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From theory to research: Interpretational guidelines, statistical guidance, and a shiny app for the model of excellencism and perfectionism 从理论到研究:优秀主义和完美主义模型的解释指南、统计指导和闪亮应用程序
IF 5.9 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-12-20 DOI: 10.1177/08902070231221478
Patrick Gaudreau, Benjamin J. I. Schellenberg, Matthew Quesnel
After decades of research and debates about whether perfectionism is healthy or unhealthy, the Model of Excellencism and Perfectionism (MEP) recently differentiated between people striving for high standards (excellence strivers) and those pursuing perfectionistic standards (perfection strivers). In this study, we devised and tested an interpretational framework of nine scenarios to help determine whether perfectionism is beneficial, unneeded, or harmful by comparing the outcomes of excellence and perfection strivers. In a cross-sectional study with university students ( N = 271; Study 1), we found that perfection strivers savor positive school events less and have greater dropout intentions than excellence strivers. In a prospective/longitudinal design with college-aged athletes ( N = 296; Study 2), perfectionism was associated with higher athletic achievement. However, perfection strivers who failed to attain their goals experienced lower savoring and enjoyment than excellence strivers. Our findings highlighted the value of our interpretational scenarios as a hub to facilitate the comparison of MEP findings, while showing how to test MEP hypotheses with five popular statistical analyses. Furthermore, the MEP Shiny App is a valuable contribution to expedite the process of comparing the outcomes of excellence and perfection strivers. Overall, this research forged a substantive-methodological pathway that strengthens and enhances the practicality of the MEP.
经过数十年关于完美主义是健康还是不健康的研究和争论,"追求卓越与完美主义模型"(MEP)最近区分了追求高标准的人(追求卓越者)和追求完美主义标准的人(追求完美者)。在本研究中,我们设计并测试了一个由九种情景组成的解释框架,通过比较追求卓越者和追求完美者的结果,帮助确定完美主义是有益的、不必要的还是有害的。在一项以大学生为研究对象的横断面研究中(研究 1:271 人),我们发现完美主义者比卓越主义者更不喜欢学校的积极活动,而且辍学意愿更强。在一项针对大学适龄运动员的前瞻性/纵向设计研究中(样本数=296;研究2),完美主义与较高的运动成绩相关。然而,与追求卓越者相比,追求完美者在未能实现其目标时,其品味和享受程度较低。我们的研究结果凸显了我们的解释情景作为一个枢纽的价值,便于对 MEP 研究结果进行比较,同时展示了如何通过五种流行的统计分析来检验 MEP 假设。此外,"卓越教育计划闪亮应用 "也是一项宝贵的贡献,它加快了比较卓越和完美奋斗者成果的进程。总之,这项研究开辟了一条实质性方法论途径,加强和提高了 MEP 的实用性。
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引用次数: 0
The complexity of the pursuit of happiness is associated with the success of well-being related behaviors in everyday life 追求幸福的复杂性与日常生活中幸福相关行为的成功有关
IF 5.9 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-12-18 DOI: 10.1177/08902070231220970
Julia Krasko, S. Intelisano, Maike Luhmann
Can people choose to be happy? To date we have no definite answer to this very old question. In this paper, we introduced and tested a new theoretical model of the pursuit of happiness in which we integrated individual happiness definitions, happiness-related intentions, and happiness-enhancing activities. Further, we tested different characteristics of happiness-enhancing activities that have previously been discussed in the literature as potentially relevant for the successful pursuit of happiness: the breadth (i.e., how many different facets of happiness are positively affected by one single activity), variety (i.e., how many different happiness-enhancing activities people conduct in daily life), and frequency (i.e., overall number) of happiness-enhancing activities. The results of an experience sampling study ( N = 473; 2815 daily-level data points) support our preregistered hypotheses: Individual definitions of happiness were predictive of intentions and well-being related behaviors in everyday life. Further, the engagement in broader and a higher number of happiness-enhancing activities was associated with higher levels of daily well-being. The variety of happiness-enhancing activities, however, did not predict daily well-being. Overall, we demonstrated that defining and pursuing happiness in a multifaceted manner is related to higher levels of well-being.
