Abstract Empirical political scientists and normative political theorists alike have challenged the grip elections hold on our democratic imagination, albeit for very different reasons. Against both sets of critics, Emilee Booth Chapman’s remarkable and timely new book Election Day: How We Vote and What it Means for Democracy makes a compelling case for the ballot box’s unique place in democratic theory as a site of collective agency among political equals. Chapman offers an invaluable framework for navigating the shifting character of the American voting system and the innumerable proposals for improving it. But at the same time, this essay argues that in face of American democracy’s moral failures, Election Day reveals as much about the limits of well-ordered elections as it does their democratic promise.
经验主义政治学家和规范政治理论家都对选举对我们民主想象的影响提出了挑战，尽管原因非常不同。面对这两种批评，艾米丽·布斯·查普曼(Emilee Booth Chapman)的新书《选举日:我们如何投票及其对民主的意义》(Election Day: We How Vote and它对民主意味着什么)引人注目地阐述了投票箱在民主理论中的独特地位，即政治平等者之间的集体代理场所。查普曼提供了一个宝贵的框架来引导美国投票制度的变化特征，并提出了无数改进它的建议。但与此同时，本文认为，面对美国民主的道德失败，选举日揭示了有序选举的局限性，就像它揭示了民主的承诺一样。
{"title":"What Can Voting Do for Democracy?","authors":"Justin Pottle","doi":"10.1093/psquar/qqad110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/psquar/qqad110","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Empirical political scientists and normative political theorists alike have challenged the grip elections hold on our democratic imagination, albeit for very different reasons. Against both sets of critics, Emilee Booth Chapman’s remarkable and timely new book Election Day: How We Vote and What it Means for Democracy makes a compelling case for the ballot box’s unique place in democratic theory as a site of collective agency among political equals. Chapman offers an invaluable framework for navigating the shifting character of the American voting system and the innumerable proposals for improving it. But at the same time, this essay argues that in face of American democracy’s moral failures, Election Day reveals as much about the limits of well-ordered elections as it does their democratic promise.","PeriodicalId":51491,"journal":{"name":"Political Science Quarterly","volume":"64 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135977424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Journal Article Banking on Beijing: The Aims and Impacts of China's Overseas Development Program by Axel Dreher, Andreas Fuchs, Bradley Parks, Austin Strange, and Michael J. Tierney Get access Axel Dreher, Andreas Fuchs, Bradley Parks, Austin Strange, and Michael J. Tierney. New York, Cambridge University Press, 2022. 396 pp. Paper, $34.99. Wei Liang Wei Liang Graduate School of International Policy and Management, Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Political Science Quarterly, qqad109, https://doi.org/10.1093/psquar/qqad109 Published: 11 October 2023
{"title":"Banking on Beijing: The Aims and Impacts of China's Overseas Development Program <i>by Axel Dreher, Andreas Fuchs, Bradley Parks, Austin Strange, and Michael J. Tierney</i>","authors":"Wei Liang","doi":"10.1093/psquar/qqad109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/psquar/qqad109","url":null,"abstract":"Journal Article Banking on Beijing: The Aims and Impacts of China's Overseas Development Program by Axel Dreher, Andreas Fuchs, Bradley Parks, Austin Strange, and Michael J. Tierney Get access Axel Dreher, Andreas Fuchs, Bradley Parks, Austin Strange, and Michael J. Tierney. New York, Cambridge University Press, 2022. 396 pp. Paper, $34.99. Wei Liang Wei Liang Graduate School of International Policy and Management, Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Political Science Quarterly, qqad109, https://doi.org/10.1093/psquar/qqad109 Published: 11 October 2023","PeriodicalId":51491,"journal":{"name":"Political Science Quarterly","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136063976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Journal Article Arc of Power: Inside Nancy Pelosi's Speakership, 2005–2010 by John A. Lawrence Get access John A Lawrence. Lawrence, KS, University of Kansas Press. 2022. 363 pp. $29.60. Justin Buchler Justin Buchler Case Western Reserve University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Political Science Quarterly, qqad102, https://doi.org/10.1093/psquar/qqad102 Published: 09 October 2023
{"title":"Arc of Power: Inside Nancy Pelosi's Speakership, 2005–2010 <i>by John A. Lawrence</i>","authors":"Justin Buchler","doi":"10.1093/psquar/qqad102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/psquar/qqad102","url":null,"abstract":"Journal Article Arc of Power: Inside Nancy Pelosi's Speakership, 2005–2010 by John A. Lawrence Get access John A Lawrence. Lawrence, KS, University of Kansas Press. 2022. 363 pp. $29.60. Justin Buchler Justin Buchler Case Western Reserve University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Political Science Quarterly, qqad102, https://doi.org/10.1093/psquar/qqad102 Published: 09 October 2023","PeriodicalId":51491,"journal":{"name":"Political Science Quarterly","volume":"292 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135141726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gabriel R Sanchez, Edward D Vargas, Melanie Sayuri Dominguez
