Introduction: Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are widely used in transplantation studies. The high purification of this unique cell type is valuable for medical applications. Although recent improvements in OECs isolation procedures opened a new era in this field, the high purification efficacy and viability rate are still of concern. The most widely used OECs isolation techniques can be broadly classified based on adherence properties, particularly in olfactory bulb-derived OEC isolation. Considering the invasive nature of harvesting OECs from human olfactory bulbs, a highly efficient purification of these cells from olfactory mucosa can benefit clinical trials. In this study, we isolated OECs from rats' olfactory bulbs and mucosa due to their differential adherence properties and compared them.
Methods: Cell preparations were characterized by NGFR p75 and S100β antibodies, the specific markers for OECs, using immunocytochemistry and western blot analysis, respectively. OECs morphology and viability were monitored over time by microscopy and MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay.
Results: We found that OECs could be purified from the olfactory mucosa using our suggested method as efficiently as the olfactory bulb. Both derived OECs showed high levels of NGFR p75 and S100β expression, although the S100β expression was higher in olfactory mucosa-derived OECs preparations (P<0.05). Moreover, there was no significant difference between the two sources in cell viability in our suggested protocol.
Conclusion: Due to the non-invasive harvesting method, olfactory mucosa-derived OECs are preferred from a clinical point of view in transplantation studies.
{"title":"A Novel Approach for Mucosal and Bulbar Olfactory Ensheathing Cells Isolation Based on the Non-adherent Subculture Technique.","authors":"Fatemeh Tirgar, Zahra Azizi, Mahmoudreza Hadjighassem","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2022.3579.1","DOIUrl":"10.32598/bcn.2022.3579.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are widely used in transplantation studies. The high purification of this unique cell type is valuable for medical applications. Although recent improvements in OECs isolation procedures opened a new era in this field, the high purification efficacy and viability rate are still of concern. The most widely used OECs isolation techniques can be broadly classified based on adherence properties, particularly in olfactory bulb-derived OEC isolation. Considering the invasive nature of harvesting OECs from human olfactory bulbs, a highly efficient purification of these cells from olfactory mucosa can benefit clinical trials. In this study, we isolated OECs from rats' olfactory bulbs and mucosa due to their differential adherence properties and compared them.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Cell preparations were characterized by NGFR p75 and S100β antibodies, the specific markers for OECs, using immunocytochemistry and western blot analysis, respectively. OECs morphology and viability were monitored over time by microscopy and MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found that OECs could be purified from the olfactory mucosa using our suggested method as efficiently as the olfactory bulb. Both derived OECs showed high levels of NGFR p75 and S100β expression, although the S100β expression was higher in olfactory mucosa-derived OECs preparations (P<0.05). Moreover, there was no significant difference between the two sources in cell viability in our suggested protocol.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Due to the non-invasive harvesting method, olfactory mucosa-derived OECs are preferred from a clinical point of view in transplantation studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":"34 1","pages":"211-220"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11367208/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80803319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-25DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-36.4.416
E. Taylor, Rajan Iyer
An analysis of applying the property of speed instantaneity to electronic transitions (i.e., transitions of the atomic electron that are not instantaneous), instead of quantum jumps (i.e., instantaneous transitions), during a complete oscillation for the process of Bohr’s model of the atom absorbing and emitting electromagnetic radiation (i.e., photon) reveals a discontinuity that is conserved as an emitted electromagnetic radiation (i.e., photon) discontinuity. The frequency of the oscillations of the atomic electron (i.e., electric charge) and induced magnetic field for the transitions of the atomic electron (i.e., electric charge) during the complete oscillation for the absorption and emission process (of Bohr’s atomic model) is conserved as the frequency of the oscillating electric and magnetic fields of the emitted electromagnetic radiation (i.e., photon). The conserved frequency and discontinuity (based on speed instantaneity and electronic transitions that are not instantaneous) of the atomic absorption and emission process (of Bohr’s atomic model) lead to predicting the need for Planck’s constant (i.e., quantum of action) without the use of probability. Planck claimed the interpretation of reality must change if his method of deriving the radiation law stood on a physical concept. Einstein, whom Planck credited as the first to make an advancement in the quantum field, unknowingly introduced a quantized two-dimensional discontinuum geometry that is one of the foundations on which a table of five realities used in physics was developed for making predictions. Using the table of realities, locality is redefined, and entanglement is demystified.
