Journal of Phonetics最新文献_第2页

Coarticulation and coordination in phonological development: Insights from children’s and adults’ production of complex–simplex stop contrasts in Gã

IF 1.9 1区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Journal of Phonetics

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.wocn.2024.101378

Felix Kpogo , Charles B. Chang

Achieving adult-like coarticulation, which relies on precise gestural coordination, is known to be a challenging aspect of phonological development. Unique coordination challenges are posed by doubly articulated stops, typologically uncommon complex consonants that show crosslinguistic variation in their acoustic contrast with simplex (singly articulated) consonants. We examined the acoustics and development of complex–simplex stop contrasts between labio-velars (/k͡p/, /ɡ͡b/) and bilabials (/p/, /b/) in Gã (Niger-Congo, Kwa), with special attention to coarticulation with adjacent sonorants. We found that Gã adults mostly produced differences in voice onset time and closure duration to implement these contrasts, and Gã five-year-olds also produced differences in these dimensions. Crucially, however, five-year-olds also produced significant differences in onset formants, which adults did not. These findings provide evidence of age-graded variation in the implementation of complex–simplex stop contrasts in Gã, suggesting that over the course of development there may be a shift away from production of carryover coarticulatory differences toward greater reliance on durational differences. We argue that children’s initial reliance on carryover coarticulation capitalizes on a tendency toward greater consonant–vowel coarticulation as compared to adults, discussing implications for our understanding of how coarticulation develops.

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引用次数: 0

Individual uniformity in phonetic imitation: Assessing the stability of individual variability across features and tasks 语音模仿中的个体一致性：评估跨特征和任务的个体变异性的稳定性

IF 1.9 1区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Journal of Phonetics

Pub Date : 2024-12-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.wocn.2024.101376

Jessamyn Schertz

Extensive individual variability has been reported in both spontaneous phonetic convergence and in explicit phonetic imitation tasks. This work tests the consistency of these individual patterns: are some individuals just globally more imitative, showing greater-than-average imitation regardless of the specific phone being imitated, and regardless of the type of imitation, or does an individual’s extent of imitation depend heavily on the phonetic content or the type of task? We examine the stability of individual variability in imitation of two types of subphonemic differences (VOT of voiceless stops and F2 of the vowels /æ/ and /u/), in two types of imitation tasks (implicit and explicit). We found that individuals' degree of imitation was significantly related across different phones within the same class (e.g., imitation of /p/ vs. /t/) in both implicit and explicit imitation tasks, but that individuals' degree of imitation of phones from different classes (e.g., imitation of stops vs. vowels) was only related in explicit, but not implicit, imitation. Findings are consistent with the idea that general cognitive or personality traits may govern individual variability in explicit imitation, but challenge the idea that they play any measurable role in predicting individual variability in implicit or spontaneous imitation. We also found a weak but significant correspondence between individual performance on the implicit and explicit imitation tasks, providing evidence that the two tasks rely on shared mechanisms, as well as a significant relationship between discrimination performance and explicit, but not implicit, imitation.

在自发语音收敛和显性语音模仿任务中都有广泛的个体差异。这项工作测试了这些个体模式的一致性：是否有些个体只是整体上更善于模仿，表现出高于平均水平的模仿，而不管被模仿的具体电话是什么，也不管模仿的类型是什么，还是个人的模仿程度严重依赖于语音内容或任务类型？我们研究了在两种类型的模仿任务（隐式和显式）中，个体在模仿两种类型的次音位差异（不发音停顿的VOT和元音/æ/和/u/的F2）中的变异性的稳定性。我们发现，在内隐和外显模仿任务中，个体对同一类别不同手机的模仿程度（例如模仿/p/ vs. /t/）显著相关，但个体对不同类别手机的模仿程度（例如模仿顿音vs.元音）仅在外显模仿中相关，而在内隐模仿中无关。研究结果与一般认知或人格特征可能控制显性模仿的个体变异性的观点一致，但对它们在预测内隐或自发模仿的个体变异性方面发挥任何可衡量作用的观点提出了挑战。我们还发现，个体在内隐模仿和外显模仿任务中的表现之间存在微弱但显著的对应关系，这证明了这两个任务依赖于共享机制，以及歧视表现与外显模仿（而非内隐模仿）之间存在显著的关系。

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引用次数: 0

Formant-based articulatory strategies: Characterisation and inter-speaker variability analysis 基于构音的发音策略：特征描述和说话者之间的差异分析

IF 1.9 1区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Journal of Phonetics

