Terrorism and Political Violence最新文献

{"title":"Armed to Kill: A Cross-Sectional Analysis Examining the Links between Firearms Availability, Gun Control, and Terrorism Using the Global Terrorism Database and the Small Arms Survey","authors":"Oldrich Bures, Alexander Burilkov","doi":"10.1080/09546553.2023.2259506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2023.2259506","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTAccording to the Global Terrorism Database, the use of firearms in terrorist attacks has been on the rise, and firearms-based attacks are the most lethal. In the aftermath of mass-casualty attacks perpetrated with firearms, policymakers across the world advocate tightened gun control to restrict terrorists’ access to both licit and illicit guns. However, academic research on the linkages between firearms availability, gun control legislation, and terrorism is scarce. This study fills this research gap by conducting a systematic cross-sectional analysis of the linkage between gun control, licit and illicit stocks of firearms, and terrorist attacks in 2015–2019, based on a novel dataset incorporating the Global Terrorism Database and the Small Arms Survey. Our estimation using OLS regression shows a strong relationship between the availability of firearms and the incidence of gun-based terrorism, especially for lone wolf attacks. Furthermore, terrorists in stable, democratic countries are comparatively more likely to select firearms as their weapon of choice. Conversely, strict gun control only slightly alleviates the overall risk of terrorism in stable countries but does not impact weapon selection. In unstable countries in the grip of intrastate conflict, gun control significantly reduces lone wolf-style attacks, while organized multi-perpetrator attacks are not deterred.KEYWORDS: Firearmsgunsterrorismlone wolfmass-casualtylegislationcontrolregulationpolitical violencesecuritypublic policyquantitativeregression Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Supplementary materialSupplemental data for this article can be accessed online at https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2023.2259506.Notes1. Includes all incidents regardless of doubt perpetrated between September 1, 2001 and December 31, 2019. More recent data was not available at the time of the search (June 2022). A lower casualty threshold of at least ten people killed or injured per attack adds 3068 more attacks involving use of firearms in this time period.2. According to the U.K.’s most senior counter-terrorism police officer, “Half of the terrorist plots that have been disrupted in recent years have involved terrorist plotters who tried to get hold of guns.” May Bulman, “Police Fear Terrorists Buying Guns for Paris-Style Attack on UK,” The Independent, October 31, 2016, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/mi5-chief-andrew-parker-foiled-terror-plots-guns-attack-latest-firearms-extremist-paris-attack-a7389891.html. While most of these foiled plots are naturally undocumented, some have been covered in the press and policy reports, e.g. the terrorist attack with firearms that was foiled on the Thalys train between Brussels and Paris in August 2015. Nils Duquet and Kevin Goris, “Firearms Acquisition by Terrorists in Europe,” Findings and Policy Recommendations of Project SAFTE (Brussels: Flemish Peace Institute, April 18, 2018), 53.3. Acco","PeriodicalId":51451,"journal":{"name":"Terrorism and Political Violence","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136098830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What Is It to Explain Extremism?","authors":"Rik Peels","doi":"10.1080/09546553.2023.2255902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2023.2255902","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores what it is to explain extremism. Rather than providing yet another explanation of extremism, it takes a bird’s eye point of view at existing explanations of extremism. What is it that scholars are doing in seeking explanations of extremism? This article answers this question by considering four issues. First, exactly what is the explanandum for explanations of extremism, what is it that we seek to explain? Second, what is it to explain extremism rather than describing, interpreting, understanding, or predicting it? Third, how can explanations of extremism be categorized and what does that mean for the extent to which can they be combined? Fourth, what semantics is useful in construing an explanation of extremism? It turns out that most insights equally apply to explanations of related yet distinct phenomena, such as fundamentalism, fanaticism, conspiracy theorizing, and terrorism. The article concludes by providing five concrete guidelines that will help fine-tune and compare various explanations of extremism.","PeriodicalId":51451,"journal":{"name":"Terrorism and Political