{"title":"Bohr’s atomic model and the probabilistic reality","authors":"E. Taylor, Rajan Iyer","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-36.4.416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-36.4.416","url":null,"abstract":"An analysis of applying the property of speed instantaneity to electronic transitions (i.e., transitions of the atomic electron that are not instantaneous), instead of quantum jumps (i.e., instantaneous transitions), during a complete oscillation for the process of Bohr’s model\u0000 of the atom absorbing and emitting electromagnetic radiation (i.e., photon) reveals a discontinuity that is conserved as an emitted electromagnetic radiation (i.e., photon) discontinuity. The frequency of the oscillations of the atomic electron (i.e., electric charge) and induced magnetic\u0000 field for the transitions of the atomic electron (i.e., electric charge) during the complete oscillation for the absorption and emission process (of Bohr’s atomic model) is conserved as the frequency of the oscillating electric and magnetic fields of the emitted electromagnetic radiation\u0000 (i.e., photon). The conserved frequency and discontinuity (based on speed instantaneity and electronic transitions that are not instantaneous) of the atomic absorption and emission process (of Bohr’s atomic model) lead to predicting the need for Planck’s constant (i.e., quantum\u0000 of action) without the use of probability. Planck claimed the interpretation of reality must change if his method of deriving the radiation law stood on a physical concept. Einstein, whom Planck credited as the first to make an advancement in the quantum field, unknowingly introduced a quantized\u0000 two-dimensional discontinuum geometry that is one of the foundations on which a table of five realities used in physics was developed for making predictions. Using the table of realities, locality is redefined, and entanglement is demystified.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":"38 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138943744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-23DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-36.4.450
James H. Wilson
The QED-physical (QED-P) theory [J. H. Wilson, Phys. Essays 35, 5 (2022)] is actually the theory Dirac sought in 1962 in his attempt to predict the muon as an “extensible model of the electron.” Recently, Lerche attempted to produce a classical solution to Dirac’s equation for the radial motion of an extensible, basically classical, model of the electron. Both Dirac and Lerche proceeded in the wrong, classical direction in this effort. The QED-P center of charge (CoC) position operator is derived directly from the Dirac equation (DE) CoC velocity operator, cα with no ad hoc assumptions. QED-P was integrated with QED into a single theory, and that integration is proved by the highly accurate estimates of QED that are dependent on the DE velocity operator cα. Both QED and QED-P are based directly on the same Dirac Equation (DE) four current c(α,I) that QED couples with an external electromagnetic field. QED uses covariant perturbation theory to produce highly accurate results, except for the electron selfenergy, which is infinite. The DE velocity operator, cα, is the spatial part of the free electron four current, and has highly unusual properties compared to classical velocity vectors. QED could not produce highly accurate answers without the 4 × 4 complex matrix cα as the electron CoC “velocity” operator. QED-P simply integrates the same Dirac equation four current used so successfully in QED, and produces the discrete internal spatial and time coordinate operators (ISaTCOs) to give the electron field’s internal structure a very specific, but highly, nonclassical geometric description, with no ad hoc assumptions. QED and QED-P are complementary theories, and both are proven to be true by the accurate results of QED. The physical interpretation of QED-P is discussed in this paper as a two-dimensional, rapidly vibrating “point” charge, that is always located on a 2D CoC sphere in the electron rest frame, oscillating rapidly through eight eigenvalues with an ISaTCO period of ∼10−22 s. The fact that the CoC’s eight ISaTCO spatial eigenvectors are always are located on a 2D shell encompassing the electron’s 3D “space” inside the CoC’s 2D shell is a direct consequence of the DE, and nothing else. In this paper, it is shown that the “discrete” ISaTCOs produce a one dimensional, discrete quantum harmonic oscillator with its ISaTCOs always located on a 2D CoC shell. The CoC shell is an “2D hologram” emerging from a 3D volume inside the 2D CoC shell with a vibrational electronic clock” producing an internal phase that is propagated throughout space/time. The QED-P point electron charge rotates 720° to complete one internal electron discrete period. The electron’s spin and magnetic moment [J. H. Wilson, Phys. Essays 29, 402 (2016); ibid. 31(1), 59‐67 (2018); ibid. 34, 17 (2021)] are generated by the CoC ISaTCO in QED-P, and there is no need for “intrinsic” properties. The QED-P electron properties described above d are far different than the stan
