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Civil-Military Relations in the Age of Populist Nationalism: The Case of Israel 民粹民族主义时代的军民关系:以色列案例
IF 0.8 4区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-11-20 DOI: 10.1093/psquar/qqad121
Guy Ziv
One underplayed aspect of the current populist zeitgeist is the politicization of the military, adding to the growing list of dangers that democracies face today. Israel, which has experienced its own nationalistic populism since 2010, represents a deviant case with regard to the civil–military dimension. In contrast to the typical pattern of populist leaders enhancing the military's influence to bolster their own power, in Israel, populist politicians have sought to restrain the military top brass from the decision-making process, going as far as delegitimizing them by portraying them as part of the “leftist” out-of-touch elite. In a country in which the lines between the military and civilian spheres have traditionally been blurred and where security officials have played a significant role in decision-making, this has been a noteworthy development in the era of Benjamin Netanyahu. This article advances two causal claims pertaining to the Israeli case. First, perceived military setbacks and political-diplomatic moves associated with the military have diminished the once-hallowed reputation of the Israel Defense Forces. Second, right-wing politicians often view the military top brass as potential political rivals, given the standard practice in Israel of high-ranking generals entering politics upon retirement. The generals’ declining status in Israeli society has opened up the political space for populist nationalists to assault both active and retired security officials whose assessments often clash with the worldview of right-wing politicians.
当前民粹主义思潮被低估的一个方面是军队的政治化,这使当今民主国家面临越来越多的危险。以色列自 2010 年以来经历了自己的民族主义民粹主义,是军民关系方面的一个特例。与民粹主义领导人加强军方影响力以巩固自身权力的典型模式不同,在以色列,民粹主义政客试图限制军方高层参与决策过程,甚至将他们描绘成 "左派 "精英的一部分,使其失去合法性。在一个传统上军方和民间界限模糊、安全官员在决策中扮演重要角色的国家,本雅明-内塔尼亚胡时代的这一事态发展值得注意。本文针对以色列的情况提出了两个因果主张。首先,与军队相关的军事挫折和政治外交举动降低了以色列国防军曾经享有的声誉。其次,鉴于以色列高级将领退休后从政的标准做法,右翼政客往往将军队高层视为潜在的政治对手。将军们在以色列社会中地位的下降为民粹民族主义者打开了攻击现役和退休安全官员的政治空间,因为他们的评价往往与右翼政客的世界观相冲突。
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引用次数: 0
The Talented Tenth Meets the Twenty-First Century: Young, Gifted and Diverse in the Post-Affirmative Action Era 才华横溢的第10代迎接21世纪:后平权法案时代的年轻人、天才和多样性
4区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-11-07 DOI: 10.1093/psquar/qqad114
Patricia G Davis
Abstract In the wake of the Supreme Court's dismantling of affirmative action policies in higher education in its SFFA v. Harvard ruling, this review essay offers a detailed explication of the relevant themes Camille Z. Charles, Rory Kramer, Douglas Massey, and Kimberly C. Torres analyze in “Young, Gifted, and Diverse: Origins of the New Black Elite.” Taking DuBois's conceptualization of the “Talented Tenth” as their starting point, the authors present a combination of quantitative and qualitative research to examine the experiences and aspirations of Black students who matriculated to elite colleges over a decades-long period. This analysis expands Charles et al.'s intersecting themes of social mobility, colorism, and model minority discourses, situating them within a broader discursive field that includes the relevant historical and contemporary sociopolitical contexts as reflected in the Court's majority and dissenting opinions.
在最高法院在SFFA诉哈佛案中废除高等教育中的平权行动政策之后,这篇评论文章详细解释了Camille Z. Charles、Rory Kramer、Douglas Massey和Kimberly C. Torres在《年轻、有天赋和多样化:新黑人精英的起源》中分析的相关主题。以杜波依斯的“天才十分之一”的概念为出发点,作者提出了定量和定性研究的结合,以考察几十年来被精英大学录取的黑人学生的经历和愿望。这一分析扩展了Charles等人关于社会流动性、肤色主义和模范少数民族话语的交叉主题,将它们置于一个更广泛的话语领域,包括法院多数意见和反对意见中反映的相关历史和当代社会政治背景。
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引用次数: 0
Why Has the Franco-American Security Relationship Been so Semi—Hostile for so Long? 为什么法美安全关系长期处于半敌对状态?
