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A semi-automated approach to policy-relevant evidence synthesis: combining natural language processing, causal mapping, and graph analytics for public policy 政策相关证据合成的半自动化方法:将自然语言处理、因果映射和图谱分析相结合,促进公共政策的制定
IF 5.3 3区 管理学 Q1 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Pub Date : 2024-09-20 DOI: 10.1007/s11077-024-09548-3
Rory Hooper, Nihit Goyal, Kornelis Blok, Lisa Scholten

Although causal evidence synthesis is critical for the policy sciences—whether it be analysis for policy or analysis of policy—its repeatable, systematic, and transparent execution remains challenging due to the growing volume, variety, and velocity of policy-relevant evidence generation as well as the complex web of relationships within which policies are usually situated. To address these shortcomings, we develop a novel, semi-automated approach to synthesizing causal evidence from policy-relevant documents. Specifically, we propose the use of natural language processing (NLP) for the extraction of causal evidence and subsequent homogenization of the text; causal mapping for the collation, visualization, and summarization of complex interdependencies within the policy system; and graph analytics for further investigation of the structure and dynamics of the causal map. We illustrate this approach by applying it to a collection of 28 articles on the emissions trading scheme (ETS), a policy instrument of increasing importance for climate change mitigation. In all, we find 300 variables and 284 cause-effect pairs in our input dataset (consisting of 4524 sentences), which are reduced to 70 unique variables and 119 cause-effect pairs after homogenization. We create a causal map depicting these relationships and analyze it to demonstrate the perspectives and policy-relevant insights that can be obtained. We compare these with select manually conducted, previous meta-reviews of the policy instrument, and find them to be not only broadly consistent but also complementary. We conclude that, despite remaining limitations, this approach can help synthesize causal evidence for policy analysis, policy making, and policy research.

尽管因果证据综合对于政策科学至关重要--无论是政策分析还是政策分析--但由于政策相关证据的数量、种类和生成速度不断增长,以及政策通常所处的复杂关系网,其可重复、系统和透明的执行仍然具有挑战性。为了解决这些不足,我们开发了一种新颖的半自动方法,从政策相关文件中合成因果证据。具体来说,我们建议使用自然语言处理(NLP)来提取因果证据,并随后对文本进行同质化处理;使用因果映射来整理、可视化和总结政策系统内复杂的相互依存关系;使用图分析来进一步研究因果映射的结构和动态。我们将这一方法应用于有关排放交易计划(ETS)的 28 篇文章,这是一种对减缓气候变化日益重要的政策工具。在我们的输入数据集中(由 4524 个句子组成),我们总共发现了 300 个变量和 284 对因果关系,经过同质化处理后,这些变量和因果关系分别减少到 70 个和 119 对。我们创建了描绘这些关系的因果关系图,并对其进行分析,以展示可以获得的观点和与政策相关的见解。我们将这些结果与之前对政策工具进行的人工元审查进行比较,发现它们不仅大体一致,而且互补。我们的结论是,尽管还存在一些局限性,但这种方法有助于为政策分析、政策制定和政策研究综合因果证据。
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引用次数: 0
Environmental identity and perceived salience of policy issues in coastal communities: a moderated-mediation analysis 沿海社区的环境认同和对政策问题突出性的感知:调节-中介分析
IF 5.3 3区 管理学 Q1 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Pub Date : 2024-09-06 DOI: 10.1007/s11077-024-09547-4
Pallavi Rachel George, Vishal Gupta

Risk perception influences the perceived salience of various policy issues. In this study, we examine the pathways through which environmental identity influences the perceived salience of two kinds of policy issues—climate change (climate mitigation and climate adaptation) and development (economic growth and infrastructure). Based on a dataset of 503 respondents from coastal communities along the east coast of the United States, our findings indicate that environmental identity is associated with a greater perceived salience of climate mitigation, and that this relationship is mediated by hydrometeorological disaster risk perception. While we found no significant total effect of environmental identity on the perceived salience of climate adaptation, perceived salience of infrastructure development, and perceived salience of economic growth, hydrometeorological disaster risk perception was found to fully mediate all three relationships. Also, the mediated relationships were found to be significantly moderated by gender identity, but not by age (except for the perceived salience of infrastructure development). The study highlights the pivotal role of hydrometeorological risk perception in modifying the perceived importance of different policy issues among environmentalists and has implications for policy and planning in coastal regions.