Violence","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135596809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Plague of Locusts? A Preliminary Assessment of the Threat of Multi-Drone Terrorism","authors":"Z. Kallenborn, G. Ackerman, P. Bleek","doi":"10.1080/09546553.2022.2061960","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2022.2061960","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Emerging technologies provide new opportunities for terrorist organizations. Future terrorists may use multiple drones—either en masse or coordinated with each other in cruder or more sophisticated ways—to cause harm, potentially at scale. This study explores the topic via theoretical exploration and threat assessment. The first half explores relevant literatures on terrorist innovation; suicide bombing; airpower; and chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) terrorism. The second half builds on the literature review to provide a systematic, albeit preliminary, threat assessment, examining the threat as a function of motivations and capabilities, and elucidates the characteristics of groups that may be drawn to this technology. Policy recommendations to ameliorate this emerging threat conclude.","PeriodicalId":51451,"journal":{"name":"Terrorism and Political Violence","volume":"35 1","pages":"1556 - 1585"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46523183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Terrorism Mortality Salience Manipulation: A Causal Mediation Analysis","authors":"F. Erol","doi":"10.1080/09546553.2022.2060081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2022.2060081","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Building upon past findings on terrorism and individual-level politically conservative self-identification, I evaluate the effect of terrorism mortality reminders on conservative self-placement with three survey experiments, using non-representative Facebook samples in Turkey (2018, 2020). The scant existing experimental findings outside the usual Northwestern European and North American environment make it difficult to assess how the context (e.g., the longevity and diversity of terrorism problems in a country) can explain the alignment between terrorism threats and conservatism. In non-Western areas such as Turkey, with various types of terrorism over time, the link between terrorism threat and conservatism may remain uniform. However, the fear of death in a terrorist attack elicited by the terrorism mortality salience would create psychological strain and make individuals suppress terrorism-related death-thoughts by moving away from conservatism, reminding them of the human body’s vulnerability to threats and igniting fearfulness. Using the Terror Management Theory perspective, this study explored the causal mechanism running from terrorism mortality reminder to terrorism mortality fear to conservative self-identification. In all three studies, conservatism decreased when the respondents felt fearful of terrorism mortality and the treated respondents became more conservative if the terrorism mortality fear was kept at its average value (as a covariate).","PeriodicalId":51451,"journal":{"name":"Terrorism and Political Violence","volume":"35 1","pages":"1536 - 1555"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44221223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sources of Conventional and Guerrilla Strategies in Ethno-Territorial Civil Wars","authors":"S. Horowitz","doi":"10.1080/09546553.2022.2054338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2022.2054338","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In ethno-territorial civil wars, which factors influence whether rebels choose and retain conventional warfare as their primary military strategy throughout the conflict, or whether they use guerrilla warfare as a primary strategy during periods judged to be less advantageous to conventional warfare? The existing literature almost exclusively emphasizes relative power as the determining factor: rebels use guerrilla warfare because they typically lack the capability to fight conventional wars effectively against states. I find some support for this hypothesis: ethno-territorial rebels are much more likely to fight exclusively conventional wars when external states intervene conventionally on the rebel side. I also find that rebel leaders with more intense, far-reaching nationalist goals are more likely to employ guerrilla warfare as a primary war strategy. For such leaders, the higher costs of using guerrilla methods pending an eventual transition to conventional warfare are made more acceptable by a higher valuation of the far-reaching gains delivered by military victory—gains expected to be made more likely by interim periods in which guerrilla warfare is the primary strategy. Turning to other factors, I do not find that status