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Funding-source-induced bias: How social ties influence entrepreneurs' anticipated guilt and risk-taking preferences 资金来源引发的偏见:社会关系如何影响创业者的预期内疚感和冒险偏好
IF 7.7 1区 管理学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-10-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2024.106453
Emily Neubert , Greg Fisher , Donald F. Kuratko , Regan Stevenson
Raising money from family and friends is a common form of startup funding. However, we know little about how accepting funds from these individuals influences an entrepreneur's risk-taking preferences. We theorize that as an entrepreneur's relationship with an investor strengthens, the entrepreneur is more likely to anticipate guilt that could emerge from a potential venture failure, which prompts the entrepreneur to make more conservative venture growth decisions. We test our model using a quasi-experimental vignette-based approach. Based on the results, we argue that the tendency for an entrepreneur to become more risk averse in their entrepreneurial decision making due to feelings of anticipated guilt after receiving funding from strong ties demonstrates a funding-source-induced bias.
向亲朋好友筹集资金是一种常见的创业资金形式。然而,我们对接受这些人的资金如何影响创业者的风险偏好知之甚少。我们的理论是,随着创业者与投资人关系的加强,创业者更有可能预见到潜在的创业失败可能带来的内疚,从而促使创业者做出更保守的创业发展决策。我们采用基于小故事的准实验方法来检验我们的模型。根据结果,我们认为,创业者在接受强关系人的资助后,由于预期内疚感而在创业决策中变得更加规避风险的倾向,表明了资金来源引起的偏差。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of venture capital investment horizon on new product development: Evidence from the medical device sector 风险资本投资期限对新产品开发的影响:医疗器械行业的证据
IF 7.7 1区 管理学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2024.106454
Moonsik Shin , Joonhyung Bae , Umit Ozmel
<div><div>Drawing on entrepreneurial financing literature, we investigate how venture capital (VC) firms' investment horizons affect their ventures' product quality problems. We argue that when a VC firm has a short investment horizon, it may guide its portfolio companies to develop new products fast to increase the likelihood of successful exits. However, this deliberate effort may act as a double-edged sword for ventures. That is, VC firms' guidance on product commercialization could inadvertently expose ventures to product quality problems. Building on this notion, we suggest that ventures backed by VC firms with short investment horizons may experience more product quality problems than those backed by VC firms with long investment horizons. We further suggest that the effect of a VC firm's investment horizon on product quality problems is mitigated when the venture is invested by corporate VC investors but amplified when the venture develops complex products. We test our hypotheses using a dataset on product recalls of VC-backed ventures in the U.S. medical device industry.</div></div><div><h3>Executive summary</h3><div>The success and survival of new ventures largely depend on their ability to develop and commercialize innovative products. Due to their limited resources, these ventures often seek support from venture capital (VC) investors. However, the involvement of VC investors can be a double-edged sword, as their focus on timely (or even accelerated) product introduction may lead to unforeseen problems. This occurs because VC firms may adopt different approaches to supporting ventures in new product development, depending on their investment horizons, which are constrained by their contractual obligations to their limited partners (LPs). Specifically, VC firms with long investment horizons may allow their portfolio companies to have sufficient time to develop new products. In contrast, VC firms with short investment horizons may be under time pressure and guide their portfolio companies to speed up the product development process to increase the chances of ventures' exits within a limited timeline.</div><div>Building on this notion, we examine how the investment horizons of VC investors impact ventures' product quality problems. Ventures invested by VC firms with short investment horizons may face pressure to accelerate the new product development process, preventing the ventures from engaging in time-intensive learning processes necessary for cultivating new technological and market knowledge. Therefore, we propose that ventures invested by VC firms with short investment horizons may experience more product quality problems than those invested by VC firms with long investment horizons. We further propose two boundary conditions to validate our theoretical mechanisms. First, we suggest that the negative effect of VC investors' time horizons on product quality problems is mitigated by the presence of corporate VC (CVC) firms in the inve