风险认知会影响各种政策问题的显著性。在本研究中,我们探讨了环境认同对气候变化(气候减缓和气候适应)和发展(经济增长和基础设施)这两种政策问题的显著性的影响途径。基于来自美国东海岸沿海社区的 503 名受访者的数据集,我们的研究结果表明,环境认同与气候减缓的显著性相关,而这种关系是由水文气象灾害风险感知中介的。虽然我们发现环境认同对气候适应的认知显著性、基础设施发展的认知显著性和经济增长的认知显著性没有明显的总体影响,但我们发现水文气象灾害风险认知完全调解了这三种关系。此外,研究还发现,性别认同对中介关系有明显的调节作用,而年龄对中介关系的调节作用则不明显(基础设施发展的突出感知除外)。这项研究强调了水文气象风险认知在改变环保主义者对不同政策问题重要性认知方面的关键作用,并对沿海地区的政策和规划产生了影响。
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引用次数: 0
Nudging citizens co-production: Assessing multiple behavioral strategies 鼓励公民共同生产:评估多种行为策略
IF 5.3 3区 管理学 Q1 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1007/s11077-024-09546-5
Rotem Dvir

The concept of nudge has been prevalent in studies that explore behavioral changes for better individual decision-making. While nudging has been applied to study public policy, a puzzling under-explored issue in this context is coproduction. In this study, I build on the rich literature on nudging theory and conduct an empirical assessment that compares different strategies intended to increase public willingness to engage in coproduction. In public administration, the concept of coproduction refers to citizens’ willingness to contribute to policies that improve their lives. Therefore, a nudging approach offers multiple benefits in employing strategies that do not compel but can motivate greater citizen participation. My approach focuses on comparing common nudging strategies in two unique coproduction areas: natural hazards resilience and public health, and identifying the most efficient ways to increase citizens’ willingness to contribute to proposed policies. The results suggest that nudging strategies are a useful tool for increasing hazard resilience coproduction, while they backfire for organ donations and reduce the willingness to participate. Also, norm-nudge and loss aversion are more powerful strategies in increasing intention to join compared to a default strategy. Lastly, I provide evidence showing relative consistency between respondents’ stated intention and actual coproduction behavior in both policy areas. These findings provide valuable insights to policymakers in designing effective tools to encourage greater public engagement with policy. It also offers theoretical contributions to research on coproduction and how to more directly integrate behavioral theories into public administration studies and investigate individuals’ attitudes towards participation in policy solutions.

劝导(nududge)的概念在探讨如何改变行为以改善个人决策的研究中十分盛行。虽然 "劝导 "已被应用于研究公共政策,但在这一背景下,一个未得到充分探讨的令人困惑的问题是共同生产。在本研究中,我以丰富的推导理论文献为基础,通过实证评估,比较了旨在提高公众参与共同生产意愿的不同策略。在公共管理中,共同生产的概念指的是公民愿意为改善其生活的政策做出贡献。因此,"引导 "方法在采用不强制但能激励更多公民参与的策略方面具有多重益处。我的研究方法侧重于比较在两个独特的共同生产领域(自然灾害复原力和公共卫生)中常用的引导策略,并找出最有效的方法来提高公民为拟议政策做出贡献的意愿。研究结果表明,劝导策略是提高抗灾能力共同生产的有效工具,而对于器官捐赠则会适得其反,降低参与意愿。此外,与默认策略相比,规范激励和损失规避策略在提高参与意愿方面更为有力。最后,我提供的证据显示,在这两个政策领域,受访者的声明意向与实际共同生产行为之间具有相对一致性。这些发现为政策制定者提供了宝贵的见解,帮助他们设计有效的工具,鼓励公众更多地参与政策制定。它还为共同生产研究以及如何更直接地将行为理论融入公共管理研究和调查个人对参与政策解决方案的态度提供了理论贡献。
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引用次数: 0
The political polarization over abortion: An analysis of advocacy coalition belief systems 堕胎问题上的政治两极分化:对宣传联盟信仰体系的分析
IF 5.3 3区 管理学 Q1 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Pub Date : 2024-08-21 DOI: 10.1007/s11077-024-09544-7
Anna M. Crawford, Christopher M. Weible