quo conditions or a high level of state democracy have a significant influence.","PeriodicalId":51451,"journal":{"name":"Terrorism and Political Violence","volume":"35 1","pages":"1451 - 1467"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48624348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Economic Perspective on Terrorism and Counterterrorism","authors":"Todd Sandler","doi":"10.1080/09546553.2023.2259992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2023.2259992","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThis occasional-series paper offers an economic perspective on the study of terrorism and counterterrorism. At the outset, the paper identifies how the economic perspective enriches terrorism analysis by stressing rational choice of myriad agents (e.g., the terrorist groups, their supporters, and targeted governments) subject to constraints. Game-theoretic strategic rational choice allows allied and adversarial agents to incorporate the responses of others into their interdependent choices. Economists’ theoretical paradigms are judged by their success in predicting agents’ behavior and informing effective policies. Since 9/11, many political scientists, operation researchers, sociologists, and others applied economic methods to their study of terrorism. To illustrate selected applications of the economic approach, the paper considers findings from economic studies on bargaining and making concessions during hostage incidents, judging the effectiveness of counterterrorism strategies, identifying the economic consequences of terrorism, and finding adequate identification strategies in empirical studies. Future directions and some shortcomings of the economic approach complete the study.KEYWORDS: Economic approachrationality and terrorismconcessions in hostage incidentseconomic consequences of terrorist attacksempirical identification strategies AcknowledgmentsThe author profited from comments from two anonymous reviewers.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1. Lionel Robbins, The Nature and Significance of Economic Science (London: Macmillan, 1962), 16.2. Jack Hirshleifer, “The Expanding Domain of Economics,” American Economic Review 75, no. 6 (1985): 53–68.3. See, e.g., Navin A. Bapat, “Transnational Terrorism, US Military Aid, and the Incentive to Misrepresent,” Journal of Peace Research 48, no. 3 (2011): 303–18; Ethan Bueno de Mesquita, “Conciliation, Counterterrorism, and Patterns of Terrorist Violence,” International Organization 59, no. 1 (2005): 145–76; Ethan Bueno de Mesquita, “The Quality of Terror,” American Journal of Political Science 49, no. 3 (2005): 515–30; David B. Carter, “The Strategy of Territorial Conflict,” American Journal of Political Science 54, no. 4 (2010): 969–87; David B. Carter, “A Blessing or Curse? State Support for Terrorist Groups,” International Organization 66, no. 1 (2012): 129–51; James A. Piazza, “Incubators of Terror: Do Failed and Failing States Promote Transnational Terrorism?” International Studies Quarterly 52, no. 3 (2008): 469–88; James A. Piazza, “Poverty, Minority Economic Discrimination, and Domestic Terrorism,” Journal of Peace Research 48, no. 3 (2011): 339–53.4. Walter Enders and Todd Sandler, The Political Economy of Terrorism, 2nd ed. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012), 4.5. See, e.g., Yonah Alexander and Dennis Pluchinsky, Europe’s Red Terrorists: The Fighting Communist Organizations (London: Frank Cass, 1992); Martha Crenshaw","PeriodicalId":51451,"journal":{"name":"Terrorism and Political Violence","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135739447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Breaking the Bank: Effects of Domestic Conflict on the Banking Sector in Turkey","authors":"Emine Arı, Reşat Bayer, Özge Kemahlıoğlu","doi":"10.1080/09546553.2023.2252104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2023.2252104","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTAlthough banks occupy a central role in most (post-)conflict situations, there is a perplexing lack of attention to them in studies of political violence. As a case experiencing domestic conflict with varying degrees in the last decades, Turkey offers opportunities to understand how the banking sector, including state deposit banks, responds to such political violence. We focus on the short-term impact of political violence and address the following questions: Do all actors in the sector respond in similar ways to security threats? Is there variation according to conflict intensity? We shed light on these puzzles with an analysis of original data on bank ownership, bank branches, bank deposit amounts, and bank credits. We show that banks with profit incentives respond to conflict by lowering their presence in provinces hit by these attacks. In comparison, our finding that deposits in high conflict intensity areas are not