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The Sociocognitive Origins of Personal Mastery. 个人掌控的社会认知起源。
IF 5 1区 医学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/00221465231167558
Gordon Brett, Soli Dubash

This article examines the relationship between cognitive processing and mastery. While scholars have called for the integration of sociological and cognitive analyses of mastery, sociological research has focused almost exclusively on mapping its social correlates. As a result, sociologists have relied on untested and underspecified assumptions about cognition to explain the efficacy of mastery. Taking an interdisciplinary approach integrating research on mastery, dual-process models of cognition, and intersectionality, we specify and test the hypothesis that deliberate thinking dispositions are associated with a greater sense of control over one's life chances and assess whether this relationship varies across different intersections of social positions. Regression results from survey data in a diverse student sample (N = 982) suggest a positive correlation between deliberate cognitive style and personal mastery. However, results from a quantitative intersectional analysis demonstrate that this relationship does not hold for East Asian women.

本文探讨了认知加工和掌握之间的关系。虽然学者们呼吁整合掌握的社会学和认知分析,但社会学研究几乎完全集中在绘制其社会相关性上。因此,社会学家依赖于未经检验和不明确的认知假设来解释掌握的功效。我们采用跨学科的方法,整合了对掌握、认知双过程模型和交叉性的研究,明确并验证了故意思维倾向与对生活机会的更大控制感相关的假设,并评估了这种关系是否在不同社会地位的交叉点上有所不同。来自不同学生样本(N = 982)的调查数据的回归结果表明,刻意的认知风格与个人掌握之间存在正相关。然而,定量交叉分析的结果表明,这种关系并不适用于东亚女性。
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引用次数: 0
Why Your Doctor Didn't Go to Class: Student Culture, High-Stakes Testing, and Novel Coupling Configurations in an Allopathic Medical School. 为什么你的医生不去上课:对抗疗法医学院的学生文化、高风险测试和新型耦合配置。
IF 5 1区 医学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/00221465221118584
Judson G Everitt, James M Johnson, William H Burr

A clear pattern has emerged in allopathic medical schools across the United States: Most medical students have stopped going to class. While this trend among students is well known in medical education, few studies to date have examined the underlying sociological mechanisms driving this collective behavior or how these dynamics are related to institutional change in medical education. Drawing on 33 in-depth interviews with medical students in an allopathic medical school, we examine medical student culture and its role in shaping how medical students make sense of the institutionalized licensing requirement of the United States Medical Licensing Exam. We find that medical students learn to rely on digital recordings of their course content and third-party digital resources for Step 1 prep and stop attending their academic courses in person altogether. We argue that medical students create novel coupling configurations between local interaction and institutionalized licensure rules via their student cultures.

美国对抗疗法医学院出现了一个明显的模式:大多数医学生不再去上课。虽然这种趋势在医学教育中是众所周知的,但迄今为止,很少有研究调查了推动这种集体行为的潜在社会学机制,或者这些动态与医学教育制度变革的关系。通过对一所对抗疗法医学院的33名医学生的深度访谈,我们研究了医学生文化及其在塑造医学生如何理解美国医学执照考试的制度化许可要求方面的作用。我们发现,在第一步准备中,医学生学会依赖课程内容的数字记录和第三方数字资源,并完全停止亲自参加学术课程。我们认为医学生通过他们的学生文化在本地互动和制度化许可规则之间创造了新的耦合配置。
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引用次数: 1
Health Lifestyle Theory in a Changing Society: The Rise of Infectious Diseases and Digitalization. 变化社会中的健康生活方式理论:传染病的兴起和数字化。
IF 5 1区 医学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/00221465231155609
William C Cockerham

Social change produces alterations in society that necessitate changes in sociological theories. Two significant changes affecting health lifestyle theory are the behaviors associated with the COVID-19 pandemic and the digitalization of society. The health-protective practices emerging from the ongoing pandemic and the recent parade of other newly emerging infectious diseases need to be included in the theory's framework. Moreover, the extensive digitalization of today's society leads to the addition of connectivities (electronic networks) as a structural variable. Connectivities serve as a computational authority influencing health lifestyle practices through health apps and other digital resources in contrast to collectivities (human social networks) as a normative authority. The recent literature supporting these features in an updated and expanded model of health lifestyle theory is discussed.

社会的变化产生了社会的变化,这就需要社会学理论的变化。影响健康生活方式理论的两个重大变化是与COVID-19大流行和社会数字化相关的行为。从目前的大流行和最近出现的其他新出现的传染病中出现的健康保护措施需要包括在理论框架中。此外,当今社会的广泛数字化导致连接性(电子网络)作为结构变量的增加。连接作为一种计算权威,通过健康应用程序和其他数字资源影响健康生活方式实践,而集体(人类社交网络)则作为一种规范权威。最近的文献支持这些特征在一个更新和扩展模型的健康生活方式理论进行了讨论。
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引用次数: 0
Painful Feelings: Opioids as Tools for Avoiding Emotional Labor in Hospital Work. 痛苦感受:阿片类药物作为医院工作中避免情绪劳动的工具。
IF 5 1区 医学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/00221465231176077
Alexandra Brewer