借鉴创业融资文献,我们研究了风险投资(VC)公司的投资期限如何影响其风险企业的产品质量问题。我们认为,当风险投资公司的投资期限较短时,它可能会引导其投资组合公司快速开发新产品,以增加成功退出的可能性。然而,这种刻意的努力对风险企业来说可能是一把双刃剑。也就是说,风险投资公司对产品商业化的指导可能会无意中使风险企业面临产品质量问题。基于这一观点,我们认为,由投资期限短的风险投资公司支持的风险企业可能会比由投资期限长的风险投资公司支持的企业遇到更多的产品质量问题。我们还认为,当风险企业由企业风险投资者投资时,风险投资公司的投资期限对产品质量问题的影响会减弱,但当风险企业开发复杂产品时,这种影响就会扩大。我们使用美国医疗器械行业风险投资支持的风险企业的产品召回数据集来验证我们的假设。 执行摘要新风险企业的成功和生存在很大程度上取决于其开发创新产品并将其商业化的能力。由于资源有限,这些企业通常会寻求风险资本(VC)投资者的支持。然而,风险投资人的参与可能是一把双刃剑,因为他们对及时(甚至加速)推出产品的关注可能会导致不可预见的问题。出现这种情况的原因是,风险投资公司在支持风险企业开发新产品时可能会采取不同的方法,这取决于它们的投资期限,而投资期限又受到它们对有限合伙人(LP)的合同义务的限制。具体来说,投资期限长的风险投资公司可能会让其投资组合公司有足够的时间开发新产品。与此相反,投资期限短的风险投资公司可能会迫于时间压力,引导被投资公司加快产品开发进程,以增加风险企业在有限时间内退出的机会。基于这一理念,我们研究了风险投资人的投资期限如何影响风险企业的产品质量问题。投资期限较短的风险投资公司所投资的风险企业可能会面临加快新产品开发进程的压力,从而使风险企业无法参与培育新技术和市场知识所必需的时间密集型学习过程。因此,我们提出,与投资期限长的风险投资公司相比,投资期限短的风险投资公司所投资的企业可能会遇到更多的产品质量问题。我们进一步提出了两个边界条件来验证我们的理论机制。首先,我们认为风险投资人的时间跨度对产品质量问题的负面影响会因为投资银团中存在企业风险投资公司(CVC)而得到缓解。由于 CVC 公司具有较长的投资期限并追求战略目标,它们可以抵消投资期限较短的风险投资公司对风险企业产品开发过程的影响。其次,我们认为风险企业所开发产品的复杂性会放大风险投资公司投资期限对产品质量问题的影响。这是因为复杂的产品需要更多的时间进行深入学习和信息处理,使得风险企业在时间压力下特别容易出现产品质量问题。为了验证这些论点,我们使用了美国医疗器械行业风险投资支持的风险企业的产品召回数据。为了验证这些论点,我们使用了美国医疗器械行业风险投资支持企业的产品召回数据,并结合与风险投资家和企业家的访谈来验证我们的论点。这项研究加深了我们对合作伙伴特定特征(在我们的研究中为风险投资公司的投资期限)如何影响私营企业的发展路径和结果的理解。通过强调与风险投资相关的权衡,我们为有关风险投资的文献提供了一个更加平衡的视角,而这些文献主要强调的是风险投资的好处。我们的论点和研究结果表明,风险投资人面临的时间压力可能会转移到风险企业身上,从而可能导致意想不到的产品质量问题。
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引用次数: 0
Echoes of the past: The long-lasting effects of entrepreneurs' generational imprints on value-creation models 过去的回声:企业家的代际印记对价值创造模式的长期影响
IF 7.7 1区 管理学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2024.106452
Ileana Maldonado-Bautista , Paul Sanchez-Ruiz , Annaleena Parhankangas , Karen Watkins
We draw from theories of generations and imprinting to introduce an alternative conceptualization of the effects of age on entrepreneurship—namely, entrepreneurs' generational imprints. We theorize how imprinted characteristics of entrepreneurs from a conservative generation (vs. a progressive generation) are positively (negatively) associated with higher levels of financial returns and negatively (positively) associated with higher engagement in corporate social responsibility. In two studies in the Mexican context, we find that entrepreneurs from a conservative generation create more financial value than social value, while entrepreneurs from a progressive generation create more social value than financial value. We also explore the intervening mechanisms and find that entrepreneurs who are more embedded in the church and their families and have more family obligations are more likely to experience generational imprinting. We further show that women tend to experience generational imprinting differently than men, leading to important heterogeneity in our results. Finally, we find that older entrepreneurs experience generational imprints more acutely than their counterparts. Overall, this study provides new insights into entrepreneurs' generational imprints and demonstrates how and why generational imprinting matters in entrepreneurial research.
我们借鉴代际和印记理论,提出了年龄对创业影响的另一种概念,即创业者的代际印记。我们从理论上分析了保守一代(相对于进步一代)创业者的印记特征如何与较高的财务回报水平正(负)相关,以及与较高的企业社会责任参与度负(正)相关。在墨西哥的两项研究中,我们发现保守一代的企业家创造的财务价值高于社会价值,而进步一代的企业家创造的社会价值高于财务价值。我们还探究了干预机制,发现那些更深入教会和家庭、承担更多家庭责任的企业家更有可能经历代际烙印。我们进一步发现,女性与男性经历代际印记的程度往往不同,这导致我们的研究结果具有重要的异质性。最后,我们发现年长的创业者比他们的同龄人更强烈地体验到代际印记。总之,这项研究为创业者的代际印记提供了新的见解,并证明了代际印记在创业研究中的重要性和原因。
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引用次数: 0
Legitimately distinct entrepreneurial stories in evolving market categories 在不断变化的市场类别中合法地展现与众不同的创业故事
IF 7.7 1区 管理学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-09-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2024.106436
Shannon Younger , Jonathan Preedom , Chad Navis