affected suggests that it is indeed economic actors outside high intensity regions that are more sensitive to short-time changes in security compared to local ones. Overall, the results demonstrate that political violence hurts banks’ presence in conflict locations and their presence matters through credit provision to these areas.KEYWORDS: Bankingpolitical violencepost-conflict economypublic/private policy and terrorismconflict region Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Supplementary materialSupplemental data for this article can be accessed online at https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2023.2252104Notes1. John Horgan and Max Taylor, “Playing the ‘Green Card’—Financing the Provisional IRA: Part 2,” Terrorism and Political Violence 15, no. 2 (2003): 1–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546550312331293027; Emre Hatipoglu and Dursun Peksen, “Economic Sanctions and Banking Crises in Target Economies,” Defence and Peace Economics 29, no. 2 (2018): 171–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2016.1245811.2. Edward Moxon-Browne, European Terrorism (New York , Toronto: Macmillan, 1994); John Otis, “Rebirth, or Relapse? Colombia Hits a Post-War Turning Point,” Americas Quarterly, 2017. https://www.americasquarterly.org/fulltextarticle/rebirth-or-relapse-colombia-hits-a-post-war-turning-point/.3. Luigi Gioso Paola Sapienza and Luigi Zingales, “The Role of Social Capital in Financial Development,” The American Economic Review 94, no. 3 (2004): 526–56.4. Paul Collier and Marguerite Duponchel, “The Economic Legacy of Civil War: Firm-Level Evidence from Sierra Leone,” The Journal of Conflict Resolution 57, no. 1 (2013): 65–88.5. Tilman Brück, Wim Naudé, and Philip Verwimp, “Small Business, Entrepreneurship and Violent Conflict in Developing Countries,” Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship 24, no. 2 (2011): 161–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/08276331.2011.10593532.6. Asli Demirgüc-Kunt, Leora F. Klapper, and Georgios A. Panos, “Entrepreneurship in Post-Conflict Transition,” Economics of Transit","PeriodicalId":51451,"journal":{"name":"Terrorism and Political Violence","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135829108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Target Hardening and Non-State Armed Groups’ Target Selection: Evidence from India","authors":"Ilayda B. Onder","doi":"10.1080/09546553.2023.2252917","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2023.2252917","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThis study explores the variation in the non-state armed group (NSAGs)'s behavior concerning target selection. Scholars of transnational terrorism have investigated transnational NSAGs' target selection. However, we are still missing out on the most common form of terrorism, terrorism perpetrated by domestic NSAGs involved in civil conflicts. This paper’s novel contribution is to the understanding of domestic NSAGs’ strategic logic. I argue that hardening makes soft targets, including civilians, attractive targets when hard targets are no longer attractive. NSAGs tactically adapt to hardening by switching to soft targets or by displacing attacks to adjacent locations within their home country. The empirical results from data on relevant state-group dyads in India between 2004–2016 show that domestic NSAGs (1) switch to soft targets when faced with hardening, (2) less frequently target soft targets when more of their attacks against hard targets have been logistically successful, and (3) commit more attacks in their primary area of operation when more of their attacks in that location have been logistically successful. These findings emphasize a variety of ways through which domestic NSAGs adapt their tactics and underscore potential costs for target hardening.KEYWORDS: Hardeningtarget selectionnon-state armed groupsterrorism in civil conflictstargeting of civiliansdomestic terrorism Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Supplementary materialSupplemental data for this article can be accessed online at https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2023.2252917.Notes1. Walter Enders and Todd Sandler, “What Do We Know about the Substitution Effect in Transnational Terrorism?” in Research on Terrorism: Trends, Achievements, and Failures, ed. Andrew Silke (Routledge, 2004).2. Patrick T. Brandt and Todd Sandler, “What Do Transnational Terrorists Target? Has It Changed? Are We Safer?” The Journal of Conflict Resolution 54, no. 2 (2010): 214–36; Walter Enders and Todd Sandler, “Distribution of Transnational Terrorism among Countries by Income Class and Geography after 9/11,” International Studies Quarterly 50, no. 2 (2006): 367–93.3. Joseph K. Young and Michael G. Findley, “Promise and Pitfalls of Terrorism Research,” International Studies Review 13, no. 3 (2011): 411–31.4. Brandt