{"title":"Completing Dirac’s work. The Dirac electron is a 2D hologram","authors":"James H. Wilson","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-36.4.450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-36.4.450","url":null,"abstract":"The QED-physical (QED-P) theory [J. H. Wilson, Phys. Essays 35, 5 (2022)] is actually the theory Dirac sought in 1962 in his attempt to predict the muon as an “extensible model of the electron.” Recently, Lerche attempted to produce a classical solution to Dirac’s\u0000 equation for the radial motion of an extensible, basically classical, model of the electron. Both Dirac and Lerche proceeded in the wrong, classical direction in this effort. The QED-P center of charge (CoC) position operator is derived directly from the Dirac equation (DE) CoC velocity operator,\u0000 cα with no ad hoc assumptions. QED-P was integrated with QED into a single theory, and that integration is proved by the highly accurate estimates of QED that are dependent on the DE velocity operator cα. Both QED and QED-P are based directly on the same\u0000 Dirac Equation (DE) four current c(α,I) that QED couples with an external electromagnetic field. QED uses covariant perturbation theory to produce highly accurate results, except for the electron selfenergy, which is infinite. The DE velocity operator, cα,\u0000 is the spatial part of the free electron four current, and has highly unusual properties compared to classical velocity vectors. QED could not produce highly accurate answers without the 4 × 4 complex matrix cα as the electron CoC “velocity” operator.\u0000 QED-P simply integrates the same Dirac equation four current used so successfully in QED, and produces the discrete internal spatial and time coordinate operators (ISaTCOs) to give the electron field’s internal structure a very specific, but highly, nonclassical geometric description,\u0000 with no ad hoc assumptions. QED and QED-P are complementary theories, and both are proven to be true by the accurate results of QED. The physical interpretation of QED-P is discussed in this paper as a two-dimensional, rapidly vibrating “point” charge,\u0000 that is always located on a 2D CoC sphere in the electron rest frame, oscillating rapidly through eight eigenvalues with an ISaTCO period of ∼10−22 s. The fact that the CoC’s eight ISaTCO spatial eigenvectors are always are located on a 2D shell encompassing\u0000 the electron’s 3D “space” inside the CoC’s 2D shell is a direct consequence of the DE, and nothing else. In this paper, it is shown that the “discrete” ISaTCOs produce a one dimensional, discrete quantum harmonic oscillator with its ISaTCOs always located\u0000 on a 2D CoC shell. The CoC shell is an “2D hologram” emerging from a 3D volume inside the 2D CoC shell with a vibrational electronic clock” producing an internal phase that is propagated throughout space/time. The QED-P point electron charge rotates 720° to complete one\u0000 internal electron discrete period. The electron’s spin and magnetic moment [J. H. Wilson, Phys. Essays 29, 402 (2016); ibid. 31(1), 59‐67 (2018); ibid. 34, 17 (2021)] are generated by the CoC ISaTCO in QED-P, and there is no need for “intrinsic”\u0000 properties. The QED-P electron properties described above d are far different than the stan","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":"11 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138943868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-22DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-36.4.369
S. Halayka
In Newton’s theory, all mass gravitates in an isotropic (spherical) manner. In this paper, we will consider aspherical—anisotropic—gravitating processes, which lead to a unique view of dark matter: dark matter is a graviton condensate. We also discuss dark energy and the possibility of a final, fifth interaction.
