Pub Date : 2023-11-19DOI: 10.1080/0376835x.2023.2276192
Emmanuel Orkoh, Evelina Nghishikomesho Hasholo, Frank Gyimah Sackey, Richard K. Asravor
This paper evaluates the effects of the government's COVID-19 economic stimulus and relief package (emergency/one-off income grant of ND750) on household food security in Namibia during the period ...
{"title":"COVID-19 emergency income grant and food security in Namibia","authors":"Emmanuel Orkoh, Evelina Nghishikomesho Hasholo, Frank Gyimah Sackey, Richard K. Asravor","doi":"10.1080/0376835x.2023.2276192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835x.2023.2276192","url":null,"abstract":"This paper evaluates the effects of the government's COVID-19 economic stimulus and relief package (emergency/one-off income grant of ND750) on household food security in Namibia during the period ...","PeriodicalId":51523,"journal":{"name":"Development Southern Africa","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138519354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-13DOI: 10.1080/0376835x.2023.2279112
Vincent Jani, Nigel L. Webb, Anton H. de Wit
ABSTRACTCommunity-based natural resource management (CBNRM), which is aimed at ensuring meaningful participation of rural communities in decision-making and promoting sustainable utilisation of natural resources, has been criticised for excluding local communities from decision-making. Using the concept of social exclusion and a qualitative approach, the study's main objective was to analyse the exclusion faced by the minority Doma ethnic group in the Communal Areas Management Programme for Indigenous Resources (CAMPFIRE) programme in northern Zimbabwe. Findings showed that the Doma were excluded from decision-making related to wildlife management by powerful stakeholders, who included political elites, local authority officials, government conservation authorities, and the safari operator. The crux of this exclusion revolved around the large differences between their livelihood practices and those of the other stakeholders, their low-status position and peripheral location. The Doma also participated in their exclusion as they decided to take an indifferent approach to CAMPFIRE.KEYWORDS: CAMPFIRECBNRMDomasocial exclusionZimbabwe AcknowledgmentsWe would like to thank the Nelson Mandela University Department of Research Capacity Development for funding this research and the people of Chapoto for responding to the interviews.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Additional informationFundingThis work was supported by Nelson Mandela University Department of Research Capacity Development.
{"title":"Community-based natural resource management and social exclusion in Zimbabwe","authors":"Vincent Jani, Nigel L. Webb, Anton H. de Wit","doi":"10.1080/0376835x.2023.2279112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835x.2023.2279112","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTCommunity-based natural resource management (CBNRM), which is aimed at ensuring meaningful participation of rural communities in decision-making and promoting sustainable utilisation of natural resources, has been criticised for excluding local communities from decision-making. Using the concept of social exclusion and a qualitative approach, the study's main objective was to analyse the exclusion faced by the minority Doma ethnic group in the Communal Areas Management Programme for Indigenous Resources (CAMPFIRE) programme in northern Zimbabwe. Findings showed that the Doma were excluded from decision-making related to wildlife management by powerful stakeholders, who included political elites, local authority officials, government conservation authorities, and the safari operator. The crux of this exclusion revolved around the large differences between their livelihood practices and those of the other stakeholders, their low-status position and peripheral location. The Doma also participated in their exclusion as they decided to take an indifferent approach to CAMPFIRE.KEYWORDS: CAMPFIRECBNRMDomasocial exclusionZimbabwe AcknowledgmentsWe would like to thank the Nelson Mandela University Department of Research Capacity Development for funding this research and the people of Chapoto for responding to the interviews.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Additional informationFundingThis work was supported by Nelson Mandela University Department of Research Capacity Development.","PeriodicalId":51523,"journal":{"name":"Development Southern Africa","volume":"58 10","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136281763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.1080/0376835x.2023.2273533
Zoheb Khan, Leila Patel, Lauren Graham, Rulof Burger, Gina A. Chowa, Rainier Masa
ABSTRACTThis article analyses a subset of eight youth employability programmes (YEPs) operating across South Africa using a panel survey of participants. It assesses the features of these YEPs and their links to subsequent employment while controlling for individual characteristics. Each YEP delivered technical and soft skills training, alongside other programme features offered in different combinations. Additionally, a financial capability intervention comprising financial literacy and access to a savings product was randomised to half of the training sites. Job matching, soft skills training, and financial capability are all strongly associated with better employment odds. The strength of these associations depends on how different training components are combined, and on graduates’ education level and area of residence. The findings have implications for the design of active labour market policies in developing countries with large youth unemployment and fast-changing labour markets.KEYWORDS: Active labour market programmesyouth unemploymentfinancial capabilityskills training Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Additional informationFundingThis work was supported by the Ford Foundation [grant number 0140-0188]; The National Treasury’s Government Technical Advisory Committee (no grant number); the British Academy Newton Fund [grant number AF140164]; the National Youth Development Agency (no grant number); the University of Johannesburg’s University Research Committee (no grant number); and the Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation South African Research Chair Initiative (SARCHi) through the SARCHi for Welfare and Social Development (no grant number). The study was granted ethical clearance by the University of Johannesburg Faculty of Humanities Research Ethics Committee.