Although abortion policy is often discussed as a black-and-white conflict characterized by polarization and a lack of compromise, this study explores the validity of such a presupposition by asking how advocates articulate their belief systems about abortion policy and in what ways—if at all—are those beliefs shared within and across coalitions and create fissures within and between coalitions? Applying the Advocacy Coalition Framework, we interviewed advocates, representing both pro-abortion-access and anti-abortion-access perspectives, about their beliefs, coalition allies, and opponents in Colorado. The result reveals nuanced belief systems that address competing conceptions of morality, gender, and life with a tendency toward deep core beliefs. This paper contributes to the ACF literature by highlighting a policy issue not often raised by ACF scholars, bridging morality policy and abortion policy literature with more mainstream policy process research, and surpassing simple “pro-life vs. pro-choice” dichotomies to reveal complex belief systems about abortion.

尽管堕胎政策经常被讨论为以两极分化和缺乏妥协为特征的非黑即白的冲突,但本研究通过询问倡导者如何表达他们对堕胎政策的信念体系,以及这些信念在联盟内部和联盟之间以何种方式共享,并在联盟内部和联盟之间造成裂痕,来探讨这种预设的有效性?运用 "倡导联盟框架",我们采访了科罗拉多州支持堕胎和反对堕胎的倡导者,了解他们的信念、联盟盟友和反对者。结果揭示了微妙的信仰体系,这些体系涉及道德、性别和生命等相互竞争的概念,并倾向于深层次的核心信仰。本文对 ACF 文献做出了贡献,它强调了一个 ACF 学者并不经常提出的政策问题,将道德政策和堕胎政策文献与更主流的政策过程研究联系起来,并超越了简单的 "支持生命与支持选择 "的二分法,揭示了关于堕胎的复杂信仰体系。
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引用次数: 0
(Un)usual advocacy coalitions in a multi-system setting: the case of hydrogen in Germany (多系统环境下的(非)常规宣传联盟:德国氢气案例
IF 5.3 3区 管理学 Q1 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Pub Date : 2024-08-12 DOI: 10.1007/s11077-024-09536-7
Meike Löhr, Jochen Markard, Nils Ohlendorf

Grand sustainability challenges span multiple sectors and fields of policymaking. Novel technologies that respond to these challenges may trigger the emergence of new policy subsystems at the intersection of established sectors. We develop a framework that addresses the complexities of ‘multi-system settings.’ Empirically, we explore belief and coalition formation in the nascent policy subsystem around hydrogen technologies in Germany, which emerges at the intersection of electricity, transport, heating, and industry and is characterised by a broad range of actors from different sectoral backgrounds. We find two coalitions: a rather unusual coalition of actors from industry, NGOs, and research institutes as well as an expectable coalition of gas and heat sector actors. Actors disagree over production, application, and import standards for hydrogen. However, there is widespread support for hydrogen and for a strong role of the state across almost all actors. We explain our findings by combining insights from the advocacy coalition framework and politics of transitions: Belief and coalition formation in a nascent subsystem are influenced by sectoral backgrounds of actors, technology characteristics, as well as trust and former contacts. Our study contributes to a better understanding of early stages of coalition formation in a multi-system setting.

巨大的可持续性挑战横跨多个部门和决策领域。应对这些挑战的新技术可能会在既有部门的交叉点上引发新的政策子系统的出现。我们建立了一个框架来应对 "多系统环境 "的复杂性。在德国,围绕氢能技术的新兴政策子系统出现在电力、交通、供热和工业的交汇处,由来自不同部门背景的众多参与者组成。我们发现了两个联盟:一个是由来自工业、非政府组织和研究机构的参与者组成的非同寻常的联盟,另一个是由天然气和供热部门的参与者组成的意料之中的联盟。参与者对氢气的生产、应用和进口标准存在分歧。然而,几乎所有参与者都普遍支持氢能,并支持国家发挥强有力的作用。我们结合宣传联盟框架和转型政治的观点来解释我们的发现:在一个新生的子系统中,信念和联盟的形成受到参与者的行业背景、技术特点以及信任和以往联系的影响。我们的研究有助于更好地理解多系统环境下联盟形成的早期阶段。
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引用次数: 0
“Please Wait, Your Policy is Important to Us” issue prioritization, the ACF, and Canada’s failed attempts at cannabis decriminalization, 2003–2005 "请稍候,您的政策对我们很重要",2003-2005 年期间议题的优先次序、ACF 以及加拿大在大麻非刑罪化方面的失败尝试
IF 5.3 3区 管理学 Q1 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.1007/s11077-024-09545-6
B. Timothy Heinmiller