We develop a theoretical framework explaining how the evolving uncertainty imperatives of the nascent, emerging, and mature stages of a market category influence the entrepreneurial stories that audiences judge as legitimately distinct. Our focus is on the sensemaking role of different story components in shaping these judgments, both independently and through their holistic interplay. We also relate these story components to the broader issues that audiences seek to resolve at each stage, which affects their potential resonance. This framework provides a contextualized understanding of legitimate distinctiveness and identifies unique tensions in each stage of an evolving market category, offering a valuable integration and advancement of existing scholarship.

我们建立了一个理论框架,解释一个市场类别的新生、新兴和成熟阶段不断演变的不确定性要求如何影响受众判断为合理与众不同的创业故事。我们的重点是不同故事组成部分在形成这些判断时的感知作用,既包括独立的作用,也包括它们之间的整体相互作用。我们还将这些故事成分与受众在每个阶段寻求解决的更广泛问题联系起来,这影响了它们的潜在共鸣。这一框架提供了对合法独特性的语境化理解,并确定了不断演变的市场类别在每个阶段的独特紧张关系,为现有学术研究提供了宝贵的整合和进步。
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引用次数: 0
Financing decentralized digital platform growth: The role of crypto funds in blockchain-based startups 为去中心化数字平台的发展提供资金:加密货币基金在区块链初创企业中的作用
IF 7.7 1区 管理学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-09-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2024.106450
Douglas Cumming , Wolfgang Drobetz , Paul P. Momtaz , Niclas Schermann

Coordination frictions prevent the efficient adoption and governance of blockchain-based platforms. Crypto funds (CFs) create value by smoothing frictions on decentralized digital platforms (DDPs). CF-backed DDPs obtain higher valuations in the primary token market, outperform their peers after issuing tokens, and benefit from token price appreciation around CF investment disclosure in the secondary market. Primary transaction data from the Ethereum ledger shows that the valuations of DDPs with meager adoption and a higher centralization of token ownership benefit more from CF backing. The positive valuation and performance effects for CF-backed DDPs are more pronounced for CFs that are more central in investor networks.

