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Complete power cycle exhaust heat regeneration and the second law of thermodynamics 完全动力循环排气热再生和热力学第二定律
IF 0.6 Q4 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-06-21 DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-36.2.190
David Van Den Einde
A closed condensing power cycle using tetrafluoromethane or R14 and a solid solute as its working fluid is described. The inclusion of a solid solute that yields a positive excess enthalpy of solution with the R14 creates a potential for complete exhaust heat regeneration. The solution reaction provides a temporary thermal reservoir for the cycle's low temperature exhaust heat until that energy is regenerated as heat by retrograde solubility during the cycle's high temperature and low density expansion phase. A slow solute dissolution rate in the solvent's low density state near the cycle's high temperature enables the cycle to utilize all of the regenerated exhaust heat either as work output or by exhausting surplus heat at a second temperature level. The cycle's thermodynamic path establishes solvent property reference points that can be used to determine the maximum positive excess enthalpies of solution required for a solvent to accomplish total exhaust heat regeneration when used as the cycle's working fluid.
介绍了一种以四氟甲烷或R14和固体溶质为工质的闭式冷凝动力循环。含有固体溶质的R14产生正的过量溶液焓,创造了完全废气热再生的潜力。溶液反应为循环的低温废热提供了一个临时的热源,直到该能量在循环的高温低密度膨胀阶段通过逆行溶解度作为热量再生。在循环的高温附近,溶质在溶剂的低密度状态下溶解速度较慢,这使得循环能够利用所有再生的废热,或者作为功输出,或者通过在第二温度水平排出余热。循环的热力学路径建立了溶剂性质参考点,可用于确定溶剂作为循环工作流体时完成全部废热再生所需的溶液的最大正过剩焓。
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引用次数: 0
Simultaneity, language, and experience 同时性、语言和经验
IF 0.6 Q4 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-06-20 DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-36.2.173
Randolph Lundberg
As part of his special theory of relativity, Einstein introduced two definitions of the word “simultaneity”—the coordinated-clocks definition in his famous 1905 paper and the mid-point definition in his 1916 book. Einstein never discussed the relation between these two definitions. Neither has anyone else, to my knowledge. I show that these definitions are not equivalent because they have different scopes of applicability, but that they are equivalent wherever both apply. My proof of this partial equivalence is a corollary of my proof that both of Einstein’s definitions clash with the natural ticking of monochromatic light, which I call an electromagnetic wave clock. Einstein disparaged the idea of absolute simultaneity, but the reasons he gave were not good ones. He suggested that the idea originated in a confusion between happening simultaneously and being seen simultaneously. This thesis is dubious. It is also irrelevant, because an idea that originates in a confusion need not be a confused idea. He suggested that there could be no experimental test for absolute simultaneity. I refute this suggestion by describing an experimental test for absolute simultaneity, which I call the melt-mark test. The empirical credentials of Einstein’s definitions are not superior to those of absolute simultaneity. Einstein writes as if he can banish the idea of absolute “simultaneity” by merely giving the word “simultaneity” a new meaning. But many words have multiple meanings; Einstein merely made simultaneity such a word. The meanings of “simultaneity” that there is reason to disparage are Einstein’s definitions, because they clash with the electromagnetic wave clock. None of these points is properly appreciated by today’s physics community, where Einstein’s assertions about simultaneity continue to enjoy broad acclaim. Physical theories that employ the idea of absolute simultaneity are often wrongly rejected because they do.