In Canada, in the early 2000s, the decriminalization of cannabis for recreational use seemed imminent. Between 2003 and 2005, three government decriminalization bills were introduced in the Canadian House of Commons, but none were adopted, and decriminalization efforts were abandoned. Subsequently, Canada went beyond decriminalization and legalized recreational cannabis in 2018. This paper examines why the Canadian decriminalization efforts failed, using the Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) and ACF policy change theory. Three ACF-based hypotheses to explain the failed reform attempts are developed and investigated, but none are empirically supported. A fourth hypothesis is developed using information processing insights from Punctuated Equilibrium Theory (PET) but adapted to the ACF. This hypothesis is empirically supported showing that Canada’s decriminalization efforts failed, despite a supportive advocacy coalition, favourable conditions in the cannabis policy subsystem and favourable conditions in the Canadian political system, because its systemic advocates did not give it priority relative to other issues from other subsystems. This finding has implications for ACF policy change theory, identifying a necessary condition for major policy change that has been potentially overlooked, and illustrates the potential for cross-fertilization between PET and ACF theories of policy change.

在加拿大,2000 年代初,娱乐用大麻非刑罪化似乎迫在眉睫。2003 年至 2005 年间,加拿大下议院提出了三项政府非刑罪化法案,但均未获通过,非刑罪化努力也随之放弃。随后,加拿大超越了非刑罪化,于 2018 年实现了娱乐用大麻合法化。本文利用倡导联盟框架(ACF)和ACF政策变革理论,研究了加拿大非刑罪化努力失败的原因。本文提出并研究了三个基于 ACF 的假设来解释改革尝试失败的原因,但没有一个假设得到经验支持。第四个假说是利用 "动力平衡理论"(Punctuated Equilibrium Theory,PET)中的信息处理见解提出的,但该理论也适用于 "倡导联盟框架"。这一假设得到了经验支持,表明加拿大的非刑罪化努力失败了,尽管有一个支持性的倡导联盟、大麻政策子系统中的有利条件以及加拿大政治体系中的有利条件,这是因为相对于其他子系统中的其他问题,其系统倡导者没有给予非刑罪化优先考虑。这一发现对 ACF 政策变革理论具有启示意义,它确定了可能被忽视的重大政策变革的必要条件,并说明了 PET 和 ACF 政策变革理论之间相互促进的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
International actors and national policies: the introduction of the national care system in Uruguay 国际行动者与国家政策:乌拉圭国家护理系统的引入
IF 5.3 3区 管理学 Q1 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1007/s11077-024-09543-8
Meika Sternkopf

This paper aims to understand coalition building between national and international actors in the context of an emerging subsystem. In applying the Advocacy Coalition Framework to the case of Uruguay, where a new field of social policy – the National Care System – was introduced in 2015 after a process involving different national actors from academia, civil society, politics, and administration, but also United Nations agencies, the paper explores the role of these international organizations in coalition building, and examines how a dominant coalition of national and international actors shaped the development of the new system. Using interview data and documents, the findings suggest that the involvement of international organizations in the coalition was based on shared beliefs and personal and institutional relationships. While powerful opposing coalitions were absent due to the nascent nature of the subsystem, the dominant coalition was able to influence the policy’s introduction based on their beliefs regarding gender equality and rights.