How do clinicians manage the negative emotions that emerge when hospital patients are dissatisfied with their pain treatment? Drawing on a 21-month hospital ethnography, I show that clinicians view opioids as tools that can allow them to avoid engaging in emotional labor with dissatisfied pain patients. I detail two different strategies that clinicians pursued. Through permissive prescription, clinicians used intravenous (IV) opioids liberally to placate unhappy pain patients, temporarily minimizing patients' emotional needs. Through restrictive prescription, clinicians advocated for the more conservative use of IV opioids in the hopes that dissatisfied patients would leave the hospital, reducing their overall emotional workload. Divergent strategies for using opioids to avoid emotional labor led to hierarchical interprofessional conflict, which was itself a source of negative emotions that needed to be managed. Based on these findings, I argue that the desire to avoid emotional labor can shape patient care and workplace relationships.

当医院病人对他们的疼痛治疗不满意时,临床医生如何管理出现的负面情绪?根据一项为期21个月的医院人种志研究,我表明临床医生将阿片类药物视为一种工具,可以让他们避免与不满意的疼痛患者进行情绪劳动。我详细介绍了临床医生采用的两种不同策略。通过允许处方,临床医生使用静脉注射(IV)阿片类药物来安抚不愉快的疼痛患者,暂时减少患者的情感需求。通过限制性处方,临床医生提倡更保守地使用静脉注射阿片类药物,希望不满意的患者离开医院,减少他们的整体情绪负荷。使用阿片类药物避免情绪劳动的不同策略导致了等级间的职业冲突,这本身就是需要管理的负面情绪的来源。基于这些发现,我认为避免情绪劳动的愿望可以影响患者护理和工作关系。
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引用次数: 1
The Buffering Effect of State Eviction and Foreclosure Policies for Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States. 美国COVID-19大流行期间州驱逐和止赎政策对心理健康的缓冲作用
IF 6.3 1区 医学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-06-19 DOI: 10.1177/00221465231175939
Courtney E Boen, Lisa A Keister, Christina M Gibson-Davis, Anneliese Luck

The COVID-19 pandemic spurred an economic downturn that may have eroded population mental health, especially for renters and homeowners who experienced financial hardship and were at risk of housing loss. Using household-level data from the Census Bureau's Household Pulse Survey (n = 805,223; August 2020-August 2021) and state-level data on eviction/foreclosure bans, we estimated linear probability models with two-way fixed effects to (1) examine links between COVID-related financial hardship and anxiety/depression and (2) assess whether state eviction/foreclosure bans buffered the detrimental mental health impacts of financial hardship. Findings show that individuals who reported difficulty paying for household expenses and keeping up with rent or mortgage had increased anxiety and depression risks but that state eviction/foreclosure bans weakened these associations. Our findings underscore the importance of state policies in protecting mental health and suggest that heterogeneity in state responses may have contributed to mental health inequities during the pandemic.

2019冠状病毒病大流行引发了经济衰退,这可能损害了人口的心理健康,特别是对于经历经济困难并面临住房损失风险的租房者和房主。使用人口普查局家庭脉搏调查的家庭层面数据(n = 805,223;2020年8月至2021年8月)和关于驱逐/止赎禁令的州级数据,我们估计了具有双向固定效应的线性概率模型,以(1)检查与covid相关的经济困难与焦虑/抑郁之间的联系,(2)评估国家驱逐/止赎禁令是否缓冲了经济困难对心理健康的有害影响。调查结果显示,那些难以支付家庭开支、支付房租或抵押贷款的人焦虑和抑郁的风险增加,但国家驱逐/取消抵押品赎回权的禁令削弱了这些联系。我们的研究结果强调了国家政策在保护心理健康方面的重要性,并表明各州应对措施的异质性可能导致了大流行期间心理健康的不平等。
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引用次数: 0
Corrigendum. 勘误表。
IF 5 1区 医学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1177/0022146521989618
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引用次数: 0
Policy Brief. 简短的政策。
IF 5 1区 医学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1177/00221465231171627
Ryan K Masters, Andres M Tilstra, Daniel H Simon, Kate Coleman-Minahan
Die Potenziale und die damit verknüpften Erwartungen betreffen erstens die Grundlagenforschung, in der KI-basierte Methoden entscheidend dazu beitragen können, mögliche ursächliche Veränderungen im Erbgut und molekulare Mechanismen für Krankheiten schnell und umfänglich zu erkennen, zweitens die gezieltere und schnellere Entwicklung von Medikamenten und drittens die differenziertere Krankheitsdiagnose und Prognose von Erkrankungsrisiken, Therapiemöglichkeiten und -verläufen.
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引用次数: 0
Differences in Determinants: Racialized Obstetric Care and Increases in U.S. State Labor Induction Rates. 决定因素的差异:种族化产科护理与美国各州引产率的增长。
IF 6.3 1区 医学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-04-26 DOI: 10.1177/00221465231165284
Ryan K Masters, Andrea M Tilstra, Daniel H Simon, Kate Coleman-Minahan

Induction of labor (IOL) rates in the United States have nearly tripled since 1990. We examine official U.S. birth records to document increases in states' IOL rates among pregnancies to Black, Latina, and White women. We test if the increases are associated with changes in demographic characteristics and risk factors among states' racial-ethnic childbearing populations. Among pregnancies to White women, increases in state IOL rates are strongly associated with changes in risk factors among White childbearing populations. However, the rising IOL rates among pregnancies to Black and Latina women are not due to changing factors in their own populations but are instead driven by changing factors among states' White childbearing populations. The results suggest systemic racism may be shaping U.S. obstetric care whereby care is not "centered at the margins" but is instead responsive to characteristics in states' White populations.