人们可以选择快乐吗?对于这个古老的问题,我们至今没有确切的答案。在本文中,我们引入并测试了一个新的追求幸福的理论模型,在这个模型中,我们整合了个人幸福定义、与幸福相关的意向以及提升幸福感的活动。此外,我们还测试了幸福感提升活动的不同特征,这些特征在之前的文献中被讨论为与成功追求幸福的潜在相关性:幸福感提升活动的广度(即一项活动对幸福感的多少个不同方面产生积极影响)、多样性(即人们在日常生活中开展了多少种不同的幸福感提升活动)和频率(即总体数量)。经验取样研究(N = 473;2815 个日常数据点)的结果支持了我们预先登记的假设:个人对幸福的定义可以预测日常生活中与幸福相关的意图和行为。此外,参与范围更广、数量更多的幸福感提升活动与更高水平的日常生活幸福感相关。然而,幸福感提升活动的多样性并不能预测日常幸福感。总之,我们证明了以多方面的方式定义和追求幸福与较高的幸福感有关。
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引用次数: 0
Personality is (so much) more than just self-reported Big Five traits 人格不仅仅是自我报告的五大特征
IF 5.9 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-12-15 DOI: 10.1177/08902070231221853
J. Rauthmann
Common reductionist contractions in thinking or writing about personality and individual differences are to conflate personality, dispositional traits, the Big Five, and self-reports. To avoid conceptual confusions and communicate more effectively, we should bear in mind: (a) Personality is much more than dispositional traits or basic tendencies, (b) basic tendencies are more than just Big Five traits, and (c) self-reports of traits—which capture explicit self-concepts—are just one out of many approaches to trait measurement. These distinctions should be reflected in our thinking, writing, and communication. Attending to them can help clarify what has been studied and (re-)contextualize our knowledge bases. Personality psychology is a science, and scientific language must be accurate, precise, and nuanced.
在思考或撰写有关人格和个体差异的文章时,常见的还原论缩略词是将人格、处置特质、大五特征和自我报告混为一谈。为了避免概念混淆并更有效地沟通,我们应该牢记:(a)人格远不止是处置特质或基本倾向;(b)基本倾向不仅仅是大五特质;以及(c)特质的自我报告--它捕捉了明确的自我概念--只是特质测量众多方法中的一种。这些区别应该反映在我们的思考、写作和交流中。关注这些区别有助于澄清研究内容,并(重新)构建我们的知识基础。人格心理学是一门科学,科学语言必须准确、精确、细致入微。
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引用次数: 0
My willpower belief and yours: Investigating dyadic associations between willpower beliefs, social support, and relationship satisfaction in couples 我和你的意志力信念调查夫妻意志力信念、社会支持和关系满意度之间的关系
IF 5.9 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-12-14 DOI: 10.1177/08902070231220416
Zoë Francis, R. Weidmann, J. L. Bühler, R. Burriss, Jenna Wünsche, Alexander Grob, Veronika Job
A limited willpower belief describes the belief that one’s willpower is depletable and that mental exertion results in a diminished self-control capacity. Limited willpower beliefs have been associated with detrimental personal outcomes (such as poorer goal progress) and may even be related to a lower quality of one’s romantic relationship. With dyadic survey data from 745 couples across 14 days, we investigated how willpower beliefs of both partners were associated with their provision and receipt of social support, as well as their relationship satisfaction. We also examined whether partners with more similar willpower beliefs tended to have higher relationship satisfaction. A limited willpower belief was indeed associated with less provision of both instrumental and emotional support, according to both partners’ perspectives, and was also associated with a lower likelihood of receiving instrumental support. A limited willpower belief negatively correlated with one’s own relationship satisfaction, but partner effects were not significant. While couples’ willpower beliefs were more similar to each other than would be expected by chance, degree of similarity in willpower beliefs was not related to relationship satisfaction. Future research should examine the mechanisms via which willpower beliefs are involved in romantic relationships, potentially through impacting the exchange of support.