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.wocn.2024.101374

Antoine Serrurier, Christiane Neuschaefer-Rube

Vowels are articulatorily characterised by the shape of the vocal tract and acoustically by their three lowest formants. The relationship between formant variations and articulatory variations is well documented. This study addresses the opposite problem: describing the main articulatory variations associated with the variations of single formants. A data-driven modelling-based approach was chosen for this purpose. Midsagittal vocal tract contours from the glottis to the lips for 532 vowels from 41 speakers of three different languages were obtained from MRI data. Corresponding formant values were obtained by acoustic modelling. For each speaker, linear regressions of the contours on the formant values were performed. It led to five articulatory components, characterising the vocal tract variations associated with variations of the first three formants and their differences. Inter-speaker variability was analysed by applying principal components analysis on the components in a second level of modelling. A correlation analysis of the resulting inter-speaker components with morphological features was performed to determine whether a speaker’s strategy could be driven by the morphology. Results show that the palate shape and the vertical pharyngeal height, related to the male–female difference, have a small influence on the speaker’s strategy. Associated Matlab code is publicly available.

元音的发音特征是声道的形状，声学特征是其三个最低的声母。关于声母的声调变化与发音变化之间的关系，已有大量文献记载。本研究解决的是相反的问题：描述与单个声母变化相关的主要发音变化。为此，我们选择了一种基于数据驱动的建模方法。从核磁共振成像数据中获得了三种不同语言的 41 位说话者的 532 个元音从声门到嘴唇的声道中矢状面轮廓。通过声学建模获得了相应的声门值。对每个说话者的声带轮廓和声门值进行了线性回归。结果得出了五个发音成分，描述了与前三个声母变化及其差异相关的声道变化。在第二层建模中，通过对这些成分进行主成分分析，分析了扬声器间的变异性。对所得的说话者间成分与形态特征进行了相关分析，以确定说话者的策略是否由形态驱动。结果表明，与男女差异有关的上颚形状和咽部垂直高度对说话者的策略影响较小。相关的 Matlab 代码已公开。

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引用次数: 0

Corrigendum to “Being clear about clear speech: Intelligibility of hard-of-hearing-directed, non-native-directed, and casual speech for L1- and L2-English listeners” [J. Phonet. 104 (2024) 101328]

IF 1.9 1区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Journal of Phonetics

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.wocn.2024.101373

Nicholas B. Aoki, Georgia Zellou

引用次数: 0

On the target of phonetic convergence: Acoustic and linguistic aspects of pitch accent imitation 语音趋同的目标：音高重音模仿的声学和语言学方面

IF 1.9 1区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Journal of Phonetics

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.wocn.2024.101372

Kuniko Nielsen , Rebecca Scarborough

Studies in phonetic convergence have shown that speakers imitate phonetic patterns to which they are exposed (e.g., Pardo et al., 2013; Nielsen, 2011). However, it is less clear what aspects of the speech signal speakers are responding to when they change their speech behavior and to what extent: specific acoustic values, linguistically-interpreted targets, or some combination. To explore this issue, we conducted two imitation experiments, one in which participants were exposed to a linguistically-salient manipulated pitch accent realization, and one in which participants were exposed to a linguistically-less-salient overall pitch difference. Phonetic convergence might target acoustic values of the speech signal, leading participants to converge acoustically toward the low f0 and fast speech rate of the model taker. On the other hand, phonetic imitation might target linguistic patterns in the stimuli, leading participants to imitate the enhanced pitch accent in f0 and duration, even if it would result in acoustic divergence.

Our results show that it is both: participants converged to the model talker in linguistically-interpreted targets (pitch accent type, relative rise of the peak f0 on L + H*, and relative duration of the target phrase) and acoustic values (carrier phrase f0 and duration). However, our data indicated that higher-level linguistically-interpreted convergence may be manifested more robustly than low-level convergence. We also observed an asymmetry in convergence robustness between f0 and duration, as well as individual difference in the patterns of convergence, which suggest that there are constraints on convergence related to structural properties in the stimuli as well as speakers’ characteristics in perception and production.