Abstract We explore the racial and ethnic politics associated with mask wearing early in the COVID-19 pandemic. Using panel and cross-sectional data from the National Panel Study of COVID-19 (n = 1,996) fielded in March and April 2020, we asked Americans about their self-reported race/ethnicity, their political party affiliation, and if they have worn a mask or scarf in public to stop the spread of the coronavirus. We also asked respondents who reported wearing a mask in public if they worry they might be mistaken for a criminal. Our logistic regression models found that racial and ethnic minorities are more likely to wear a mask or scarf over their faces to prevent the spread of COVID-19 despite being more likely to worry about being criminalized by police or security while wearing a mask. We argue that proximal contact with the virus, because racial and ethnic minorities are more likely to be affected by COVID-19, leads to increased willingness by people in these groups to protect themselves and others. Democrats were also more likely to wear masks compared with Republican respondents. and those living in Republican-led states were less likely to wear a mask in public and more likely to be criminalized for wearing a mask. Was mask use during the early COVID-19 pandemic political? In our paper, we use panel and cross-sectional data from the National Panel Study of COVID-19 fielded in March and April 2020 when we asked Americans whether they had worn masks. We also asked those who wore a mask if they felt criminalized while wearing a mask. Our findings show that there are stark differences in mask use between demographic groups and worrying about being criminalized while wearing one.
{"title":"The Race Politics Associated With Wearing a Mask in Public to Combat COVID-19","authors":"Gabriel R Sanchez, Edward D Vargas, Melanie Sayuri Dominguez","doi":"10.1093/psquar/qqad103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/psquar/qqad103","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We explore the racial and ethnic politics associated with mask wearing early in the COVID-19 pandemic. Using panel and cross-sectional data from the National Panel Study of COVID-19 (n = 1,996) fielded in March and April 2020, we asked Americans about their self-reported race/ethnicity, their political party affiliation, and if they have worn a mask or scarf in public to stop the spread of the coronavirus. We also asked respondents who reported wearing a mask in public if they worry they might be mistaken for a criminal. Our logistic regression models found that racial and ethnic minorities are more likely to wear a mask or scarf over their faces to prevent the spread of COVID-19 despite being more likely to worry about being criminalized by police or security while wearing a mask. We argue that proximal contact with the virus, because racial and ethnic minorities are more likely to be affected by COVID-19, leads to increased willingness by people in these groups to protect themselves and others. Democrats were also more likely to wear masks compared with Republican respondents. and those living in Republican-led states were less likely to wear a mask in public and more likely to be criminalized for wearing a mask. Was mask use during the early COVID-19 pandemic political? In our paper, we use panel and cross-sectional data from the National Panel Study of COVID-19 fielded in March and April 2020 when we asked Americans whether they had worn masks. We also asked those who wore a mask if they felt criminalized while wearing a mask. Our findings show that there are stark differences in mask use between demographic groups and worrying about being criminalized while wearing one.","PeriodicalId":51491,"journal":{"name":"Political Science Quarterly","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135548762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Journal Article Prisoners of Their Premises: How Unexamined Assumptions Lead to War and Other Policy Debacles by George C. Edwards Get access George C. Edwards. Chicago, IL, University of Chicago Press, 2022. 152 pp. Paper, $24.99. Christopher Fettweis Christopher Fettweis Tulane University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Political Science Quarterly, qqad087, https://doi.org/10.1093/psquar/qqad087 Published: 30 September 2023
{"title":"Prisoners of Their Premises: How Unexamined Assumptions Lead to War and Other Policy Debacles <i>by George C. Edwards</i>","authors":"Christopher Fettweis","doi":"10.1093/psquar/qqad087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/psquar/qqad087","url":null,"abstract":"Journal Article Prisoners of Their Premises: How Unexamined Assumptions Lead to War and Other Policy Debacles by George C. Edwards Get access George C. Edwards. Chicago, IL, University of Chicago Press, 2022. 152 pp. Paper, $24.99. Christopher Fettweis Christopher Fettweis Tulane University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Political Science Quarterly, qqad087, https://doi.org/10.1093/psquar/qqad087 Published: 30 September 2023","PeriodicalId":51491,"journal":{"name":"Political Science Quarterly","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136278542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Journal Article The Profits of Distrust: Citizen-Consumers, Drinking Water, and the Crisis of Confidence in American Government by Manuel P Teodoro, Samantha Zuhlke and David Switzer Get access Manuel P Teodoro, Samantha Zuhlke, and David Switzer. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2022. 300 pp. Paper, $34.99. David Glick David Glick Boston University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Political Science Quarterly, qqad105, https://doi.org/10.1093/psquar/qqad105 Published: 29 September 2023