{"title":"A note on anisotropic quantum gravity","authors":"S. Halayka","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-36.4.369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-36.4.369","url":null,"abstract":"In Newton’s theory, all mass gravitates in an isotropic (spherical) manner. In this paper, we will consider aspherical—anisotropic—gravitating processes, which lead to a unique view of dark matter: dark matter is a graviton condensate. We also discuss\u0000 dark energy and the possibility of a final, fifth interaction.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":"29 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138947663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-22DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-36.4.437
Claude Robert Cahen
The myth of this “quasi-magical” gravity and its “effect at a distance” endures, and our brains remain “hardwired” to this perception. However, “quantum gravity” is increasingly closer to nullifying the importance of this mysterious force by treating it with the outmost contempt as a “negligible force.” We concur with this interpretation, and more: We claim in this article that not only is gravity negligible but also explain how it can be completely eliminated as one of four fundamental forces of the universe. This article is, in fact, a continuation, a widening, and a confirmation of an article I wrote in 1993, titled “The proportional expansion of each and every celestial body as the cause of gravitation” [Phys. Essays 6, 473 (1993)]. There, I had argued that not only is empty space expanding in the classically understood sense, but that all celestial bodies are also subject to an accelerated expansion. According to Einstein’s principle of equivalence, acceleration generates an opposite, “fictitious” force that is perceived as gravity. I had concluded there that “in terms of quantum mechanics, in this interpretation, the very existence of the predicted ‘graviton’ becomes extremely questionable.” Thirty years have passed since then. And in spite of the development of the Large Hadron Collider and its impressive capabilities, the above claim has been confirmed, and the graviton has been quietly replaced by the Higgs boson in the nomenclature of the Standard Model of elementary particles. In this article, we revisit Galileo and Newton to show that the latter could not have arrived at any other conclusion than an “attractive” force of gravity. We also ask why Albert Einstein did not apply his own principle of equivalence to the Newtonian interpretation of gravity. At the same time, some very “peculiar” interpretations have arisen since my above-mentioned article from 1993. “Dark matter” and “dark energy,” both very speculative conceptualizations, have been forced upon us to explain two phenomena: The anomaly discovered in the speed of rotation of the galaxies, and the accelerated expansion of the universe, despite the potentially shrinking effect of gravity. Of all the positive advances in physics, the most fundamental is the genesis of “quantum gravity,” the tenets of which relegate gravity to the level of a “negligible” force. This is followed by the characterization of the Higgs boson, which has replaced the graviton in the Standard Model. This conceptually translates into the fact that the gravitational mass has possibly been replaced by the inertial mass of celestial bodies. The confirmation and measurements of the accelerated expansion of the universe, while there is still some controversies regarding the exact results of these measurements. Finally, the most important discovery in this regard was recently made in 2019, regarding the exceptionally high pressure inside protons and neutrons, (1035 Pa). This lends credence to the conce
{"title":"The case against gravity","authors":"Claude Robert Cahen","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-36.4.437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-36.4.437","url":null,"abstract":"The myth of this “quasi-magical” gravity and its “effect at a distance” endures, and our brains remain “hardwired” to this perception. However, “quantum gravity” is increasingly closer to nullifying the importance of this mysterious force\u0000 by treating it with the outmost contempt as a “negligible force.” We concur with this interpretation, and more: We claim in this article that not only is gravity negligible but also explain how it can be completely eliminated as one of four fundamental forces of the universe. This\u0000 article is, in fact, a continuation, a widening, and a confirmation of an article I wrote in 1993, titled “The proportional expansion of each and every celestial body as the cause of gravitation” [Phys. Essays 6, 473 (1993)]. There, I had argued that not only is empty space\u0000 expanding in the classically understood sense, but that all celestial bodies are also subject to an accelerated expansion. According to Einstein’s principle of equivalence, acceleration generates an opposite, “fictitious” force that is perceived as gravity. I had concluded\u0000 there that “in terms of quantum mechanics, in this interpretation, the very existence of the predicted ‘graviton’ becomes extremely questionable.” Thirty years have passed since then. And in spite of the development of the Large Hadron Collider and its impressive capabilities,\u0000 the above claim has been confirmed, and the graviton has been quietly replaced by the Higgs boson in the nomenclature of the Standard Model of elementary particles. In this article, we revisit Galileo and Newton to show that the latter could not have arrived at any other conclusion than an\u0000 “attractive” force of gravity. We also ask why Albert Einstein did not apply his own principle of equivalence to the Newtonian interpretation of gravity. At the same time, some very “peculiar” interpretations have arisen since my above-mentioned article from 1993. “Dark\u0000 matter” and “dark energy,” both very speculative conceptualizations, have been forced upon us to explain two phenomena: The anomaly discovered in the speed of rotation of the galaxies, and the accelerated expansion of the universe, despite the potentially shrinking effect\u0000 of gravity. Of all the positive advances in physics, the most fundamental is the genesis of “quantum gravity,” the tenets of which relegate gravity to the level of a “negligible” force. This is followed by the characterization of the Higgs boson, which has replaced\u0000 the graviton in the Standard Model. This conceptually translates into the fact that the gravitational mass has possibly been replaced by the inertial mass of celestial bodies. The confirmation and measurements of the accelerated expansion of the universe, while there is still some controversies\u0000 regarding the exact results of these measurements. Finally, the most important discovery in this regard was recently made in 2019, regarding the exceptionally high pressure inside protons and neutrons, (1035 Pa). This lends credence to the conce","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":"44 45","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138946530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-19DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-36.4.411
Mahmood Alborzi
This paper focuses on the reason behind the entanglement phenomena, which is still an unknown fundamental question. It argues that while two entangled particles are separated in the 3D space the flow of information between them is instantaneous through the 4D space. The fourth dimension of space has the unit of measurement of length like the other three space dimensions. We shall call it Q, from the word quatre (four) in French. Its magnitude is equal to the invariant proper time τ times the speed of light c. Q = cτ. Each point in the 4D space corresponds to an event. Distances between events in the four-dimensional space can be computed using the Pythagoras theorem. It is argued that time t as measured by clock in our 3D space times the speed of light gives the length of the position vector of an event in the 4D space. At time t, when an observation is made at one of the entangled particles, the length of the position vectors of both entangled particles, sharing the same wave function, in 4D space are equal to t times the speed of light, i.e., ct. The time t is also the same for all the points on the line connecting the two events in the 3D space. Consequently, the length of the position vectors of all the points on the line connecting the two events in the 3D space is equal to ct in the 4D space. The corresponding points in the 4D space make an arc of equidistance to the origin. It is conjectured that the flow of information between the two entangled particles through this arc in the 4D space is not carried by energy or mass particles. It is, therefore, not bound by the time nor the speed of light constraint in 4D space and is instantaneous.