自 1990 年以来,美国的引产率几乎增加了两倍。我们研究了美国的官方出生记录,记录了各州黑人、拉丁裔和白人妇女的引产率上升情况。我们检验了这些增长是否与各州种族生育人口的人口特征和风险因素的变化有关。在白人妇女的妊娠中,各州 IOL 比率的上升与白人育龄人口中风险因素的变化密切相关。然而,黑人和拉丁裔女性孕妇的 IOL 率上升并不是因为她们自身人口中的因素发生了变化,而是受到了各州白人育龄人口中的因素变化的驱动。研究结果表明,系统性的种族主义可能正在影响美国的产科护理,产科护理不是 "以边缘人群为中心",而是顺应各州白人人口的特点。
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引用次数: 0
The Biomedical Subjectification of Women of Advanced Maternal Age: Reproductive Risk, Privilege, and the Illusion of Control. 高龄产妇的生物医学主体化:生殖风险、特权和控制幻觉。
IF 5 1区 医学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1177/00221465221136252
Emily S Mann, Dana Berkowitz

The United States is experiencing a demographic transition toward older motherhood. Biomedicine classifies pregnancies among all women of advanced maternal age (AMA) as high-risk; paradoxically, women having first births at AMA are typically economically and racially privileged, which can reduce the risk of risks. This article examines the implications of the biomedicalization of AMA for first-time mothers, age 35 and older, using qualitative interviews. We find participants had substantial cultural health capital, which informed their critiques of AMA and the medical model of birth. When they found themselves subjected to biomedical protocols and concerned about reproductive risk as their pregnancies progressed, their subsequent biomedical subjectification compelled most to accept biomedical interventions. Consequently, some participants had traumatic birth experiences. Our findings illustrate that while first-time mothers of AMA anticipated that they would have more control over the birth process because of their advantages, ultimately, most did not.

美国正在经历人口结构向高龄母亲的转变。生物医学将所有高龄产妇的妊娠归类为高危妊娠;矛盾的是,在AMA生育第一胎的女性通常在经济和种族上享有特权,这可以降低风险。这篇文章探讨了AMA的生物医学化的含义,首次母亲,35岁及以上,使用定性访谈。我们发现参与者有大量的文化健康资本,这为他们对AMA和出生医学模式的批评提供了信息。当她们发现自己受到生物医学协议的约束,并在怀孕过程中担心生殖风险时,她们随后的生物医学主体化迫使大多数人接受生物医学干预。因此,一些参与者有痛苦的分娩经历。我们的研究结果表明,虽然美国医学协会的第一次妈妈们预计,由于她们的优势,她们会对分娩过程有更多的控制权,但最终,大多数人并没有这样做。
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引用次数: 2
Romantic Unions and Mental Health: The Role of Relationship Churning. 浪漫结合与心理健康:关系搅动的作用。
IF 5 1区 医学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1177/00221465221126091
Sarah Halpern-Meekin, Kristin Turney

The stress process perspective suggests that romantic relationship transitions can be stressors that impair mental health. Research on romantic relationships and mental health has ignored one common stressor, on-again/off-again relationships, or churning. Using five waves of data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N = 3,176), we examine associations between relationship churning and mothers' mental health. We find that mothers experiencing relationship churning have worse mental health than mothers in stably together relationships, net of characteristics associated with selection into relationship instability; these associations persist over four years. Mothers experiencing relationship churning have similar mental health as their counterparts who experience union dissolution (with or without repartnering). Current relationship status and quality explain some of the differences between churning and stably together mothers. Findings emphasize attending to multiple types of family stressors-even stressors and instability in ongoing relationships-and the micro-level ecological factors that shape mental health.

压力过程的观点表明,恋爱关系的转变可能是损害心理健康的压力源。关于恋爱关系和心理健康的研究忽略了一个常见的压力源,分分合合的关系,或者翻来覆去。利用来自脆弱家庭和儿童健康研究(N = 3176)的五波数据,我们研究了关系动荡与母亲心理健康之间的关系。我们发现,经历关系动荡的母亲比拥有稳定关系的母亲的心理健康状况更差,这些特征与选择关系不稳定有关;这些联系会持续4年以上。经历感情动荡的母亲与经历婚姻破裂(无论是否重新结合)的母亲的心理健康状况相似。目前的关系状态和质量解释了搅动和稳定在一起的母亲之间的一些差异。研究结果强调关注多种类型的家庭压力源——甚至是持续关系中的压力源和不稳定性——以及塑造心理健康的微观生态因素。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Health and Social Behavior
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