{"title":"The Profits of Distrust: Citizen-Consumers, Drinking Water, and the Crisis of Confidence in American Government <i>by Manuel P Teodoro, Samantha Zuhlke and David Switzer</i>","authors":"David Glick","doi":"10.1093/psquar/qqad105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/psquar/qqad105","url":null,"abstract":"Journal Article The Profits of Distrust: Citizen-Consumers, Drinking Water, and the Crisis of Confidence in American Government by Manuel P Teodoro, Samantha Zuhlke and David Switzer Get access Manuel P Teodoro, Samantha Zuhlke, and David Switzer. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2022. 300 pp. Paper, $34.99. David Glick David Glick Boston University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Political Science Quarterly, qqad105, https://doi.org/10.1093/psquar/qqad105 Published: 29 September 2023","PeriodicalId":51491,"journal":{"name":"Political Science Quarterly","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135132988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The propaganda videos of Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) became a widespread issue throughout the Western world between 2014 and 2017. The problem was not that the videos went viral on social media but that people learned about them and their content through the news. Each ISIL video posted on social media provoked some kind of media reaction that generated public attention. Given that a common framing effect leads people to think through the frames offered to them, journalists and media outlets can pick up frames and send them via their reporting. Based on a qualitative content analysis of news articles in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, this article shows that media outlets often sent ISIL’s frames and discussed related problems using the frames set by ISIL. Therefore, the media played a crucial role in the logic of this terrorist organization and its communication strategy by sending specific strategic communicator frames to the public. However, this analysis reveals that media framing changed over time: reporting became more balanced and, in some cases, even contested ISIL’s frames.
{"title":"Mass Media's Role in Terrorism: The Issue of Frame Sending and Terrorist Communication","authors":"Michael T Oswald, Kristina Fürst, Michael Johann","doi":"10.1093/psquar/qqad094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/psquar/qqad094","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The propaganda videos of Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) became a widespread issue throughout the Western world between 2014 and 2017. The problem was not that the videos went viral on social media but that people learned about them and their content through the news. Each ISIL video posted on social media provoked some kind of media reaction that generated public attention. Given that a common framing effect leads people to think through the frames offered to them, journalists and media outlets can pick up frames and send them via their reporting. Based on a qualitative content analysis of news articles in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, this article shows that media outlets often sent ISIL’s frames and discussed related problems using the frames set by ISIL. Therefore, the media played a crucial role in the logic of this terrorist organization and its communication strategy by sending specific strategic communicator frames to the public. However, this analysis reveals that media framing changed over time: reporting became more balanced and, in some cases, even contested ISIL’s frames.","PeriodicalId":51491,"journal":{"name":"Political Science Quarterly","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135425722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Despite significant scholarly disagreement about its definition, core meaning, and corresponding cases, ethnic cleansing has escaped careful conceptual examination. This article identifies five key areas of conceptual confusion that undermine the integrity and utility of the concept. These include discrepancies over the core meaning of ethnic cleansing; tension between ethnic cleansing as a practice and a policy; the lack of boundedness between ethnic cleansing and other related concepts; the universe of cases that belong together; and disparate subtype classification criteria. This conceptual confusion undermines effective comparative analysis and, in turn, our understanding of the causes of ethnic cleansing and associated policy recommendations. The solution is to abandon the social science usage of ethnic cleansing in favor of alternative concepts defined by the distinct intent of the perpetrator(s): massacre (to annihilate), mass expulsion (to remove), coercive assimilation (to eliminate a unique cultural identity), and control (to subjugate). This eliminates ambiguity, improves theoretical precision, and opens a promising new research agenda.