{"title":"Youth Employability programmes in South Africa: Which features work best and for whom?","authors":"Zoheb Khan, Leila Patel, Lauren Graham, Rulof Burger, Gina A. Chowa, Rainier Masa","doi":"10.1080/0376835x.2023.2273533","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835x.2023.2273533","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThis article analyses a subset of eight youth employability programmes (YEPs) operating across South Africa using a panel survey of participants. It assesses the features of these YEPs and their links to subsequent employment while controlling for individual characteristics. Each YEP delivered technical and soft skills training, alongside other programme features offered in different combinations. Additionally, a financial capability intervention comprising financial literacy and access to a savings product was randomised to half of the training sites. Job matching, soft skills training, and financial capability are all strongly associated with better employment odds. The strength of these associations depends on how different training components are combined, and on graduates’ education level and area of residence. The findings have implications for the design of active labour market policies in developing countries with large youth unemployment and fast-changing labour markets.KEYWORDS: Active labour market programmesyouth unemploymentfinancial capabilityskills training Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Additional informationFundingThis work was supported by the Ford Foundation [grant number 0140-0188]; The National Treasury’s Government Technical Advisory Committee (no grant number); the British Academy Newton Fund [grant number AF140164]; the National Youth Development Agency (no grant number); the University of Johannesburg’s University Research Committee (no grant number); and the Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation South African Research Chair Initiative (SARCHi) through the SARCHi for Welfare and Social Development (no grant number). The study was granted ethical clearance by the University of Johannesburg Faculty of Humanities Research Ethics Committee.","PeriodicalId":51523,"journal":{"name":"Development Southern Africa","volume":"144 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135371199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-04DOI: 10.1080/0376835x.2023.2261977
Adeola Oyenubi
ABSTRACTThis paper examines the short-term impact of the Coronavirus pandemic on firms in a developing country i.e. Zambia. This is motivated by the characteristics of the Labour market in developing countries where informality dominates, and female workers form a larger proportion of the informal workforce. The Zambian version of the World Bank Enterprise Survey conducted just before the pandemic (September 2019 to March 2020) and during the pandemic (June 6 to 17 July 2020) is used to explore the experience of firms in terms of changes in the number of employees and firm survival. Results suggest that informal workers are more likely to lose their jobs while firms that are at least partly owned/managed by females are also less likely to survive. It is argued that policy actions that protect informal workers are salient especially since future pandemics cannot be ruled out.KEYWORDS: COVID-19 pandemicinformalityfirm survivalJEL: L25L26J08J46 Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 See https://reliefweb.int/report/zambia/zambia-situation-report-6-july-2020.2 See https://www.theigc.org/blog/one-year-on-zambian-economy-during-covid-19/.3 See https://bfaglobal.com/covid-19/insights/zambia-msmes-during-covid-19/.4 For example, some experts suggest that herd immunity may not materialize even with the vaccines because of the different variants of the virus in circulation https://theconversation.com/covid-19-herd-immunity-its-not-going-to-happen-so-what-next-165471.5 International statistical standards distinguish between employment in the informal sector and informal employment, the latter which is the concept of interest in this paper refers to the employment relationship and protection associated with the worker’s job (Bonnet et al., Citation2019).6 Except for Adjust production for COVID, % decrease in sales, and the outcome variables which were sourced from the follow up data. COVID-19 reproductive rate was sourced from the Our World in Data (Ritchie et al., Citation2020).Additional informationFundingThis study was funded by Open Society Foundation (OSF) and the Southern Centre for Inequality Studies (SCIS) at the University of the Witwatersrand Financial interests: The authors declare they have no financial interests Data availability: The datasets analysed during the current study are available in the WORLD BANK ENTERPRISE SURVEY repository, https://www.enterprisesurveys.org/en/survey-datasets.