语音趋同研究表明，说话者会模仿他们所接触到的语音模式（例如，Pardo 等人，2013；Nielsen，2011）。然而，目前还不太清楚说话者在改变其说话行为时是在对语音信号的哪些方面做出反应，以及在多大程度上做出反应：特定的声学值、语言解释的目标，还是某些组合。为了探究这个问题，我们进行了两项模仿实验，一项是让受试者接触语言学上有意义的受控音高重音实现，另一项是让受试者接触语言学上无意义的整体音高差异。语音趋同可能以语音信号的声学值为目标，导致参与者在声学上趋向于模范模仿者的低 f0 和快语速。我们的研究结果表明，两者兼而有之：参与者在语言解释目标（音调重音类型、L + H* 峰值 f0 的相对上升和目标短语的相对持续时间）和声学值（载体短语的 f0 和持续时间）上都向模范说话者靠拢。然而，我们的数据表明，较高层次的语言解释趋同可能比低层次的趋同表现得更为明显。我们还观察到，f0 和持续时间之间的收敛稳健性不对称，收敛模式也存在个体差异，这表明收敛受到刺激结构属性以及说话者感知和生产特征的制约。

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引用次数: 0

Talker variability versus variability of vowel context in training naïve learners on an unfamiliar class of foreign language contrasts 在训练天真学习者学习陌生类别的外语对比时，说话者的可变性与元音语境的可变性对比

IF 1.9 1区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Journal of Phonetics

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.wocn.2024.101369

Ghada A. Shejaeya , Kevin D. Roon , D.H. Whalen

Numerous studies showed that learners can improve their ability to discriminate and/or identify non-native L2 contrasts through phonetic training, and that encountering sufficiently varied stimuli during training leads to effective generalization of the learning gains. However, previous studies often conflate talker and phonetic-context variability, and tend to prioritize talker variability. The current study investigated the relative importance of each source of variability in training naïve learners on a contrasting class of L2 sounds, plain vs. emphatic Arabic coronals, which enabled us to test generalization more rigorously than is possible with a single L2 contrasting pair (e.g., English /l/-/ɹ/). All trained participants showed significantly better identification of the contrast after training. For trained items, variability in the training materials did not matter. However, when participants had to generalize to unfamiliar contexts, variability of training materials did matter, but there was no benefit of one type of variability over the other. These findings highlight the importance of both talker and vowel context variability to effectively generalize learning of non-native sound contrasts.

大量研究表明，学习者可以通过语音训练提高辨别和/或识别非母语 L2 对比的能力，而且在训练过程中遇到足够多的不同刺激可以有效地推广学习成果。然而，以往的研究往往将说话者和语音语境的变化混为一谈，并倾向于将说话者的变化放在首位。本研究调查了在训练初学者学习阿拉伯语冠音（平舌音与强调音）时，两种变异性的相对重要性，这使我们能够比单一的 L2 对比对（如英语 /l/-/ɹ/）更严格地测试泛化效果。所有接受过训练的学员在训练后对对比的识别能力都有明显提高。对于训练过的项目，训练材料的差异并不重要。然而，当被试者需要将其归纳到陌生的语境中时，训练材料的可变性确实很重要，但一种类型的可变性与另一种类型的可变性相比并没有好处。这些发现凸显了谈话者和元音语境的可变性对于有效推广非母语声音对比学习的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Effects of syllable position and place of articulation on secondary dorsal contrasts: An ultrasound study of Irish 音节位置和发音位置对次要背侧对比的影响：爱尔兰语超声波研究

IF 1.9 1区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Journal of Phonetics

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.wocn.2024.101368

Ryan Bennett , Jaye Padgett , Máire Ní Chiosáin , Grant McGuire , Jennifer Bellik

Secondary articulations like palatalization and velarization are used contrastively to distinguish phonemes and word meanings in a number of languages. Cross-linguistically, these contrasts are often absent in syllable codas and labial consonants. We investigate whether the loss of palatalization and velarization in codas and labials may have a source in articulatory reduction and/or coarticulation in these contexts. On the basis of ultrasound data from Irish — a language with robust and pervasive contrasts between palatalization and velarization — we find that secondary articulations in Irish stops are less articulatorily distinct in codas, particularly for dorsals and labials. This is in part due to increased coarticulation between vowels and velarized consonants in these contexts. These findings are largely in accord with past findings for Russian, and suggest that the typology of secondary dorsal contrasts is grounded in articulatory as well as perceptual asymmetries.

