Mind & Language最新文献

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The missing link between core knowledge and language: Review of Elizabeth Spelke's What babies know, volume 1 (2022) 核心知识和语言之间缺失的联系:伊丽莎白·斯佩克的《婴儿知道什么》，第1卷(2022)

3区心理学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Mind & Language

Pub Date : 2023-10-11 DOI: 10.1111/mila.12482

Barbu Revencu, Gergely Csibra

Spelke's book defends two hypotheses about human cognition. First, humans and other species are endowed with core knowledge systems—innate computational structures that use abstract concepts to represent various aspects of the environment. Second, humans, and only humans, acquire natural languages, whose syntax and compositional semantics allow them to construct new concepts by combining the outputs of core systems. We endorse the first hypothesis but doubt that language acquisition alone explains the productivity of human cognition. In particular, we argue against the claim that infants use aspects of language to develop a new conception of other people.

斯佩克的书为关于人类认知的两种假设进行了辩护。首先，人类和其他物种被赋予了核心知识系统——天生的计算结构，使用抽象概念来表示环境的各个方面。其次，只有人类才能获得自然语言，其语法和组合语义允许他们通过组合核心系统的输出来构建新概念。我们赞同第一种假设，但怀疑仅靠语言习得就能解释人类认知的生产力。特别是，我们反对婴儿使用语言的各个方面来发展对他人的新概念的说法。

引用次数: 0

Design and syntax in pictures 图片中的设计和语法

3区心理学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Mind & Language

Pub Date : 2023-10-02 DOI: 10.1111/mila.12485

Robert Hopkins

Many attempts to define depiction appeal to viewers' perceptual responses. Such accounts are liable to give a central role in determining depictive content to picture features responsible for the response, design . A different project is to give a compositional semantics for depictive content. Such attempts identify syntax : picture features systematically responsible for the content of the whole. Design and syntax are competitors. But syntax requires system, in how picture features contribute to content, that design does not. By examining John Kulvicki's semantics for basic depictive content, I argue that the relevant systematicity is absent from the pictorial realm.

许多定义描绘的尝试吸引了观众的感知反应。这样的描述有可能在确定描述内容时起到核心作用，而图片特征负责响应，设计。另一个项目是为描述性内容提供组合语义。这种尝试识别语法:图像特征系统地负责整个内容。设计和语法是竞争对手。但是语法需要系统，在图片特征对内容的贡献方面，设计不需要系统。通过考察约翰·库尔维基关于基本描绘内容的语义学，我认为在绘画领域中缺乏相关的系统性。

引用次数: 0

Pluralism about introspection 关于内省的多元主义

3区心理学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Mind & Language

Pub Date : 2023-10-02 DOI: 10.1111/mila.12483

Kateryna Samoilova Franco

If we can and do have some self‐knowledge, how do we acquire it? By examining the ways in which we acquire self‐knowledge—by introspection—we can try shedding some light onto the nature and the breadth of self‐knowledge, as others have tried to do with other forms of knowledge. My aim is to show that introspection involves multiple (that is, at least two) distinct processes, a view I call “pluralism about introspection”. One of the virtues of pluralism is that it explains how we can have such a wide variety of self‐knowledge despite our cognitive limitations.

如果我们能够并且确实有一些自我认识，我们如何获得它?通过考察我们获得自我知识的方式——通过内省——我们可以尝试揭示自我知识的本质和广度，就像其他人试图对其他形式的知识所做的那样。我的目的是表明内省涉及多个(即至少两个)不同的过程，我称之为“关于内省的多元主义”。多元主义的优点之一是，它解释了我们如何能够在认知有限的情况下拥有如此广泛的自我认识。

引用次数: 0

Underdeterminacy without ostension: A blind spot in the prevailing models of communication 没有明示的不确定性:主流交际模式中的盲点

3区心理学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Mind & Language

Pub Date : 2023-09-19 DOI: 10.1111/mila.12481

Constant Bonard

Together, the code and inferential models of communication are often thought to range over all cases of communication. However, their prevailing versions seem unable to fully explain what I call underdeterminacy without ostension . The latter is constituted by communication where stimuli that are not (nor appear to be) produced with communicative or informative intentions nevertheless communicate information underdetermined by the relevant codes. Though the prevailing accounts of communication cannot fully explain how communication works in such cases, I suggest that some version of the inferential model can—if we allow it to extend to non‐ostensive, non‐intentional behaviors.