作为狭义相对论的一部分,爱因斯坦引入了“同时性”一词的两个定义——1905年著名论文中的协调时钟定义和1916年著作中的中点定义。爱因斯坦从未讨论过这两个定义之间的关系。据我所知,其他人也没有。我表明,这些定义并不等同,因为它们有不同的适用范围,但无论两者在哪里适用,它们都是等同的。我对这种部分等价性的证明是我证明爱因斯坦的两个定义都与单色光的自然滴答声相冲突的必然结果,我称之为电磁波时钟。爱因斯坦贬低了绝对同时性的观点,但他给出的理由并不好。他认为,这个想法源于同时发生和同时被看到之间的混淆。这篇论文是可疑的。这也是无关紧要的,因为一个源于混乱的想法不一定是一个混乱的想法。他建议不可能有绝对同时性的实验测试。我通过描述一种绝对同时性的实验测试来反驳这一建议,我称之为熔痕测试。爱因斯坦定义的经验证明并不优于绝对同时性定义。爱因斯坦写道,只要赋予“同时性”一词一个新的含义,他就可以摒弃绝对“同时”的概念。但许多单词有多种含义;爱因斯坦只是把“同时性”作为一个词。有理由贬低的“同时性”的含义是爱因斯坦的定义,因为它们与电磁波时钟相冲突。这些观点都没有得到今天物理学界的充分赞赏,爱因斯坦关于同时性的断言继续受到广泛赞誉。采用绝对同时性思想的物理理论经常被错误地拒绝,因为它们确实如此。
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引用次数: 0
The motion of massless “object” and the physical essence and motion law of light 无质量“物体”的运动和光的物理本质和运动规律
IF 0.6 Q4 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-06-17 DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-36.2.216
Jiqing Zeng, Tianhe Zeng
In this paper, the vacuum absolute static reference system is established by analyzing the motion law of massless “object.” Through the understanding of the physical nature of light, this paper reveals three basic laws of motion of light: First, light always moves in a uniform straight line, independent of the motion of the light source. Second, the speed of light propagation in vacuum is constant relative to the absolute reference system of vacuum. Third, the speed of light propagation in the medium remains constant relative to the inertial frame of the medium. Based on this, we have successfully explained the phenomenon of Michelson‐Morley experiment, Fizeau experiment, and light aberration phenomenon that have long troubled the academic community. Finally, we prove that the two basic assumptions on which special relativity is based are wrong, so the Lorentz transformation and its series of inferences, as the core content of special relativity, are not tenable.
本文通过分析无质量“物体”的运动规律,建立了真空绝对静态参考系。通过对光的物理性质的理解,揭示了光运动的三个基本规律:第一,光总是以均匀的直线运动,与光源的运动无关。第二,光在真空中的传播速度相对于真空的绝对参考系是恒定的。第三,光在介质中的传播速度相对于介质的惯性系保持恒定。基于此,我们成功地解释了长期困扰学术界的迈克尔逊-莫雷实验、斐索实验和光像差现象。最后,我们证明了狭义相对论所基于的两个基本假设是错误的,因此洛伦兹变换及其一系列推论作为狭义相对论的核心内容是不成立的。
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引用次数: 2
A classical guide to entanglement 经典的纠缠指南
IF 0.6 Q4 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-06-15 DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-36.2.212
J. Shaffer
Two particles created from a single, nonrotating particle are rotating in opposite directions. Each has two matter-less strings attached to it. One string carries force impulse, and the other transmits clock times. If one reverses the rotation direction of the source particle, the target will almost immediately also reverse its rotation no matter how far the two particles are apart. I will investigate if the reason is the disparity in clock information from each particle.
由一个不旋转的粒子产生的两个粒子以相反的方向旋转。每个都有两根无物质的弦连着。一根弦传送力脉冲,另一根弦传送时钟时间。如果将源粒子的旋转方向反转,那么无论两个粒子相距多远,目标粒子几乎也会立即反转其旋转方向。我将调查原因是否在于来自每个粒子的时钟信息的差异。
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引用次数: 0
Can Lorentz relativistic mass explain the lack of velocity time dilation in quasars? 洛伦兹相对论质量能解释类星体缺乏速度-时间膨胀吗?