协调摩擦阻碍了区块链平台的有效采用和治理。加密货币基金(CF)通过消除去中心化数字平台(DDP)上的摩擦来创造价值。CF 支持的 DDP 在一级代币市场上获得更高的估值,在发行代币后表现优于同行,并受益于二级市场上围绕 CF 投资披露的代币价格上涨。来自以太坊分类账的一级交易数据显示,采用率较低、代币所有权集中化程度较高的 DDP 的估值从 CF 支持中获益更多。对于在投资者网络中更为集中的 CF,CF 支持的 DDP 在估值和业绩方面的正面效应更为明显。
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引用次数: 0
Innovation at the interface: A configurational approach to corporate venture capital 界面创新:企业风险投资的配置方法
IF 7.7 1区 管理学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-09-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2024.106438
Magnus Schückes , Benedikt Unger , Tobias Gutmann , Gerwin Fels

This study explores how corporate venture capital (CVC) units can be configured to effectively achieve innovation performance and succeed amidst the tensions they face at the intersection of the corporate and venture domain. Using a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) of 30 dedicated CVC investment arms, we analyze how successful units configure their internal arrangements in response to these tensions and generate various innovation outcomes for their parent organizations. We identify four different solutions for effective CVC unit configurations, highlighting that explorative and exploitative innovation success require different setups. Moreover, we find that more mature and explorative CVC units distance themselves via buffering from their corporate sponsor, while at the same time increasing their efforts to maintain deliberate connections via bridging to representatives of the very same corporate environment they stem from. For ambidextrous CVC units, a more dynamic setup that allows corporate leadership to selectively initiate collaboration with the corporate core when beneficial while facilitating distancing at other times proved successful. Our study contributes new evidence and theory on how CVC units can navigate tensions and balance competing demands at the interface of the corporate and venturing domains.

本研究探讨了企业风险投资(CVC)部门如何配置才能有效实现创新绩效,并在企业与风险领域交界处所面临的紧张关系中取得成功。通过对 30 个专门的 CVC 投资部门进行模糊集定性比较分析(fsQCA),我们分析了成功的 CVC 部门如何配置其内部安排以应对这些紧张局势,并为其母公司创造各种创新成果。我们为有效的 CVC 部门配置确定了四种不同的解决方案,强调探索性创新和开发性创新的成功需要不同的设置。此外,我们还发现,更成熟、更具探索性的 CVC 单位会通过缓冲与企业赞助商保持距离,同时也会加大努力,通过与它们所处的同一企业环境的代表建立联系,保持有意的联系。对于 "双面人 "的 CVC 单位来说,一种更动态的设置证明是成功的,这种设置允许企业领导层在有益的时候有选择性地启动与企业核心的合作,而在其他时候则促进疏远。我们的研究提供了新的证据和理论,说明 CVC 单位如何在企业和风险领域的交界处驾驭紧张局势和平衡相互竞争的需求。
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引用次数: 0
A listening model of venture growth: entrepreneurs' listening abilities and ventures' listening capabilities 企业成长的倾听模式:企业家的倾听能力和企业的倾听能力
IF 7.7 1区 管理学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2024.106451
Dean A. Shepherd , Jeffrey M. Pollack
<div><p>While we understand the importance of entrepreneurs listening to stakeholders, we lack a sufficient theory-driven understanding of why some entrepreneurs and their ventures can listen to their stakeholders more effectively than others. We offer a listening model of venture growth based on listening theories and the literatures on new ventures and capability development. Listening is initially facilitated by entrepreneurs' cognitive and behavioral processes, but continued venture growth creates a paradox for entrepreneurs. Listening to stakeholders may also deplete entrepreneurs' personal resources, diminishing their listening capacity. This paradox can be overcome by generating their ventures' listening capability—behavioral routines and attention structures for listening—enabling them to acquire and interpret quality information from stakeholders more effectively to build or adapt the capabilities necessary for venture growth. The ventures' listening capability acts as a dynamic capability, which itself can be dynamic. This listening model of venture growth contributes to the entrepreneurship literature on stakeholders, entrepreneurs' abilities, and ventures' capabilities and dynamic capabilities.</p></div><div><h3>Executive summary</h3><p>Entrepreneurs need to acquire resources from stakeholders to create and grow their ventures. Therefore, stakeholder enrollment is a critical task for entrepreneurs. The predominant research on stakeholder enrollment has been on entrepreneurs' overt behaviors to secure the support of stakeholders—a unidirectional communication pattern in which entrepreneurs communicate to audiences and stakeholders listen to and decide whether to commit their resources to ventures. However, entrepreneurs need to communicate and listen to their stakeholders. Although scholars recognize the importance of entrepreneurs listening to stakeholders, we lack sufficient understanding of why some entrepreneurs and their ventures can listen to their stakeholders more effectively than others and thus acquire and use stakeholder support critical for venture growth. Therefore, we ask, Why are some entrepreneurial actors more effective at listening to stakeholders than others?</p><p>To address this question, we integrate theories of listening and the literatures on new ventures and the creation of organizational capabilities to develop a listening model of venture growth. This model explains the importance and the limitations of entrepreneurs' listening ability in acquiring and interpreting stakeholder information for venture growth. Venture members can learn from and formalize entrepreneurs' listening ability to build ventures' listening capability, which overcomes the entrepreneurs' listening limitations. Ventures' listening capability includes acquiring and interpreting stakeholder information to inform and/or change additional capabilities critical for venture growth.</p><p>Specifically, the model begins with communication from st
通过这项工作,我们对创业文献做出了三项主要贡献:我们在以下方面提供了理论见解:(1) 创业者的倾听能力在促进企业成长方面的作用;(2) 创业者从倾听能力中学习并将这种能力正式转化为组织能力,这对于信息为企业成长提供非倾听能力至关重要;(3) 企业的倾听能力是一种动态能力。
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引用次数: 0
Para-social mentoring: The effects of entrepreneurship influencers on entrepreneurs 准社会指导:创业影响者对创业者的影响
IF 7.7 1区 管理学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2024.106439
Laura D'Oria , David J. Scheaf , Timothy L. Michaelis , Michael P. Lerman