本文旨在了解一个新兴子系统背景下国家和国际参与者之间的联盟建设。乌拉圭于 2015 年引入了一个新的社会政策领域--国家护理系统,在这一过程中,来自学术界、民间社会、政界、行政部门以及联合国机构的不同国家行动者参与其中。本文将倡导联盟框架应用于乌拉圭的案例,探讨这些国际组织在联盟建设中的作用,并研究国家和国际行动者的主导联盟如何塑造了新系统的发展。利用访谈数据和文件,研究结果表明,国际组织参与联盟的基础是共同的信念以及个人和机构关系。虽然由于该子系统的新生性质,并不存在强大的反对联盟,但占主导地位的联盟能够根据其对性别平等和权利的信念影响政策的出台。
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引用次数: 0
How budgets change: punctuations, trends, and super-trends 预算是如何变化的:时点、趋势和超级趋势
IF 5.3 3区 管理学 Q1 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Pub Date : 2024-07-23 DOI: 10.1007/s11077-024-09542-9
Ehud Segal, Frank R. Baumgartner

Punctuated equilibrium theory (PET) describes policy change as occurring mostly through incremental movements with infrequent periods of dramatic change. An impressive body of empirical literature relating to budgeting supports this view, but virtually all empirical tests have focused on examining distributions of annual changes, thus nullifying chronology. In this article, we focus on the time element. Using the same databases as previously used in canonical PET studies, we explore multi-year trends, not only annual observations. For our analyses, we identify directional series of changes (while allowing for one-year changes in direction if these are immediately offset in the following year) on a U.S. budget distribution dataset covering the period of 1947 through 2014, with 60 categories of spending consistently defined over time and adjusted for inflation. We then assess the robustness of the PET findings when incorporating a longer time units of trending series of annual changes into the analysis. We find that almost 65% of changes occur in series of 4 years or more. Nonetheless, the signature PET literature pattern of high kurtosis is equally present in these series as well as in shorter series. Moreover, within growing and trending series, we find that 21% of these series generate 80% of positive budget change. Within these series, we identify a small group of “super-trends” that account for a large share of the overall change. We conclude that expanding methodologies for the study of budgetary change to incorporate longer-term dynamics helps to better understand policy change, but such findings remain consistent with the PET perspective.

脉冲均衡理论(PET)认为,政策变化主要是通过渐进式运动发生的,很少有剧烈变化的时期。与预算编制相关的大量实证文献都支持这一观点,但几乎所有的实证检验都侧重于研究年度变化的分布情况,从而忽略了时间顺序。在本文中,我们将重点放在时间因素上。我们使用与以往正则表达式 PET 研究相同的数据库,探讨多年趋势,而不仅仅是年度观察结果。为了进行分析,我们在一个涵盖 1947 年至 2014 年的美国预算分配数据集上确定了一系列方向性变化(同时允许一年的方向性变化,如果这些变化在下一年被立即抵消的话),其中有 60 个支出类别,这些类别的定义在时间上是一致的,并根据通货膨胀进行了调整。然后,我们评估了将年度变化趋势序列的更长时间单元纳入分析时 PET 发现的稳健性。我们发现,近 65% 的变化发生在 4 年或更长的时间序列中。尽管如此,PET 文献中标志性的高峰度模式在这些序列和较短序列中同样存在。此外,在增长和趋势性序列中,我们发现 21% 的序列产生了 80% 的正预算变化。在这些序列中,我们发现了一小部分 "超级趋势",它们在总体变化中占了很大份额。我们的结论是,扩大研究预算变化的方法,将长期动态纳入其中,有助于更好地理解政策变化,但这些研究结果仍与 PET 的观点一致。
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引用次数: 0
Consultancy firms’ roles in policy diffusion: a systematic review from the environmental governance field 咨询公司在政策传播中的作用:环境治理领域的系统审查
IF 5.3 3区 管理学 Q1 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Pub Date : 2024-07-23 DOI: 10.1007/s11077-024-09540-x
Alejandra Burchard-Levine, Dave Huitema, Nicolas W. Jager, Iris Bijlsma