通常认为，通信的代码和推理模型涵盖了所有通信情况。然而，他们的流行版本似乎无法完全解释我所说的没有明示的不确定性。后者是由交流构成的，其中刺激不是(也似乎不是)以交流或信息的意图产生的，但却传达了相关代码未确定的信息。虽然主流的交流理论不能完全解释这种情况下的交流是如何运作的，但我认为，如果我们允许它扩展到非明示、非故意的行为，那么某些版本的推理模型可以。

引用次数: 0

Interpersonal connection 人与人之间的联系

3区心理学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Mind & Language

Pub Date : 2023-09-19 DOI: 10.1111/mila.12480

James Laing

We are social animals that seek to connect with others of our kind. However, this common thought stands in need of elaboration. In this article, I argue for three theses. First, that we pursue certain forms of communicative interaction for their own sake insofar as they are ways of connecting with another. Second, that interpersonal connection is a metaphysically primitive emotional relation which resists reductive analysis in terms of the states of individuals. And finally, that our desire for interpersonal connection has a strong claim to being explanatorily and normatively prior to our desires for mutual‐attachment, interpersonal belonging and approbation.

我们是社会性动物，寻求与同类建立联系。然而，这种普遍的想法需要进一步阐述。在本文中，我将论证三个论点。首先，我们追求某种形式的交流互动是为了它们本身，因为它们是与他人联系的方式。第二，人际关系是一种形而上的原始情感关系，它抵制对个人状态的简化分析。最后，我们对人际关系的渴望有很强的解释性和规范性，优先于我们对相互依恋、人际归属和认可的渴望。

引用次数: 0

Creating a large language model of a philosopher 创建一个哲学家的大型语言模型

IF 2 3区心理学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Mind & Language

Pub Date : 2023-07-12 DOI: 10.1111/mila.12466

Eric Schwitzgebel, David Schwitzgebel, Anna Strasser

Can large language models produce expert-quality philosophical texts? To investigate this, we fine-tuned GPT-3 with the works of philosopher Daniel Dennett. To evaluate the model, we asked the real Dennett 10 philosophical questions and then posed the same questions to the language model, collecting four responses for each question without cherry-picking. Experts on Dennett's work succeeded at distinguishing the Dennett-generated and machine-generated answers above chance but substantially short of our expectations. Philosophy blog readers performed similarly to the experts, while ordinary research participants were near chance distinguishing GPT-3's responses from those of an “actual human philosopher”.

大型语言模型能产生专家级的哲学文本吗?为了研究这个问题，我们用哲学家丹尼尔·丹尼特的作品对GPT-3进行了微调。为了评估这个模型，我们问了真正的丹尼特10个哲学问题，然后向语言模型提出了同样的问题，为每个问题收集了4个答案，没有挑选。研究丹尼特工作的专家成功地区分了丹尼特生成和机器生成的答案，但远远低于我们的预期。哲学博客读者的表现与专家相似，而普通的研究参与者几乎有机会将GPT-3的反应与“真正的人类哲学家”的反应区分开来。

引用次数: 0

In defense of epicycles: Embracing complexity in psychological explanations 为本轮辩护:接受心理学解释的复杂性

IF 2 3区心理学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Mind & Language

Pub Date : 2022-12-07 DOI: 10.1111/mila.12450

Ansgar D. Endress

Is formal simplicity a guide to learning in humans, as simplicity is said to be a guide to the acceptability of theories in science? Does simplicity determine the difficulty of various learning tasks? I argue that, similarly to how scientists sometimes preferred complex theories when this facilitated calculations, results from perception, learning and reasoning suggest that formal complexity is generally unrelated to what is easy to learn and process by humans, and depends on assumptions about available representational and processing primitives. “Simpler” hypotheses are preferred only when they are also easier to process. Historically, “simpler”, easier-to-process, scientific theories might also be preferred if they are transmitted preferentially. Empirically viable complexity measures should build on the representational and processing primitives of actual learners, even if explanations of their behaviour become formally more complex.