Research on social media influencers and entrepreneurship tends to adopt an influencer-as-entrepreneur perspective by examining how influencers leverage social media as entrepreneurial opportunities. However, it remains unclear how entrepreneurs in the audience interpret and leverage influencer content in their entrepreneurial endeavors. Using a two-study approach, Study 1 inductively uncovers that entrepreneurs interpret entrepreneurship influencers' content as para-social mentoring—a one-to-many, mostly unreciprocated mentor-protégé relationship in which media users envision themselves as protégés and perceive media figures as providing individualized career-related and psychosocial support despite knowing that the media figures do not know intimate details about themselves or their circumstances. Our model posits that para-social mentoring between entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship influencers relates to critical entrepreneurship-related outcomes. Using data from 613 entrepreneurs, Study 2 deductively finds general support for the model derived from Study 1. Our study highlights how para-social mentoring operates like a double-edged sword that can benefit entrepreneurs while also exposing them to specific hazards not common in traditional mentoring.

有关社交媒体影响者和创业的研究往往采用影响者即创业者的视角,研究影响者如何利用社交媒体作为创业机会。然而,受众中的创业者在创业过程中如何解读和利用有影响力者的内容仍不清楚。研究 1 采用两项研究的方法,归纳发现创业者将创业影响者的内容解读为准社交指导--一种一对多、大多未得到回报的指导者--被指导者关系,在这种关系中,媒体用户将自己视为被指导者,并认为媒体人物提供了个性化的职业相关支持和社会心理支持,尽管他们知道媒体人物并不了解自己或自身情况的细节。我们的模型假设,创业者与创业影响者之间的准社会指导与关键的创业相关结果有关。通过使用 613 名创业者的数据,研究 2 发现研究 1 得出的模型得到了普遍支持。我们的研究强调了准社会指导如何像一把双刃剑,既能让创业者受益,又能让他们面临传统指导中不常见的特定危险。
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引用次数: 0
The body as a cultural resource for entrepreneurs in stigmatized settings: The case of sex toys by women for women 身体作为鄙视环境中企业家的文化资源:妇女为妇女生产性玩具的案例
IF 7.7 1区 管理学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2024.106449
Neva Bojovic , Raghu Garud , Mohammed Cheded

