4.322","url":null,"abstract":"Measurements of a black hole’s position are limited in four different ways: Absorption of short-wavelength photons by the black hole, gravitational lensing’s interference with geometric diffraction, gravitational redshift decreasing the resolution of interactions close to\u0000 the event horizon, and the relatively long wavelength of Hawking radiation. These limitations mean that a black hole cannot be localized more precisely than its Schwarzschild radius. Limitations on measuring mass and velocity mean that the position and momentum of a black hole cannot be simultaneously\u0000 known more precisely than 2 h rs/lP , a value more restrictive than the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Hidden information about a black hole’s position and momentum results in many possible microstates that are indistinguishable to an observer.\u0000 One way to interpret the physical meaning of Bekenstein‐Hawking entropy is as a measure of the number of these microstates. This interpretation allows entropy to be generalized to objects in any gravitational field, because gravitational redshift increases uncertainty about position\u0000 and momentum for objects in all gravitational fields, not just those of black holes.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43585329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-24DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-35.4.401
Firyuza Yanchilina, V. Yanchilin
The Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics contains a fundamental refuse to visualize quantum processes, so as not to conflict with common sense. The lack of visualization creates a problem in understanding quantum mechanics. We are exploring a new type of motion, which has not been previously considered either in physics or in mathematics. This type of motion makes it possible to correctly describe and visualize the bizarre quantum processes, including quantum jumps, nonlocality, quantum entanglement, wave-particle duality, and so on. We also made some simple figures of these quantum processes using a new type of movement. Visualization of quantum processes will help to better understand quantum mechanics not only for researchers and students but also for lay readers interested in quantum physics.
{"title":"New type of motion to visualize the Copenhagen interpretation","authors":"Firyuza Yanchilina, V. Yanchilin","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-35.4.401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-35.4.401","url":null,"abstract":"The Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics contains a fundamental refuse to visualize quantum processes, so as not to conflict with common sense. The lack of visualization creates a problem in understanding quantum mechanics. We are exploring a new type of motion, which has\u0000 not been previously considered either in physics or in mathematics. This type of motion makes it possible to correctly describe and visualize the bizarre quantum processes, including quantum jumps, nonlocality, quantum entanglement, wave-particle duality, and so on. We also made some simple\u0000 figures of these quantum processes using a new type of movement. Visualization of quantum processes will help to better understand quantum mechanics not only for researchers and students but also for lay readers interested in quantum physics.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49368043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-23DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-35.4.398
N. Kohiyama
The Earth is compressed by its own Newtonian gravitation. The pressure is generated inside the Earth for this compression. The pressure distribution is expressed using the Adams‐Williamson equation (AWE). The elastic energy is stored inside the Earth by the pressure. The Newtonian gravitation is derived by this energy. The propagation of Newtonian gravitation at the speed of light is expressed by using the AWE as a wave.
{"title":"Propagation of Newtonian gravitation derived by the elastic energy","authors":"N. Kohiyama","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-35.4.398","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-35.4.398","url":null,"abstract":"The Earth is compressed by its own Newtonian gravitation. The pressure is generated inside the Earth for this compression. The pressure distribution is expressed using the Adams‐Williamson equation (AWE). The elastic energy is stored inside the Earth by the pressure. The Newtonian\u0000 gravitation is derived by this energy. The propagation of Newtonian gravitation at the speed of light is expressed by using the AWE as a wave.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45357618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-18DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-35.4.356
E. Haug
We will demonstrate that the mass (equivalent mass) of the observable universe divided by the universe radius is exactly identical to the Planck mass divided by the Planck length. This only holds true in the Haug universe model that takes into account Lorentz’s relativistic mass, while in the Friedmann model of the universe, the critical mass of the universe divided by the Hubble radius is exactly equal to m p /(2l p ). Furthermore, in a recently suggested quantum gravity model, the mass of the universe divided by the radius of the universe is exactly identical to mp /lp ; that is, the Planck mass divided by the Planck length. This is much more than just a speculative approximation, for the findings are consistent with a new unified quantum gravity theory that links the cosmological scale directly to the Planck scale.
{"title":"Unified cosmological scale versus Planck scale: As above, so below!","authors":"E. Haug","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-35.4.356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-35.4.356","url":null,"abstract":"We will demonstrate that the mass (equivalent mass) of the observable universe divided by the universe radius is exactly identical to the Planck mass divided by the Planck length. This only holds true in the Haug universe model that takes into account Lorentz’s relativistic mass,\u0000 while in the Friedmann model of the universe, the critical mass of the universe divided by the Hubble radius is exactly equal to m p /(2l p ). Furthermore, in a recently suggested quantum gravity model, the mass of the universe divided by\u0000 the radius of the universe is exactly identical to mp /lp ; that is, the Planck mass divided by the Planck length. This is much more than just a speculative approximation, for the findings are consistent with a new unified quantum gravity theory that links\u0000 the cosmological scale directly to the Planck scale.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48091056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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