有限意志力信念指的是一个人认为自己的意志力是可耗尽的,精神消耗会导致自我控制能力下降。有限意志力信念与不利的个人结果(如较差的目标进展)有关,甚至可能与较低的恋爱关系质量有关。通过对 745 对情侣进行为期 14 天的双向调查,我们研究了伴侣双方的意志力信念与他们提供和接受的社会支持以及他们的关系满意度之间的关系。我们还研究了具有更相似意志力信念的伴侣是否往往具有更高的关系满意度。根据伴侣双方的观点,有限的意志力信念确实与提供较少的工具性支持和情感支持有关,也与获得工具性支持的可能性较低有关。有限意志力信念与个人的关系满意度呈负相关,但伴侣的影响并不显著。虽然夫妻双方的意志力信念比预期的更相似,但意志力信念的相似程度与关系满意度无关。未来的研究应该探讨意志力信念参与恋爱关系的机制,可能是通过影响支持的交换。
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引用次数: 0
Between- and within-person longitudinal associations between personality traits and social support across relationships during older adulthood 老年期人际关系中人格特质与社会支持之间的人际和人内纵向联系
IF 5.9 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/08902070231214815
Patrick L. Hill, Gabrielle N. Pfund, Mathias Allemand, Marie Kivi, Anne Ingeborg Berg, Valgeir Thorvaldsson, Isabelle Hansson
The current study investigated how perceived social support was associated with personality trait development in a Swedish longitudinal sample ( n = 3914; mean age = 63.09 years) with six waves of data on individuals’ Big Five personality traits, and perceived support from family, friends, and a special someone. We employed random intercept cross-lagged panel models to consider the between- and within-person associations for these constructs over time. First, in almost all cases, between-person associations were found between the levels for personality traits and support variables. Moreover, findings did not differ much depending on the source of the relationship. Second, again in almost every model, significant within-person covariances were evidenced, suggesting that when individuals increased on support relative to their typical level at a given wave, they also tended to report higher levels than they typically do on these traits. Finally, however, little evidence was found for cross-lagged effects in either direction. Across models, only one cross-lagged association even reached significance. In sum, our findings support the close connection between personality and perceived social support in older adulthood, and they motivate future directions into when and why such associations occur using more proximal measurements.
目前的研究在瑞典纵向样本中调查了感知社会支持与人格特质发展的关系(n = 3914;平均年龄= 63.09岁),其中包括六波关于个人五大性格特征的数据,以及来自家庭、朋友和一个特别的人的支持。我们采用随机截距交叉滞后面板模型来考虑这些结构随时间的人与人之间和人与人之间的关联。首先,在几乎所有情况下,人与人之间的联系都存在于人格特质和支持变量的水平之间。此外,根据关系来源的不同,研究结果并没有太大差异。其次,几乎在每个模型中,都证明了显著的个人内部协方差,这表明当个体在给定波中相对于他们的典型水平增加支持时,他们也倾向于报告比他们通常在这些特征上更高的水平。然而,最后,几乎没有证据表明在任何一个方向上存在交叉滞后效应。在各个模型中,只有一个交叉滞后关联达到了显著性。总之,我们的研究结果支持了老年人性格和感知到的社会支持之间的密切联系,并且它们激发了未来的方向,即何时以及为什么使用更近距离的测量来研究这种联系。
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引用次数: 0
Which positive personality traits do people want to change? 人们想要改变哪些积极的性格特征?