Entrepreneurs seeking legitimacy for their stigmatized products with mainstream audiences must deploy strategies to redefine their products' cultural significance. This paper investigates how the body, often a focal point of stigma, serves as the foundation for these strategies. Through an analysis of exemplary cases in the sex toy industry, we identify three strategies—visibilizing, obfuscating, and transforming—used by entrepreneurs to deal with different sources of stigma, including tribal stigma, blemishes, and abominations associated with the products. Our findings provide novel insights into the role of the body in entrepreneurial strategies to tackle stigma and gain legitimacy for their products, thereby contributing to the literatures on entrepreneurship in stigmatized settings and cultural entrepreneurship.

企业家要想使其被污名化的产品获得主流受众的认可,就必须制定战略,重新定义其产品的文化意义。身体往往是污名化的焦点,本文研究了身体如何成为这些策略的基础。通过分析性玩具行业的典型案例,我们发现了企业家们为应对不同来源的成见(包括与产品相关的部落成见、瑕疵和憎恶)而使用的三种策略--凸显、模糊和转换。我们的研究结果为我们提供了新的视角,让我们了解身体在创业策略中的作用,以应对成见并为其产品赢得合法性,从而为有关成见环境下的创业和文化创业的文献做出贡献。
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引用次数: 0
Navigating the temporal commitments of entrepreneurial hype: Insights from entrepreneur and backer interactions in crowdfunded ventures 驾驭创业炒作的时间承诺:从众筹企业中创业者与支持者的互动中窥见一斑
IF 7.7 1区 管理学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2024.106437
Matthew S. Wood , Sean M. Dwyer , David J. Scheaf

This paper examines how entrepreneurs manage temporal commitments associated with hyped audience expectations. We examine hype in the crowdfunding context, conducting an inductive study of 155 entrepreneur project updates from five new ventures that mobilized significant funding on Kickstarter. Entrepreneur updates were matched with 17,807 backer comments, creating call and response pairs. Using LIWC sentiment analysis, we tracked changes in backer negative tone over time and observed spikes and dips corresponding with temporal events. The pattern suggested that entrepreneurs have techniques to tamp down negative sentiment from backers as they delay product shipments. Through inductive examination of entrepreneur and backer interactions, we uncover entrepreneurs' use of four narrative practices to manage the temporal constraints of hyped audience expectations: frequent communication, evidence of progress, proximal temporal reach, and time-quality trade-off. While initially effective, these practices have diminishing returns over time, eventually triggering backer outrage as continual delays frustrate backers. We additionally find that the effectiveness of the narrative practices is influenced by external temporal pacers, with entrepreneurs using pacers to amplify narrative practice effectiveness, while backers use them as reasons to reject delays.

本文探讨了创业者如何管理与受众过高期望相关的时间承诺。我们研究了众筹背景下的炒作,对来自五个在 Kickstarter 上筹集到大量资金的新企业的 155 个企业家项目更新进行了归纳研究。创业者更新与 17807 条支持者评论相匹配,形成呼叫和响应对。利用 LIWC 情感分析,我们跟踪了支持者负面语气随时间的变化,并观察到了与时间事件相对应的峰值和谷值。这种模式表明,创业者在推迟产品发货的同时,还掌握了抑制支持者负面情绪的技巧。通过对创业者和支持者互动的归纳研究,我们发现创业者使用了四种叙事方法来管理受众过高期望的时间限制:频繁沟通、进展证据、近距离时间接触和时间质量权衡。虽然这些做法最初很有效,但随着时间的推移,其收益会逐渐减少,最终会引发支持者的愤怒,因为持续的延迟会让支持者感到沮丧。我们还发现,叙述性实践的有效性受到外部时间性起搏器的影响,创业者利用起搏器来扩大叙述性实践的有效性,而支持者则利用起搏器作为拒绝延迟的理由。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of Business Venturing
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