4区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-11-06 DOI: 10.1093/psquar/qqad119
Andrew J Williams
Abstract Many people assume that Franco-American relations since 1776 have been far more harmonious than those of the United States’ relationship with Great Britain. After all, France fought on the side of the new aspiring republic in the American War of Independence against a colonial power. Although still a country ruled by a king, France itself became a republic shortly after the American Declaration of Independence was ratified. But in fact, France and the United States (and the colonies that preceded them) have often had poor relations. In his book Sister Republics: Security Relations between America and France, David Haglund asks why security relations between France and the United States been so fractious since the beginning of the American republic, and even well before it. He debunks the generally accepted mythology and its attendant symbology of two sister republics. The French-built and donated Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor and the statue of General Lafayette on the Seine opposite the Quai d’Orsay in Paris are misleading. In truth any special relationship between France and the United States has been special on the whole in its lack of mutual liking, even respect. Haglund traces this difficult, even suboptimal, relationship over three centuries and shows how the weight of history still continues to upset Franco-American relations regularly.
许多人认为,自1776年以来,法美关系远比美英关系和谐。毕竟,在美国独立战争(American War of Independence)中,法国站在新成立的雄心勃勃的共和国一边,反对殖民主义列强。虽然法国仍然是一个由国王统治的国家,但在美国独立宣言被批准后不久,法国本身就成为了一个共和国。但事实上,法国和美国(以及他们之前的殖民地)的关系经常很差。在他的著作《姐妹共和国:美国和法国之间的安全关系》中,大卫·哈格伦德提出了一个问题:为什么自从美利坚共和国成立以来,甚至更早之前,法国和美国之间的安全关系就一直如此不稳定。他揭穿了普遍接受的神话及其伴随的两个姐妹共和国的象征。法国人建造并捐赠的纽约港自由女神像和巴黎奥赛码头对面塞纳河上的拉斐特将军雕像都是误导。事实上,法国和美国之间的任何特殊关系总体上都是特殊的,因为它缺乏相互喜欢,甚至是尊重。哈格伦德追溯了三个世纪以来这段艰难、甚至不理想的关系,并展示了历史的影响如何仍在定期扰乱法美关系。
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引用次数: 0
Just How Much of History Is Countable? 历史有多少是可数的?
4区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-11-06 DOI: 10.1093/psquar/qqad117
Daniel Carpenter
Abstract How can historical perspective be brought to the quantitative social sciences? The question has proven immensely popular, but answers that deal squarely with historical context and narrative remain elusive. An important recent book by Gregory Wawro and Ira Katznelson—Time Counts—provides an important new direction and a kit of useable tools. Using Wawro and Katznelson's approach and methods puts social scientists in a better position to appreciate the historicity of their data and to avoid common errors in statistical execution and inference. Time Counts also raises questions every bit as vital as those it answers, especially when it comes to the boundaries between narrative and quantitative work. An important concern is that inference from a particular historical setting (or what I call a “regime”) cannot be reduced to a special case of inference from large-sample statistics. Historical judgment is at least partially incommensurable with the idea of probability, cases are often important precisely because they are not countable, and scientific rigor may demand avoiding quantification for part of the social scientist's approach.
如何将历史视角引入定量社会科学?事实证明,这个问题非常受欢迎,但直接处理历史背景和叙事的答案仍然难以捉摸。最近由Gregory Wawro和Ira katznelson合著的一本重要的书——《时间计数》——提供了一个重要的新方向和一套可用的工具。使用Wawro和Katznelson的方法和方法使社会科学家能够更好地理解他们数据的历史性,并避免统计执行和推断中的常见错误。《Time Counts》也提出了一些与它所回答的问题同样重要的问题,特别是当涉及到叙述和定量工作之间的界限时。一个重要的问题是,从一个特定的历史背景(或者我称之为“制度”)得出的推论不能简化为从大样本统计得出的推论的特殊情况。历史判断至少在一定程度上与概率的概念是不可通约的,案例往往是重要的,正是因为它们是不可计数的,科学的严谨性可能要求避免量化作为社会科学家方法的一部分。
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引用次数: 0
The Best Chance for Democratic Success: The Role of Well-Organized Actors and External Support 民主成功的最佳机会:组织良好的行动者和外部支持的作用
4区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-11-03 DOI: 10.1093/psquar/qqad111
Sarah E Yerkes
Abstract Popular Politics and the Path to Durable Democracy makes a compelling case for the importance of well-organized and lengthy popular mobilization movements in contributing to lasting democracy. Through a mixed-methods approach, Mohammad Ali Kadivar draws a correlation between length of a mobilization and electoral democracy. However, his analysis is incomplete, and he fails to account for several important factors, most particularly the role of external actors in supporting (or harming) a democratic transition. And he fails to explain the large variance in his findings—why some of the most well-consolidated democracies lasting a half a century also have some of the shortest periods of mobilization, while some of the most repressive countries had lengthy mobilization periods leading up to their failed transitions.