{"title":"“Ethnic Cleansing”: An Analysis of Conceptual and Empirical Ambiguity","authors":"Meghan M Garrity","doi":"10.1093/psquar/qqad082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/psquar/qqad082","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Despite significant scholarly disagreement about its definition, core meaning, and corresponding cases, ethnic cleansing has escaped careful conceptual examination. This article identifies five key areas of conceptual confusion that undermine the integrity and utility of the concept. These include discrepancies over the core meaning of ethnic cleansing; tension between ethnic cleansing as a practice and a policy; the lack of boundedness between ethnic cleansing and other related concepts; the universe of cases that belong together; and disparate subtype classification criteria. This conceptual confusion undermines effective comparative analysis and, in turn, our understanding of the causes of ethnic cleansing and associated policy recommendations. The solution is to abandon the social science usage of ethnic cleansing in favor of alternative concepts defined by the distinct intent of the perpetrator(s): massacre (to annihilate), mass expulsion (to remove), coercive assimilation (to eliminate a unique cultural identity), and control (to subjugate). This eliminates ambiguity, improves theoretical precision, and opens a promising new research agenda.","PeriodicalId":51491,"journal":{"name":"Political Science Quarterly","volume":"233 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135477833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Journal Article Sharing Power, Securing Peace? Ethnic Inclusion and Civil War Lars-Erik Cederman, Simon Hug and Julian Wucherpfennig Get access Lars-Erik Cederman, Simon Hug, and Julian Wucherpfennig. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. 2022. 316 pp. $34.99. Holley E Hansen Holley E Hansen Oklahoma State University https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3033-6878 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Political Science Quarterly, qqad099, https://doi.org/10.1093/psquar/qqad099 Published: 27 September 2023
分享权力，确保和平?种族包容和内战Lars-Erik Cederman, Simon Hug和Julian wucherp芬尼剑桥，剑桥大学出版社，2022。316页，34.99美元。霍利·E·汉森霍利·E·汉森俄克拉荷马州立大学https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3033-6878搜索作者的其他作品:牛津学术b谷歌学者政治科学季刊，qqad099, https://doi.org/10.1093/psquar/qqad099出版日期:2023年9月27日
{"title":"Sharing Power, Securing Peace? Ethnic Inclusion and Civil War <i>Lars-Erik Cederman, Simon Hug and Julian Wucherpfennig</i>","authors":"Holley E Hansen","doi":"10.1093/psquar/qqad099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/psquar/qqad099","url":null,"abstract":"Journal Article Sharing Power, Securing Peace? Ethnic Inclusion and Civil War Lars-Erik Cederman, Simon Hug and Julian Wucherpfennig Get access Lars-Erik Cederman, Simon Hug, and Julian Wucherpfennig. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. 2022. 316 pp. $34.99. Holley E Hansen Holley E Hansen Oklahoma State University https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3033-6878 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Political Science Quarterly, qqad099, https://doi.org/10.1093/psquar/qqad099 Published: 27 September 2023","PeriodicalId":51491,"journal":{"name":"Political Science Quarterly","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135477831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Journal Article Hybrid Sovereignty in World Politics by Swati Srivastava Get access Swati Srivastava. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2022. 280 pp. $99.99. Sebastian Schmidt Sebastian Schmidt Johns Hopkins University https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9297-3448 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Political Science Quarterly, qqad092, https://doi.org/10.1093/psquar/qqad092 Published: 25 September 2023
{"title":"Hybrid Sovereignty in World Politics <i>by Swati Srivastava</i>","authors":"Sebastian Schmidt","doi":"10.1093/psquar/qqad092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/psquar/qqad092","url":null,"abstract":"Journal Article Hybrid Sovereignty in World Politics by Swati Srivastava Get access Swati Srivastava. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2022. 280 pp. $99.99. Sebastian Schmidt Sebastian Schmidt Johns Hopkins University https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9297-3448 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Political Science Quarterly, qqad092, https://doi.org/10.1093/psquar/qqad092 Published: 25 September 2023","PeriodicalId":51491,"journal":{"name":"Political Science Quarterly","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135770015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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