IF 0.6 Q4 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-06-13 DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-36.2.123
E. Haug, G. Spavieri
Researchers in standard gravity theory and cosmology seldom take into account Lorentz relativistic mass. The dismissal of Lorentz relativistic mass by the research community has happened without first properly investigating what predictions incorporating it in gravity models have led to. We show that the inclusion of Lorentz relativistic mass in some gravity theories has a dramatic impact on the predicted redshift from objects with high gravitational field such as stellar objects fitting the mathematical properties of black holes. Taking into account Lorentz relativistic mass provides diverse interpretations of quasars and many other objects. As relevant example, it may explain the lack of observed velocity time dilation in quasars.
标准引力理论和宇宙学的研究人员很少考虑洛伦兹相对论质量。研究界对洛伦兹相对主义质量的否定是在没有首先正确调查将其纳入引力模型的预测结果的情况下发生的。我们表明,在一些引力理论中加入洛伦兹相对论质量对具有高引力场的物体(如符合黑洞数学性质的恒星物体)的红移预测有着巨大的影响。考虑洛伦兹相对论质量提供了对类星体和许多其他物体的不同解释。作为相关的例子,它可以解释类星体中缺乏观测到的速度-时间膨胀。
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引用次数: 0
Many-body theories for negative kinetic energy systems 负动能系统的多体理论
IF 0.6 Q4 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-06-12 DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-36.2.198
Huailong Wang
In the author’s previous works, it is derived from the Dirac equation that particles can have negative kinetic energy (NKE) solutions, and they should be treated on an equal footing as the positive kinetic energy (PKE) solutions. More than one NKE particles can make up a stable system by means of interactions between them and such a system has necessarily negative temperature. Thus, many-body theories for NKE systems are desirable. In this work, the many-body theories for NKE systems are presented. They are Thomas‐Fermi method, Hohenberg‐Kohn theorem, Khon‐Sham self-consistent equations, and Hartree‐Fock self-consistent equations. They are established imitating the theories for PKE systems. In each theory, the formalism of both zero temperature and finite negative temperature is given. In order to verify that tunneling electrons are of NKE and real momentum, an experiment scenario is suggested that lets PKE electrons collide with tunneling electrons.
在作者以前的著作中,从狄拉克方程推导出粒子可以具有负动能(NKE)解,并且应该与正动能(PKE)解同等对待。一个以上的NKE粒子可以通过它们之间的相互作用组成一个稳定的系统,并且这样的系统必然具有负温度。因此,NKE系统的许多身体理论是可取的。在这项工作中,提出了NKE系统的多体理论。它们是Thomas‐Fermi方法、Hohenberg‐Kohn定理、Khon‐Sham自洽方程和Hartree‐Fock自洽方程。它们是模仿PKE系统的理论建立的。在每种理论中,都给出了零温度和有限负温度的形式。为了验证隧穿电子具有NKE和真实动量,提出了PKE电子与隧穿电子碰撞的实验方案。
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引用次数: 1
Importance of synchronization in the observation of event coordinates 同步在事件坐标观测中的重要性
IF 0.6 Q4 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-06-12 DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-36.2.168
Chandru Iyer
The importance of synchronization of spatially separated clocks in observing event coordinates cannot be overemphasized. We illustrate this with a real-world example. The results show the dependence of both length contraction and time dilation on the adopted synchronization convention. It is illustrated that a change in synchronization convention completely alters the appearance of the physical world. This is to be viewed in the context of the stated position in physics that synchronization of spatially separated clocks in any inertial frame depended on the adoption of a convention for its resolution. The preferred method of synchronization of spatially separated clocks is the standard convention recommended by the theory of relativity; however, it still remains a convention.