《大众政治与持久民主之路》为组织良好、冗长的民众动员运动对持久民主的重要性提供了一个令人信服的案例。穆罕默德·阿里·卡迪瓦尔通过一种混合方法得出了动员时间长短与选举民主之间的关系。然而,他的分析是不完整的,他没有考虑到几个重要因素,尤其是外部行动者在支持(或损害)民主转型中的作用。他也没能解释他的研究结果中存在的巨大差异——为什么一些持续了半个世纪的最稳固的民主国家的动员期也最短,而一些最专制的国家的动员期很长,最终导致了转型失败。
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引用次数: 0
Demands for Justice and Demands on Justice: Can Human Rights Practice Survive? 正义诉求与正义诉求:人权实践能否生存?
4区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.1093/psquar/qqad112
Marc S Polizzi
Abstract How has the work of human rights organizations affected global politics? Do these practices achieve justice for those affected by human rights violations? Demands of Justice by Ann Marie Clark explores these questions using novel data from two prominent international nongovernmental organizations: Amnesty International and Oxfam. Her work expounds three effects of these organizations' work in infusing justice into the international system. First, this practice has expanded care and concern from a local level issue into a global neighborhood. Second, increasingly, human rights organizations appeal to growing international law and legal norms in their appeals, which aims to remedy injustice within the confines of practical limitations. Finally, those suffering from human rights violations place demands on nongovernmental organizations, which has changed the conceptualization of human rights beyond civil and political rights and toward broader questions of social justice. My review explores the impact of Clark's work on the field of human rights and recent concerns that human rights are under attack.
人权组织的工作如何影响全球政治?这些做法是否为受侵犯人权行为影响的人伸张了正义?安·玛丽·克拉克的《正义的要求》用两个著名的国际非政府组织:大赦国际和乐施会的新数据探讨了这些问题。她的著作阐述了这些组织在将正义注入国际体系方面的三种作用。一是把关心从局部问题扩大到全球问题。第二,人权组织越来越多地在其呼吁中诉诸日益增长的国际法和法律规范,其目的是在实际限制的范围内纠正不公正。最后,那些人权受到侵犯的人向非政府组织提出要求,非政府组织改变了人权的概念,使其超越公民权利和政治权利,转向更广泛的社会正义问题。我的评论探讨了克拉克的工作对人权领域的影响,以及最近对人权受到攻击的担忧。
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引用次数: 0
Political Science and The Capital Order: A Review Essay 政治科学与资本秩序:一篇评论文章
4区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.1093/psquar/qqad113
Nicholas Toloudis
Abstract The relationship between capitalism and democracy has been a preoccupation of political science for at least half a century. It has appeared in different forms, but the basic question remains the same: can capitalism and democracy coexist? Through an analysis of post–World War I austerity policy, Clara Mattei's Capital Order: How Economists Invented Austerity and Paved the Way to Fascism puts the incompatibilities between the two on stark display. Mattei demonstrates that austerity is a not a neutral policy tool for economic management, as its supporters and critics assume. Rather, it is a mechanism of class control. This interpretation helps to make sense of austerity's apparent “failures.” By calling attention to the class character of economic policy in general, Capital Order suggests that political scientists revisit the notions of the structural dependence of the state on capital and class compromise. It also asks readers to take seriously the politically constructed nature of economics as a realm of action and thinking separate from politics. Through its implication of professional economists in an antidemocratic policy initiative, it also has uncomfortable implications for political science.
至少半个世纪以来,资本主义与民主之间的关系一直是政治学关注的焦点。它以不同的形式出现,但基本问题是一样的:资本主义和民主能共存吗?通过对第一次世界大战后紧缩政策的分析,克拉拉·马蒂的《资本秩序:经济学家如何发明了紧缩政策并为法西斯主义铺平了道路》将两者之间的不相容表现得一目了然。Mattei证明,紧缩政策并非像支持者和批评者所认为的那样,是一种中立的经济管理政策工具。相反,它是一种类控制机制。这种解释有助于理解紧缩政策明显的“失败”。通过唤起人们对经济政策的阶级特征的关注,《资本秩序》建议政治学家重新审视国家对资本的结构性依赖和阶级妥协的概念。它还要求读者认真对待经济学的政治建构本质,将其作为一个独立于政治的行动和思考领域。通过在反民主的政策倡议中暗示专业经济学家,它也对政治科学产生了令人不安的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Who Governs Now? 现在由谁统治?