Since the 1980’s, the growing involvement of private consultancy firms in the public sector worldwide has instigated concerns about the outsourcing of public policy advising to market-driven actors. Although these firms participate in spreading policy ideas, their roles have not received sustained attention, despite being observed by a few scholars. Against this background, the aim of this paper is threefold. First, from established policy concepts relating to policy diffusion, we identify the potential roles that consultancy firms may take on in spreading policy ideas. Second, we use a systematic literature review to collect and distil what is currently known about what different roles consultancy firms fulfil, and what kinds of tensions arise in their interactions with both clients and other actors. Third, we draft an agenda for future research on consultancy firms’ impact in governance processes. To focus our study, our review hones in on environmental governance, more specifically water governance, a significant area of activity for such firms where they play an important in-between role in providing policy ideas. We found indications that consultancy firms possess six types of capabilities (trusted facilitators, reactors to environmental policies, shapers of environmental policies, market drivers, interest navigators, and managers of public participation), and face various dilemmas around biases, decontextualized global practices, market interests, and manipulative practices. We conclude that more attention should be given to empirically refining capabilities involved in shaping policies and markets and to further highlighting how consultancy firms impact the diffusion of governance ideas in and beyond the water and environmental sectors.

自 20 世纪 80 年代以来,世界各地越来越多的私营咨询公司参与到公共部门中来,这引发了人们对公共政策咨询外包给市场驱动行为者的担忧。尽管这些公司参与了政策理念的传播,但它们的作用并未得到持续关注,尽管有少数学者对其进行了观察。在此背景下,本文的目的有三。首先,从与政策传播相关的既定政策概念出发,我们确定了咨询公司在传播政策理念方面可能扮演的角色。其次,我们通过系统的文献综述来收集和提炼目前已知的有关咨询公司所扮演的不同角色,以及它们在与客户和其他参与者的互动中出现的紧张关系。第三,我们为今后研究咨询公司在治理过程中的影响起草了一份议程。为了突出研究重点,我们的综述聚焦于环境治理,更具体地说是水治理,这是此类公司的一个重要活动领域,它们在提供政策理念方面扮演着重要的中间角色。我们发现有迹象表明,咨询公司拥有六种类型的能力(值得信赖的促进者、环境政策的反应者、环境政策的塑造者、市场的推动者、利益的导航者和公众参与的管理者),并面临着围绕偏见、非语境化的全球实践、市场利益和操纵行为的各种困境。我们的结论是,应更多地关注以经验为基础完善制定政策和市场的能力,并进一步强调咨询公司如何在水和环境领域内外影响治理理念的传播。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring the eternal struggle: The Narrative Policy Framework and status quo versus policy change 探索永恒的斗争:叙事政策框架和现状与政策变革
IF 5.3 3区 管理学 Q1 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Pub Date : 2024-07-18 DOI: 10.1007/s11077-024-09537-6
Johanna Kuenzler, Colette Vogeler, Anne-Marie Parth, Titian Gohl

This article proposes an integration of the Narrative Policy Framework (NPF) with prospect theory to investigate how the status quo and policy change are recounted in public debates. By integrating insights from prospect theory into the Narrative Policy Framework (NPF), we investigate narratives in the policy domain of farm animal welfare, which is characterized by a strong polarization of actor coalitions. We compare public debates in France and Germany between 2020 and 2021. Our analysis shows that the NPF’s analytical strength is enhanced by integrating the distinction between status quo and policy change in narrative elements. This distinction enables further empirical nuancing of actors’ narrative communication, and in combination with insights from prospect theory, it allows for new conjectures about actors’ use of narrative strategies such as the devil shift and the angel shift. In addition to the theoretical contribution, we shed light on debates surrounding farm animal welfare in Western Europe: Both animal welfare and agricultural coalitions are unsatisfied with the status quo, but they promote policy change of different kinds.

本文提出将叙事政策框架(NPF)与前景理论相结合,研究在公共辩论中如何叙述现状和政策变化。通过将前景理论的见解融入叙事政策框架(NPF),我们研究了农场动物福利政策领域的叙事,该领域的特点是行为者联盟两极分化严重。我们比较了 2020 年至 2021 年法国和德国的公开辩论。我们的分析表明,将现状和政策变化之间的区别纳入叙事要素中,可以增强 NPF 的分析力度。这种区分能够进一步从实证角度对行动者的叙事沟通进行细化,并结合前景理论的见解,对行动者使用魔鬼转换和天使转换等叙事策略进行新的猜想。除了理论贡献之外,我们还揭示了西欧围绕农场动物福利的争论:动物福利联盟和农业联盟都对现状不满意,但他们都在推动不同类型的政策变革。
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引用次数: 0
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