在许多语言中，腭化和 velarization 等次要发音对比用于区分音素和词义。从跨语言的角度来看，这些对比在音节密码和唇辅音中往往是不存在的。我们研究了在这些语境中，密码音和唇音中腭化和 velar 化的消失是否可能源于发音减少和/或共发音。根据爱尔兰语的超声波数据，我们发现爱尔兰停韵的次要发音在韵尾，尤其是背音和唇音中的发音不那么明显。这部分是由于在这些语境中元音和 velar 化辅音之间的共同发音增加了。这些发现在很大程度上与过去对俄语的研究结果一致，并表明次要背音对比的类型学是以发音和知觉的不对称为基础的。

引用次数: 0

Effects of word-level structure on oral stop realization in Hawaiian 词级结构对夏威夷语口语停顿实现的影响

IF 1.9 1区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Journal of Phonetics

Pub Date : 2024-10-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.wocn.2024.101367

Lisa Davidson , Oiwi Parker Jones

Hawaiian, or ‘Ōlelo Hawaiʻi, is an Eastern Polynesian language spoken on the islands of Hawaiʻi. This study examines oral stops in Hawaiian as produced by speakers on the 1970–80s radio program Ka Leo Hawaiʻi, first, to establish whether the voiceless stops of this generation of Hawaiian speakers were aspirated or unaspirated, and second, to determine whether word-level prosodic structure has an effect on either the implementation of voice onset time (VOT) or closure duration, or how often stops are lenited. Hawaiian has only two primary oral stops /p k/ ([t] is a rare variant in these speakers’ dialects), and the results indicate that /p/ and /k/ are unaspirated for these speakers. Prosodic influences are examined by coding each stop for lexical word position (initial, medial), prosodic word position (initial, medial) and whether it is in a primary stressed, secondary stressed, or unstressed syllable. Results indicate that prosodic word initial position conditions both longer VOT, closure duration, and fewer lenited productions, separately from lexical word position. Moreover, there is an interaction indicating that word initial position leads to longer VOT in unstressed and secondarily stressed syllables, but not in syllables with primary stress. These results are discussed with respect to the prosodic and phonotactic structure of Hawaiian, which may rely on acoustic cues for the disambiguation of prosodic structure and segmentation of lexical items.

夏威夷语，或称 "Ōlelo Hawaiʻi"，是一种在夏威夷群岛上使用的东波利尼西亚语。本研究考察了 1970-80 年代广播节目《Ka Leo Hawaiʻi》中的夏威夷语口语停顿，首先确定这一代夏威夷语使用者的无声停顿是有吸气的还是无吸气的，其次确定单词层面的前音结构是否会影响语音起始时间（VOT）或闭合持续时间的实施，或停顿变长的频率。夏威夷语只有两个主要的口语停顿/p k/（[t]在这些说话者的方言中是一个罕见的变体），结果表明/p/和/k/对这些说话者来说是不吸气的。通过对每个停顿词的词性词位（初始词位、中间词位）、前置词位（初始词位、中间词位）以及它是在主要重读音节、次要重读音节还是在非重读音节中进行编码，考察了前置词的影响。结果表明，与词性位置不同，前置词初始位置的条件是较长的 VOT、闭合持续时间和较少的连读。此外，还存在交互作用，表明在非重音和次重音音节中，词的初始位置会导致更长的 VOT，而在主重音音节中则不会。这些结果与夏威夷语的拟声和语音战术结构有关，夏威夷语的拟声和语音战术结构可能依赖于声学线索来区分拟声结构和词项的分段。

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引用次数: 0

Lexically-guided perceptual recalibration from acoustically unambiguous input in second language learners 第二语言学习者在词汇引导下从声音无歧义输入中进行知觉再校准

IF 1.9 1区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Journal of Phonetics

Pub Date : 2024-10-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.wocn.2024.101366

Miquel Llompart

The present study investigated whether advanced late second-language (L2) learners adapt their perceptual categorization in response to categorical segmental substitutions in L2 words, and whether this differs depending on the difficulty of the targeted phonological contrast. In three experiments, German learners of English categorized acoustic continua for a contrast that also exists in their L1 (/i/-/ɪ/), and one that does not and is known to be challenging for them (/ɛ/-/æ/). Crucially, they did so after listening to sets of English words that were either all canonically produced or contained items with /ɪ/

\to

[i] and /æ/

\to

[ɛ] substitutions. Experiment 1 used the same male talker for exposure and test, Experiment 2 another male test talker with similar acoustics and Experiment 3 a female test talker. Results showed perceptual recalibration effects in the expected direction for /i/-/ɪ/ in Experiments 1 and 2, and a shift in the opposite direction for /ɛ/-/æ/ only in Experiment 1. This study extends previous findings to a non-native population and to vowel distinctions, provides novel insights on the cross-talker generalizability of perceptual recalibration effects and, importantly, highlights the need for more research investigating perceptual adaptation processes involving difficult non-native contrasts.