and Sandler, “What Do Transnational Terrorists Target?”5. START, “National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism, and Responses to Terrorism,” Global Terrorism Database, 2018, https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/ (accessed April 27, 2021).6. Ibid.7. The GTD defines a terrorist attack as “the threatened or actual use of illegal force and violence by a non-state actor to attain a political, economic, religious, or social goal through fear, coercion, or intimidation” (10). To be included in the GTD, an incident must (1) be intentional, (2) entail some level of violence, and (3) be perpetrated by a non-state actor. In addition to these three crite","PeriodicalId":51451,"journal":{"name":"Terrorism and Political Violence","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135580043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Decade of Media Coverage of the Social Reintegration of Terrorism-Related Convicts: France as a Case Study","authors":"Caroline Da Silva, Nicolas Amadio, Rachel Sarg, Bruno Domingo, Massil Benbouriche","doi":"10.1080/09546553.2023.2248269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2023.2248269","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThe social reintegration of terrorism-related convicts in Europe is a pressing issue. Public opinion can play an essential role in this by making it easier or more difficult to implement (and succeed with) social reintegration strategies. Considering the media’s influence on shaping public opinions, attitudes, and social representations, the present research offers a case study by reviewing a decade (2011–2022) of media coverage of the social reintegration of terrorism-related convicts in the seven most read national daily newspapers in France. Results reveal that the topic is very little covered, with 395 newspaper articles published over a decade, and mostly discussing deradicalization, specifically, rather than social reintegration at large. Cluster analysis via Reinert’s method reveals that when the topic is discussed it revolves around political and security management (political discourse and security measures), target population (radical Muslims and returnees), and tertiary prevention programs (programs in prison and open settings). A time series analysis of clusters shows their chronological evolution. These findings and their implications for generating (mis)trust in the social reintegration of terrorism-related convicts amongst the general public are discussed.KEYWORDS: Mediapublic opinionterrorismradicalizationsocial reintegration Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Data Availability StatementThe data supporting the findings of this study are available in Open Science Framework, along with more detailed information on the included newspaper articles, more examples of text segments for each cluster, the French materials (keywords, text segments, and Figure 2), and the interrater agreement: https://osf.io/q9bwv/?view_only=b92dabfe4c08488da5e19eea8dbcf28dNotes1. Europol, “European Union Terrorism Situation and Trend Report 2021” (Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2021), https://ctmorse.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/tesat_2021.pdf.2. MLRV, « La Stratégie Pénitentiaire de Lutte Contre la Radicalisation et le Terrorisme: Evolution et Dispositifs Actuels » [The Penitentiary Strategy to Fight Radicalization and Terrorism: Evolution and Current Arrangements] (paper presented at Journée d’études « Du milieu fermé au milieu ouvert: la réintégration sociale des personnes condamnées pour terrorisme », Lille, France, June, 10, 2022).3. Alpaslan Özerdem, “A Re-Conceptualisation of Ex-Combatant Reintegration: ‘Social Reintegration’ Approach,” Conflict, Security & Development 12, no. 1 (2012): 51–73, https://doi.org/10.1080/14678802.2012.667661.4. John Horgan, “Deradicalization or Disengagement? A Process in Need of Clarity and a Counterterrorism Initiative in Need of Evaluation,” International Journal of Social Psychology 24, no. 2 (2009): 291–298, https://doi.org/10.1174/021347409788041408.5. Fernando Reinares, “Exit from Terrorism: A Qualitative Empirical S","PeriodicalId":51451,"journal":{"name":"Terrorism and Political Violence","volume":"166 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135148656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Missing the Spoiler: Israel’s Policy with Regard to Hamas during the Oslo Talks and the First Stages of the Implementation of the Oslo Accords","authors":"Elad Ben-Dror, Netanel Flamer","doi":"10.1080/09546553.2023.2242511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2023.2242511","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51451,"journal":{"name":"Terrorism and Political Violence","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48949546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}