本文重点探讨了纠缠现象背后的原因，这仍然是一个未知的基本问题。它认为，当两个纠缠粒子在三维空间中分离时，它们之间的信息流是通过四维空间瞬时流动的。四维空间与其他三维空间一样，以长度为测量单位。我们称其为 Q，源自法语中的 quatre（四）。它的大小等于不变的适当时间 τ 乘以光速 c，即 Q = cτ。四维空间中的每个点都对应一个事件。四维空间中事件之间的距离可以用毕达哥拉斯定理计算出来。有人认为，用三维空间中的时钟测量的时间 t 乘以光速，就得到了四维空间中事件的位置矢量长度。在时间 t，当对其中一个纠缠粒子进行观测时，共享相同波函数的两个纠缠粒子在四维空间中的位置矢量长度等于 t 乘以光速，即 ct。对于三维空间中连接两个事件的直线上的所有点来说，时间 t 也是相同的。因此，三维空间中连接两个事件的直线上所有点的位置矢量长度等于四维空间中的 ct。四维空间中的相应点与原点构成等距离弧线。据推测，两个纠缠粒子之间的信息流通过四维空间中的这条弧线时，并不携带能量或质量粒子。因此，它在四维空间中不受时间和光速的限制，是瞬时的。
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Pub Date : 2023-12-18DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-36.4.361
Filip Dambi Filipescu
Emission, propagation, and reflection of light as mechanical phenomena applied to the Michelson‐Morley experiment offer a zero-fringe shift in Earth's inertial frame. Differently, in the Majorana experiment, the light from a fixed source reflected by moving and fixed mirrors enters the Michelson interferometer with unequal arms and offers a noticeable fringe shift. According to Majorana's interpretation, the fringe shift is proof of the constancy of light velocity. In contrast to Majorana's conclusion, the light reflected by a moving mirror has a different speed, wavelength, and frequency from the incident light, and the fringe shift observed in Majorana's experiment indicates that the velocity of light depends on its source velocity. Majorana's derivation predicts a 0.71 fringe shift, and this study predicts a 0.27 fringe shift.
{"title":"Emission, propagation, and reflection of light as mechanical phenomena applied to the Majorana experiment","authors":"Filip Dambi Filipescu","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-36.4.361","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-36.4.361","url":null,"abstract":"Emission, propagation, and reflection of light as mechanical phenomena applied to the Michelson‐Morley experiment offer a zero-fringe shift in Earth's inertial frame. Differently, in the Majorana experiment, the light from a fixed source reflected by moving and fixed mirrors\u0000 enters the Michelson interferometer with unequal arms and offers a noticeable fringe shift. According to Majorana's interpretation, the fringe shift is proof of the constancy of light velocity. In contrast to Majorana's conclusion, the light reflected by a moving mirror has a different speed,\u0000 wavelength, and frequency from the incident light, and the fringe shift observed in Majorana's experiment indicates that the velocity of light depends on its source velocity. Majorana's derivation predicts a <mml:math display=\"inline\"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>0.71</mml:mn>\u0000 </mml:mrow> </mml:math> fringe shift, and this study predicts a <mml:math display=\"inline\"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>0.27</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> fringe shift.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":"98 S394","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138964990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-16DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-36.4.399
Vu B Ho
We present a general formulation of special relativity with generalized Lorentz transformations and Minkowski line element. Besides the Minkowski and Euclidean metrics associated, respectively, with the Lorentz and Euclidean transformations, the general formulation can also be used to establish new forms of coordinate transformations that also leave their associated metrics invariant. We also formulate relativistic mechanics under the framework of the generalized special relativity.