1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-11-11 DOI: 10.1177/08902070231211957
Fabian Gander, Lisa Wagner
Most people want to change some of their personality traits, typically those they and others perceive as lacking. However, past research focused on student samples and higher-order traits and has not fully explored the attributes of traits that predict change goals. As a replication and extension of previous findings, two studies examined (1) whether people want to change their character strengths and how character strengths change goals relate to (2) character strength levels, (3) age, and (4) well-being. Further, we examined which (5) attributes of character strengths, such as their association with morality or well-being, predict change goals. Participants (Study 1: N = 2,792 German-speaking adults, 79.2% women, median = 46 years; Study 2: N = 6,787 English-speaking adults, 67.0% women, median = 32 years) completed measures of character strengths, character strengths change goals, and well-being. A subsample ( n = 1,739) provided informant ratings. Results showed that participants wanted to increase all 24 character strengths. Most change goals showed negligible associations with participants’ well-being and age. Except for spirituality, participants—especially the less happy—wanted to change those character strengths they lacked. The character strengths’ relationship with well-being, but not their moral value, predicted the goals to change them.
大多数人都想改变他们的一些性格特征,尤其是那些他们和其他人认为缺乏的。然而,过去的研究主要集中在学生样本和高阶特征上,并没有充分探索预测改变目标的特征的属性。作为先前研究结果的复制和延伸,两项研究考察了(1)人们是否想要改变他们的性格优势,以及性格优势改变目标与(2)性格优势水平、(3)年龄和(4)幸福感之间的关系。此外,我们研究了性格优势的哪些属性,如与道德或幸福感的关联,可以预测改变目标。参与者(研究1:N = 2792名讲德语的成年人,79.2%为女性,中位数= 46岁;研究2:N = 6,787名说英语的成年人,67.0%为女性,中位数= 32岁)完成了性格优势、性格优势改变目标和幸福感的测量。子样本(n = 1,739)提供了举报人的评分。结果显示,参与者希望增加所有24种性格优势。大多数改变目标与参与者的幸福感和年龄的关系微不足道。除了精神方面,参与者——尤其是那些不太快乐的人——都希望改变他们所缺乏的性格优势。性格优势与幸福感的关系,而不是他们的道德价值,预测了改变他们的目标。
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引用次数: 0
Moving towards darkness: The personality-environment association between the Dark Triad and residential mobility 走向黑暗:黑暗三位一体与居住流动性之间的人格-环境关联
1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-11-09 DOI: 10.1177/08902070231209789
Shijiang Zuo, Xueli Zhu, Fang Wang, Niwen Huang, Pan Cai
Population migration, as one of the most significant activities in human history and current societies, can shape a mobile social ecology entwined with personality traits. In this research, we tested whether the Dark Triad personality traits would adaptively emerge in and self-select into a residentially mobile ecology across eight studies (total N = 6147). Studies 1–2 demonstrated the relationship between residential mobility and the Dark Triad traits. Personal residential mobility was positively related to the Dark Triad traits (Study 1b), and this relationship was detected by lay persons (Study 1a). Residents living in a country (Study 2a) or a province (Study 2b) with a high net population outflow reported a high level of the Dark Triad traits. Studies 3–4 explored the interplay of residential mobility and the Dark Triad traits. Studies 3a–3b revealed the shaping effect of residential mobility, showing that individuals with the mindset of residential mobility (vs. stability) tended to resort to the Dark Triad traits. In contrast, individuals who possess a high level of Dark Triad traits prefer a mobile lifestyle (Study 4a) and a residence with high outflow (Study 4b). Together, this research empirically illuminated the associations and the interactions between residential mobility and personality traits.