本研究调查了晚期高级第二语言（L2）学习者是否会调整他们的感知分类，以应对 L2 单词中的分类分段替换，以及这种调整是否会因目标语音对比的难度而有所不同。在三项实验中，德语英语学习者对其母语中也存在的对比（/i/-/ɪ/）和不存在且对他们来说具有挑战性的对比（/ɛ/-/æ/）进行了声学连续性分类。最重要的是，他们是在听了几组英语单词之后才这样做的，这几组单词要么都是标准发音，要么包含/ɪ/ →[i] 和/æ/ →[ɛ]的替换词。实验 1 使用了同一个男性说话者进行暴露和测试，实验 2 使用了另一个具有类似声学效果的男性测试说话者，实验 3 使用了一个女性测试说话者。结果显示，在实验 1 和 2 中，/i/-/ɪ/ 的知觉重新校准效果与预期方向一致，而只有在实验 1 中，/ɛ/-/æ/ 的知觉重新校准效果与预期方向相反。这项研究将以前的发现扩展到了非母语人群和元音区分，为知觉重新校准效应的跨语言泛化提供了新的见解，而且重要的是，它强调了对涉及困难的非母语对比的知觉适应过程进行更多研究的必要性。

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引用次数: 0

Language-specific and individual variation in anticipatory nasal coarticulation: A comparative study of American English, French, and German 预期鼻音共同发音的语言特点和个体差异：美国英语、法语和德语比较研究

IF 1.9 1区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Journal of Phonetics

Pub Date : 2024-09-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.wocn.2024.101365

Marianne Pouplier , Francesco Rodriquez , Justin J.H. Lo , Roy Alderton , Bronwen G. Evans , Eva Reinisch , Christopher Carignan

Anticipatory contextual nasalization, whereby an oral segment (usually a vowel) preceding a nasal consonant becomes partially or fully nasalized, has received considerable attention in research that seeks to uncover predictive factors for the temporal domain of coarticulation. Within this research, it has been claimed that the phonological status of vowel nasality in a language can determine the temporal extent of phonetic nasal coarticulation. We present a comparative study of anticipatory nasal coarticulation in American English, Northern Metropolitan French, and Standard German. These languages differ in whether nasality is contrastive (French), ostensibly phonologized but not contrastive (American English), or neither (German). We measure nasal intensity during a comparatively large temporal interval preceding a nasal or oral control consonant. In English, coarticulation has the largest temporal domain, whereas in French, anticipatory nasalization is more constrained. German differs from English, but not from French. While these results confirm some of the expected language-specific effects, they underscore that the temporal extent of anticipatory nasal coarticulation can go beyond the preceding vowel if the context does not inhibit velum lowering. For all languages, the onset of coarticulation may considerably precede the pre-nasal vowel in VN sequences, especially so for English. We propose that in English, the pre-nasal vowel has itself become a source of coarticulation, making American English pre-nasal vowel nasality uninformative about coarticulatory nasalization. Degrees of individual variation between the languages align with the phonological or phonologized role of nasalization therein. Overall, our data further add to our understanding of the non-local temporal scope of anticipatory coarticulation and its language-specific expressions.

预期性语境鼻化，即鼻辅音前的口语片段（通常是元音）部分或全部鼻化，在试图揭示共时性领域预测因素的研究中受到了广泛关注。在这项研究中，有人认为元音鼻音在语言中的语音地位可以决定语音鼻音共时的时间范围。我们对美式英语、北方都会法语和标准德语中的预期鼻音共同发音进行了比较研究。这些语言的不同之处在于鼻音是对比性的（法语）、表面上是语音化的但不是对比性的（美式英语），还是两者都不是（德语）。我们在鼻音或口腔控制辅音之前的一个相对较大的时间间隔内测量鼻音强度。在英语中，共同发音具有最大的时域，而在法语中，预期鼻音化则更受限制。德语与英语不同，但与法语不同。虽然这些结果证实了一些预期的语言特异性效应，但它们也强调，如果上下文不抑制 velum 降低，预期鼻音共时化的时间范围可以超过前面的元音。对于所有语言而言，在元音序列中，共同发音的开始时间可能大大早于前鼻韵母，英语尤其如此。我们认为，在英语中，前鼻韵母本身已成为共发音的来源，因此美式英语的前鼻韵母鼻音对共发音鼻化没有启示作用。语言之间的个体差异程度与鼻化在语音学或语音学上的作用相一致。总之，我们的数据进一步加深了我们对预测性共发音的非局部时间范围及其特定语言表达的理解。

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引用次数: 0