在观测事件坐标时,空间分离时钟同步的重要性怎么强调都不为过。我们用一个现实世界的例子来说明这一点。结果表明,长度收缩和时间膨胀与所采用的同步方式有关。它说明了同步约定的改变完全改变了物理世界的外观。这是在物理学中所陈述的位置的背景下看待的,即任何惯性系中空间分离时钟的同步取决于对其分辨率的采用惯例。空间分离时钟同步的首选方法是相对论推荐的标准约定;然而,它仍然是一种惯例。
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引用次数: 1
Investigating Casimir effect in sonoluminescence bubble: A brief overview 声致发光气泡中卡西米尔效应的研究综述
IF 0.6 Q4 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-06-08 DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-36.2.194
C. Pater, C. Javaherian, Saad Tariq
The focus of our investigation is the feasibility of examining the Casimir effect in a spherically symmetric sonoluminescence bubble. Our recommendations are based on an in-depth analysis of the relevant literature and experimental data. To forecast the expansion time of the bubble under irradiated shock waves, we primarily relied on Schwinger calculations. Furthermore, we addressed the inconsistencies associated with the failure to link sonoluminescence (SL) with the Casimir effect. Our findings indicate that SL is a highly delicate and reliant metric, with its measurement relying on variables such as the type of gas used to produce the bubble, fluid and gas temperatures, surface tension, density, pressure, and radius. Based on our analysis, we conclude by proposing adjustments to various gases, particularly at different temperatures, to accurately assess SL using Casimir forces and energy. We believe that our study will aid in the acceleration of future investigations into precisely measuring SL bubbles.
我们研究的重点是研究球对称声致发光气泡中卡西米尔效应的可行性。我们的建议是基于对相关文献和实验数据的深入分析。为了预测辐照冲击波下气泡的膨胀时间,我们主要依靠Schwinger的计算。此外,我们还解决了与未能将声致发光(SL)与卡西米尔效应联系起来相关的不一致性。我们的研究结果表明,SL是一个高度精细和依赖的指标,其测量依赖于变量,如用于产生气泡的气体类型、流体和气体温度、表面张力、密度、压力和半径。基于我们的分析,我们建议对各种气体进行调整,特别是在不同温度下,以使用卡西米尔力和能量准确评估SL。我们相信,我们的研究将有助于加速未来对SL气泡精确测量的研究。
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引用次数: 0
Computer study of metric perturbations impinging on coupled axon tracts 耦合轴突束上度量摄动的计算机研究
Q4 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-06-07 DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-36.2.160
Aman Chawla, Salvatore Domenic Morgera
Metric perturbations are deviations from a homogeneous spacetime background. In this paper, the authors extend an earlier investigation by using high-precision computer simulations and show that there is definite impact of metric perturbations, that is, gravitational radiation, on the time-coded information conducted by a tract of neural axons as found in the human central nervous system.
度规摄动是对均匀时空背景的偏离。在本文中,作者通过使用高精度计算机模拟扩展了早期的研究,并表明度量扰动,即引力辐射,对人类中枢神经系统中发现的神经轴突束传导的时间编码信息有明确的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Double slit interference: Part I 双缝干涉:第一部分
IF 0.6 Q4 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-03-28 DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-36.1.30
R. Oldani
Feynman referred to interference as “the only mystery,” and we continue to pursue that idea here by examining the theory behind it with heightened scrutiny. Three interpretations are described: The standard model, Feynman’s sum-over-paths, and Einstein’s photon model. The standard model bases its arguments on the wave function and its subsequent collapse. The sum-over-paths model is equivalent to the standard model, but it explains interference by avoiding use of the wave function and its conceptual problems due to collapse. The Einstein model is the most challenging for it is revolutionary and intuitively demanding. We critique the three models by studying their treatment of polarized light. In Part II, the interference of low intensity light will be discussed.
费曼把干涉称为“唯一的奥秘”,我们在这里继续通过对其背后的理论进行严格审查来追求这一观点。本文描述了三种解释:标准模型、费曼的路径求和模型和爱因斯坦的光子模型。标准模型的论点建立在波函数及其随后的塌缩上。路径叠加模型与标准模型等效,但它通过避免使用波函数来解释干扰及其由于坍缩而引起的概念问题。爱因斯坦模型是最具挑战性的,因为它是革命性的,直觉上要求很高。我们通过研究它们对偏振光的处理来批判这三种模型。第二部分将讨论弱光的干涉。
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引用次数: 0
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