人口迁移作为人类历史和当代社会最重要的活动之一,可以塑造一个与人格特征交织在一起的流动社会生态。在本研究中,我们通过8项研究(总N = 6147)测试了黑暗三合一人格特征是否会在居住移动生态中自适应出现并自我选择。研究1-2证实了居住流动性与黑暗人格特质之间的关系。个人居住流动性与黑暗三合一特质正相关(研究1b),非专业人员也发现了这种关系(研究1a)。居住在人口净流出高的国家(研究2a)或省份(研究2b)的居民报告了高水平的黑暗三合一特征。研究3-4探讨了居住流动性与黑暗人格特质的相互作用。研究3a-3b揭示了居住流动性的塑造效应,表明具有居住流动性(相对于稳定性)心态的个体倾向于求助于黑暗三合一特征。相比之下,具有高水平黑暗人格特质的个体更喜欢流动的生活方式(研究4a)和高流量的居住地(研究4b)。综上所述,本研究实证地揭示了居住流动性与人格特质之间的关联和相互作用。
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引用次数: 0
Personality traits and loneliness among older people in the UK: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing 英国老年人的个性特征和孤独感:来自英国老龄化纵向研究的横断面和纵向分析
1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-10-23 DOI: 10.1177/08902070231206196
Thamara Tapia-Munoz, Olesya Ajnakina, Daisy Fancourt, Andrew Steptoe
Little research has analysed the relationship between personality traits and loneliness, considering polygenic risk scores (PGSs), social isolation, socioeconomic, and health factors. We used data from 4,892 older adults 52 years and older from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA). ELSA wave 5 (2010/2011) was our baseline, and wave 6 (2012/2013) to wave 9 (2018/2019) was the loneliness follow-up. Polygenic risk scores for loneliness were derived from genome-wide association studies. We conducted multiple linear regression and multilevel LMMs to analyse the cross-sectional and longitudinal relationship between personality traits and loneliness. Extroversion (Coef. = -.375; 95% CI:−.447 to .302), Neuroticism (Coef. = .557; 95% CI: .485–.629), Agreeableness (Coef. = −.188: 95% CI: −.273 to .103), Conscientiousness (Coef. = −.183; 95% CI: −.271 to .095), and Openness to Experience (Coef. = −.170; 95% CI: −.236 to .103) were associated with loneliness at baseline. Over eight years of follow-up, loneliness levels decreased on average. Only Extroversion was associated with the loneliness rate of decline (Coef. = .012; 95% CI: .002–.022) after potential confounders had been considered. An important task of health and social services is to identify older adults at risk of physical, mental, and cognitive health issues. The success of public health and clinical interventions to reduce loneliness could be informed by a consideration of personality profiles.
考虑到多基因风险评分(pgs)、社会孤立、社会经济和健康因素,很少有研究分析人格特征与孤独之间的关系。我们使用了来自英国老龄化纵向研究(ELSA)的4,892名52岁及以上老年人的数据。ELSA第5波(2010/2011)是我们的基线,第6波(2012/2013)至第9波(2018/2019)是孤独感随访。孤独感的多基因风险评分来自全基因组关联研究。采用多元线性回归和多水平lmm分析人格特质与孤独感的横断面和纵向关系。外向(系数。= -.375;95% CI:−。447 - 0.302),神经质(Coef。= .557;95% CI: 0.485 - 0.629),宜人性(Coef。=−。188: 95% ci:−。273 ~ 0.103),责任心(Coef。=−.183;95% ci:−。271 - 0.095),经验开放性(Coef。=−.170;95% ci:−。236 ~ 0.103)与孤独感相关。在八年的随访中,孤独感水平平均下降了。只有外向性与孤独感下降率有关(Coef。= .012;95% CI: 0.002 - 0.022),考虑了潜在的混杂因素。卫生和社会服务部门的一项重要任务是确定存在身体、精神和认知健康问题风险的老年人。公共卫生和临床干预减少孤独感的成功可以通过考虑人格特征来获得信息。
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引用次数: 0
State investigative interest varies across daily life and predicts academic engagement: Replication and extension of the nomological network 国家调查兴趣在日常生活中变化,并预测学术参与:法理学网络的复制和扩展
1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-10-18 DOI: 10.1177/08902070231205040
Lena Roemer, Gundula Stoll, James Rounds, Matthias Ziegler
Recent contributions propose to integrate a state perspective into the conceptualization of vocational interests. Such integration addresses in-the-moment expressions of interests and allows to track relations to distal outcomes of vocational interests more closely. To further the trait-state integration of vocational interests, insights into the nomological network of state vocational interests are necessary. In this preregistered experience sampling study of 217 university students, we studied state investigative interest in daily life and the relations with theory-derived person- and situation-related constructs. Results from 5631 observations across 3.5 weeks showed that specific situation characteristics, openness, happiness, and current social student role were associated with state investigative interest. Furthermore, person-aggregated state investigative interest and the reactivity of investigative interest in situations related with their academic studies predicted individuals’ overall academic engagement in some cases. Generally, the relations in the nomological network were stronger when state investigative interest and hypothesized constructs were more closely aligned. Overall, the results underline the systematic nature and psychological relevance of state vocational interests. We discuss how integrating a state perspective into research on vocational interests implies novel approaches for capitalizing on the power of vocational interests.