形式的简单性是人类学习的指南吗，就像简单性被认为是科学理论可接受性的指南一样?简单性决定了各种学习任务的难度吗?我认为，就像科学家有时喜欢复杂的理论，因为这有助于计算一样，感知、学习和推理的结果表明，形式的复杂性通常与人类容易学习和处理的东西无关，而是取决于对可用的表征和处理原语的假设。只有当“更简单”的假设也更容易处理时，它们才会受到青睐。从历史上看，“更简单”、更容易处理的科学理论，如果优先传播，也可能更受青睐。经验上可行的复杂性度量应该建立在实际学习者的表征和处理原语的基础上，即使对他们行为的解释在形式上变得更加复杂。

引用次数: 0

Extended active inference: Constructing predictive cognition beyond skulls. 扩展的主动推理：构建超越头骨的预测性认知

IF 1.8 3区心理学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Mind & Language

Pub Date : 2022-06-01 Epub Date: 2020-12-02 DOI: 10.1111/mila.12330

Axel Constant, Andy Clark, Michael Kirchhoff, Karl J Friston

Cognitive niche construction is the process whereby organisms create and maintain cause-effect models of their niche as guides for fitness influencing behavior. Extended mind theory claims that cognitive processes extend beyond the brain to include predictable states of the world. Active inference and predictive processing in cognitive science assume that organisms embody predictive (i.e., generative) models of the world optimized by standard cognitive functions (e.g., perception, action, learning). This paper presents an active inference formulation that views cognitive niche construction as a cognitive function aimed at optimizing organisms' generative models. We call that process of optimization extended active inference.

认知生态位构建是指生物创建并维持其生态位的因果模型，作为影响行为的适应性指南的过程。扩展心智理论认为，认知过程超越了大脑，包括世界的可预测状态。认知科学中的主动推理和预测处理假定生物体体现了由标准认知功能（如感知、行动、学习）优化的世界预测（即生成）模型。本文提出了一种主动推理表述，将认知生态位构建视为一种旨在优化生物生成模型的认知功能。我们将这一优化过程称为扩展的主动推理。

引用次数: 0

Are machines radically contextualist? 机器是彻底的语境主义者吗?

IF 2 3区心理学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Mind & Language

Pub Date : 2022-05-27 DOI: 10.1111/mila.12429

Ryan M. Nefdt

In this article, I describe a novel position on the semantics of artificial intelligence. I present a problem for the current artificial neural networks used in machine learning, specifically with relation to natural language tasks. I then propose that from a metasemantic level, meaning in machines can best be interpreted as radically contextualist. Finally, I consider what this might mean for human-level semantic competence from a comparative perspective.

在这篇文章中，我描述了一个关于人工智能语义的新立场。我提出了当前机器学习中使用的人工神经网络的一个问题，特别是与自然语言任务相关的问题。然后，我提出，从元语义层面来看，机器中的意义最好被解释为激进的语境主义。最后，我从比较的角度考虑这对人类水平的语义能力可能意味着什么。

引用次数: 0

Stone tools, predictive processing and the evolution of language 石器，预测处理和语言的进化

IF 2 3区心理学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Mind & Language

Pub Date : 2022-04-25 DOI: 10.1111/mila.12419

Ross Pain

Recent work by Stout and colleagues indicates that the neural correlates of language and Early Stone Age toolmaking overlap significantly. The aim of this paper is to add computational detail to their findings. I use an error minimisation model to outline where the information processing overlap between toolmaking and language lies. I argue that the Early Stone Age signals the emergence of complex structured representations. I then highlight a feature of my account: It allows us to understand the early evolution of syntax in terms of an increase in the number and complexity of models in a cognitive system, rather than the development of new types of processing.

斯托特和他的同事最近的研究表明，语言和早期石器时代工具制造的神经关联有很大的重叠。这篇论文的目的是为他们的发现添加计算细节。我使用错误最小化模型来概述工具制造和语言之间的信息处理重叠之处。我认为，早期石器时代标志着复杂结构表征的出现。然后，我强调了我的描述的一个特点:它使我们能够从认知系统中模型数量和复杂性的增加来理解句法的早期进化，而不是新的处理类型的发展。

引用次数: 2

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