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Pub Date : 2023-12-12DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-36.4.385
Huai-Yu Wang
The author’s opinion is that the negative energy solutions of the Dirac equation mean that a particle can be of negative kinetic energy (NKE) besides positive kinetic energy (PKE). We think that NKE particles are dark ones, and NKE matter is dark matter. In our previous works, the dark matter theory of the NKE version and the dark energy theory that matched the dark matter theory were put forth. In this work, we investigate the topics related to the metamorphosis of objects between PKE and NKE. We first evaluate the collisions between a PKE and a NKE particles. A scenario of accelerating PKE particles is raised. We put forth the cosmic dark radiation background and gravity potential background. In the universe, negative energy is predominating. In the observable universe, substances constitute stable PKE systems. The total energy of every such system is negative. We propose a mechanism that NKE substances combine into stable PKE systems. Macroscopically, NKE objects can constitute stable PKE astrophysical systems by means of gravity between them. Microscopically, NKE particles can combine into stable PKE systems by means of attractive interactions between them, say, Coulomb attraction. Currently, people think that there are four ingredients in the universe: Photons ΩR0, matter ΩM0, dark matter ΩDM, and dark energy ΩΛ0. We analyze the order of the appearance of the four ingredients and conclude that qualitatively, their proportions should be ΩΛ0>ΩDM0>ΩM0>ΩR0 .
笔者认为，狄拉克方程的负能量解意味着粒子除了具有正动能（PKE）之外，还可以具有负动能（NKE）。我们认为负动能粒子就是暗粒子，负动能物质就是暗物质。在我们以前的工作中，提出了 NKE 版本的暗物质理论和与暗物质理论相匹配的暗能量理论。在这项工作中，我们研究了天体在 PKE 和 NKE 之间蜕变的相关课题。我们首先评估了PKE粒子和NKE粒子之间的碰撞。我们提出了一种 PKE 粒子加速的情形。我们提出了宇宙暗辐射背景和重力势能背景。在宇宙中，负能量占主导地位。在可观测的宇宙中，各种物质构成了稳定的 PKE 系统。每个这样的系统的总能量都是负的。我们提出了一种 NKE 物质结合成稳定 PKE 系统的机制。从宏观上看，NKE 物体可以通过它们之间的引力构成稳定的 PKE 天体物理系统。微观上，NKE粒子可以通过它们之间的吸引力相互作用（如库仑吸引力）结合成稳定的PKE系统。目前，人们认为宇宙中有四种成分：光子ΩR0、物质ΩM0、暗物质ΩDM和暗能量ΩΛ0。我们分析了这四种成分出现的先后顺序，得出的定性结论是，它们的比例应该是 ΩΛ0>ΩDM0>ΩM0>ΩR0。
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Pub Date : 2023-12-10DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-36.4.377
Juan J. Schulz Poquet
This article is a detailed proposal of an astronomical test to be carried out within our solar system to try to detect the eventual addition of the speed of a celestial body to that of its emitted light -that reflected of the Sun in this case. This eventuality could be determined by observing the consequent variation in its apparent position that could produce the variation of the angle of aberration, a consequence, in turn, of the variation of the velocity of its emitted light. This area is chosen, despite having here celestial bodies with lower speeds than those of the stars, and their consequent lower sensitivity in the observations, to avoid the inconvenience of the enormous interstellar distances, which could disqualify the results of the test due to the possible intervention of the phenomenon of extinction of the light wave in that distances, as we will see in the Introduction of this article. To carry out the above, we need to have celestial bodies of different radial speeds with respect to our Earth, and in this area, we find them in the satellites of the other planets in the extreme positions of their orbits; and the observation of the possible different aberrations, in the variation of the apparent separations of the satellites from their planets in those positions. The proposal also includes the observation of the transit of a satellite across the front of its planet to detect the possible appearance of this phenomenon also in this different circumstance. It will also be possible to determine if it is the relative speed between the light source and the observer the one that effectively intervenes in this phenomenon of light aberration—planetary in this case—or if it is only that of the observer—that of our Earth—that produces it, as several authors maintain. To adequately illustrate the proposed test, and the order of magnitude of the intervening parameters, a specific example is developed with Jupiter and two of its satellites: IO and METIS.
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