最近的贡献建议将国家视角整合到职业兴趣的概念化中。这种整合解决了当下的兴趣表达,并允许更密切地跟踪与职业兴趣的远端结果的关系。为了进一步促进职业兴趣的特质-状态整合,有必要深入了解国家职业兴趣的规律网络。在217名大学生的预登记经验抽样研究中,我们研究了日常生活中的状态调查兴趣及其与理论衍生的人相关构念和情境相关构念的关系。为期3.5周的5631次观察结果表明,特定情境特征、开放性、幸福感和当前社会学生角色与国家调查兴趣有关。此外,在某些情况下,个人总体状态调查兴趣和调查兴趣在与其学术研究相关的情况下的反应性预测了个人的整体学术参与。一般来说,当国家调查兴趣和假设构式关系更紧密时,法理学网络中的关系更强。总体而言,研究结果强调了国家职业利益的系统性和心理相关性。我们讨论了如何将状态视角整合到职业兴趣研究中,为利用职业兴趣的力量提供了新的途径。
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引用次数: 0
Who Gets the Credit for Success and the Blame for Failure? On the Links Between Narcissism and Self- and Group-Serving Biases 谁是成功的功劳,谁是失败的责任?论自恋与自我服务偏见和群体服务偏见的关系
1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-10-16 DOI: 10.1177/08902070231199366
Livia Kraft, Johannes Zimmermann, Stefan C Schmukle, Anna Z Czarna, Maciej Sekerdej, Michael Dufner
People often attribute success to themselves and failure to others. Past research indicates that this tendency toward self-serving attributions is pronounced among individuals high in trait narcissism. The aim of this registered report was to re-visit the link between narcissism and self-serving attributions by studying attributions in a group context and by distinguishing between two major dimensions of grandiose narcissism, admiration, and rivalry. We conducted a group study, ( N = 422 participants nested in 54 groups), in which participants of each group were randomly assigned to one of two teams which then engaged in an intergroup competition. In line with our hypotheses, admiration predicted the tendency to take personal credit for success. Contrary to our hypotheses, rivalry did not uniquely predict the tendency to blame others for failure. Instead, admiration uniquely predicted the tendency to attribute negative team outcomes to unfairness of the competing outgroup. Explorative analyses further revealed that both admiration and rivalry were associated with the tendency to attribute negative, rather than positive, team outcomes to chance. Taken together, the findings indicate that narcissism goes along with an increased propensity for self-serving attributions in competitive intergroup settings and that this tendency is mainly driven by the admiration dimension.
人们常常把成功归咎于自己,把失败归咎于别人。过去的研究表明,这种倾向于自我服务的归因在自恋特征高的个体中很明显。这篇注册报告的目的是通过研究群体背景下的归因,以及区分浮夸型自恋的两个主要维度——钦佩和竞争,来重新审视自恋和自私归因之间的联系。我们进行了一项小组研究(N = 422名参与者嵌套在54组中),其中每组的参与者被随机分配到两个小组中的一个,然后进行小组间竞争。与我们的假设一致,钦佩预示着把成功归功于个人的倾向。与我们的假设相反,竞争并不能唯一地预测将失败归咎于他人的倾向。相反,钦佩独特地预测了将消极的团队结果归因于竞争对手的不公平的倾向。探索性分析进一步揭示,钦佩和竞争都与将消极而非积极的团队结果归因于机遇的倾向有关。综上所述,研究结果表明,在竞争激烈的群体环境中,自恋伴随着自我服务倾向的增加,而这种倾向主要是由钦佩维度驱动的。
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引用次数: 0
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