4区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.1093/psquar/qqad120
Thomas Ogorzalek
Abstract Conventional wisdom holds that local democracy is more responsive because it is closer to the people. Political science research suggests we should not be so optimistic. Scholars have long been studying American local governments, but, for a generation the field was relegated to the sidelines of political science. A new generation of scholars is bringing it back to the center, using an increasingly sophisticated set of research methods. Sarah Anzia has been a leader in this field rebirth, and her new book, Local Interests: Politics, Policy, and Interest Groups in U.S. City Governments, examines how local interests groups engage in local political decision-making, shaping electoral outcomes and policy. Her sharp, highly quantitative analysis identifies what factors make engagement and influence by local interest groups more likely. When read alongside classics in the literature as well as the new generation's emerging work, scholars and engaged practitioners alike can understand why the most optimistic views of local democratic action are unrealistic. Some of the same democratic shortcomings in representation and responsiveness that occur at the national level are also present in local politics. But the renewed interest in local analysis presents opportunities for scholars to learn from other fields and for local actors to build new organizations and institutions to increase the quality of local democracy in the United States. This essay assesses what is gained and lost in the quantitative rebirth of local politics analysis and how the field as a whole can continue to focus on the core issues of democracy, inequality, and public policy that will keep the field fresh and relevant.
传统观点认为,地方民主更能响应民意,因为它更贴近人民。政治学研究表明,我们不应如此乐观。长期以来,学者们一直在研究美国的地方政府,但在一代人的时间里,这一领域被降级为政治学的边缘领域。新一代学者使用一套越来越复杂的研究方法,将它带回了中心。Sarah Anzia一直是这一领域重生的领导者,她的新书《地方利益:美国市政府的政治、政策和利益集团》研究了地方利益集团如何参与地方政治决策,塑造选举结果和政策。她敏锐的、高度量化的分析确定了哪些因素更有可能使当地利益集团参与和影响。当与经典文学作品以及新一代的新兴作品一起阅读时,学者和从事实践的人都能理解为什么对地方民主行动最乐观的看法是不现实的。在国家一级出现的代表性和反应能力方面的一些同样的民主缺陷也出现在地方政治中。但是,对地方分析的重新关注为学者们提供了从其他领域学习的机会,也为地方行动者建立新的组织和机构以提高美国地方民主的质量提供了机会。本文评估了在地方政治分析的定量重生中得到和失去的东西,以及该领域作为一个整体如何继续关注民主、不平等和公共政策等核心问题,从而保持该领域的新鲜感和相关性。
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引用次数: 0
America before 1787: A Review Article 1787年以前的美国:一篇评论文章
4区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-31 DOI: 10.1093/psquar/qqad118
Stéphanie Novak
Abstract America before 1787: The Unraveling of a Colonial Regime, is the second volume in Jon Elster's trilogy analyzing the processes leading up to the American (1787) and French constitutions (1791). This article explores the toolbox the book provides for social scientists. Based on a study of the American case, the book examines the mental tendencies, mechanisms, and strategies useful for investigating other cases, such as interstate relations within federations or collective mobilization. Among the book's many themes, this article focuses on the tension between freedom of choice, fear, and constraint and the mechanisms by which such tension can be analyzed. Generally speaking, the book reflects a desire to unite history and psychology and is characterized by an original epistemology in the field of contemporary social sciences that cautions social scientists against the temptation to see intentions and strategies where there are none and to formulate predictions despite the indeterminate nature of social behavior. Additionally, in line with Elster's earlier work, the book emphasizes the role of emotions in beliefs and choices and offers tools for examining emotions.
《1787年以前的美国:一个殖民政权的瓦解》是乔恩·埃尔斯特三部曲的第二卷,分析了导致美国(1787年)和法国(1791年)宪法的过程。本文探讨了这本书为社会科学家提供的工具箱。基于对美国案例的研究,这本书探讨了对调查其他案例有用的心理倾向、机制和策略,例如联邦内部的州际关系或集体动员。在这本书的众多主题中,本文关注的是选择自由、恐惧和约束之间的紧张关系,以及分析这种紧张关系的机制。总的来说,这本书反映了将历史和心理学结合起来的愿望,并以当代社会科学领域的原创认识论为特点,告诫社会科学家不要在没有意图和策略的地方看到诱惑,不要在社会行为的不确定性中制定预测。此外,与埃尔斯特早期的作品一致,这本书强调了情绪在信念和选择中的作用,并提供了检查情绪的工具。
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引用次数: 0
Democracy Through Strength in Modern Asia: A Review Essay of Dan Slater and Joseph Wong's From Development to Democracy 现代亚洲的强力民主:史雷特、王家卫《从发展到民主》述评
4区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-31 DOI: 10.1093/psquar/qqad115
Junyan Jiang
Abstract Junyan Jiang's review essay of Dan Slater and Joseph Wong's From Development to Democracy: The Transformations of Modern Asia highlights the innovative and compelling aspects of the book but also raises some questions about the authors’ interpretations of the conditions, content, and consequences of elite-led democratization in East and Southeast Asia.
摘要:姜俊彦对丹·斯莱特和约瑟夫·王的《从发展到民主:现代亚洲的转型》的评论文章突出了该书的创新和引人注目的方面,但也对作者对东亚和东南亚精英领导的民主化的条件、内容和后果的解释提出了一些问题。
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引用次数: 0
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Political Science Quarterly
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