摘要本文考察了冠状病毒大流行对发展中国家赞比亚企业的短期影响。这是由于发展中国家劳动力市场的特点，在这些国家非正规工作占主导地位，妇女工人在非正规劳动力中占较大比例。赞比亚版的世界银行企业调查在大流行之前(2019年9月至2020年3月)和大流行期间(2020年6月6日至7月17日)进行，用于探讨企业在员工数量变化和企业生存方面的经验。结果表明，非正式工人更有可能失去工作，而至少部分由女性拥有/管理的公司也不太可能生存。有人认为，保护非正规工人的政策行动非常重要，特别是因为不能排除未来出现大流行病的可能性。关键词:COVID-19大流行非正式性企业生存披露声明作者未报告潜在利益冲突。注1参见https://reliefweb.int/report/zambia/zambia-situation-report-6-july-2020.2参见https://www.theigc.org/blog/one-year-on-zambian-economy-during-covid-19/.3参见https://bfaglobal.com/covid-19/insights/zambia-msmes-during-covid-19/.4一些专家认为，即使有了疫苗，群体免疫也可能无法实现，因为流行的病毒有不同的变体https://theconversation.com/covid-19-herd-immunity-its-not-going-to-happen-so-what-next-165471.5国际统计标准对非正规部门就业和非正规就业进行了区分。后者是本文中的利益概念，指的是与工人工作相关的雇佣关系和保护(Bonnet et al.， Citation2019)除因新冠肺炎调整产量、销售额下降百分比和来自后续数据的结果变量外。COVID-19的繁殖率来源于Our World in Data (Ritchie et al.， Citation2020)。本研究由开放社会基金会(OSF)和威特沃特斯兰德大学南方不平等研究中心(SCIS)资助。经济利益:作者声明无经济利益。数据可用性:本研究分析的数据集可在世界银行企业调查存储库中获得，https://www.enterprisesurveys.org/en/survey-datasets。
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Pub Date : 2023-09-20DOI: 10.1080/0376835x.2023.2252456
Tina Fransman
ABSTRACTExisting literature highlights the complexities of the relationship between voting, protest action and service delivery within Southern African democracies. We explore the relationship between these variables for South Africa by generating a new dataset from various sources. Although this relationship has been explored before, the existing evidence is mixed. The results from this study therefore bring a fresh perspective, especially at a time during which the political power of the incumbent African National Congress has been declining. We find that improvements in service delivery are not significantly associated with an increase in votes for the incumbent party, indicating that accountability is not the main motivation for South Africans’ voting decisions. However, we find a statistically significant negative correlation between protest action and service delivery, providing evidence of the increasing importance of protest action as a form of political accountability in South Africa.KEYWORDS: Accountabilityelectionspolitical participationprotest actionpublic service deliveryJEL CODES: D72H11H41H50 AcknowledgementsThe authors wish to thank Derek Yu, Servaas van der Berg, and participants at the Research on Socio-Economic Policy (ReSEP) seminar series for valuable inputs. Fransman acknowledges funding support from the National Research Foundation (NRF) and Research on Socio-Economic Policy (ReSEP).Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 In South Africa, more than 14 protests occurred daily, on average, over the period 1997 to 2013. (Bekker, Citation2022:232). There is also evidence to suggest that this number increased since 2013 (see: Runciman et al., Citation2016; Powell et al., Citation2015)2 The inert and predictable nature of voting outcomes, accompanied by electoral imbalances in the party system have raised concerns that elections fail to act as an accountability mechanism, which evokes deeper concern about the quality of democracy (Schulz-Herzenberg, Citation2009:2).3 The ANC has not always been the dominant party incumbent in all municipalities for local elections.4 Poisson regressions provide a standard framework in the analysis of count data. In reality however, it is often found that count data has a higher incidence of zero counts than is expected for the Poisson distribution.
现有文献强调了南部非洲民主国家投票、抗议行动和服务提供之间关系的复杂性。我们通过从各种来源生成新的数据集来探索南非这些变量之间的关系。虽然这种关系之前已经被探讨过，但现有的证据是混杂的。因此，这项研究的结果带来了一个新的视角，特别是在现任非洲人国民大会的政治权力一直在下降的时候。我们发现，服务提供的改善与现任政党的选票增加没有显著关联，这表明问责并不是南非人投票决定的主要动机。然而，我们发现抗议行动与服务提供之间存在统计学上显著的负相关，这证明抗议行动作为南非政治问责的一种形式越来越重要。关键词:问责制、选举、政治参与、抗议行动、公共服务提供感谢作者谨感谢Derek Yu、Servaas van der Berg和社会经济政策研究(ressep)系列研讨会的参与者提供的宝贵意见。弗兰斯曼感谢国家研究基金会(NRF)和社会经济政策研究(ReSEP)的资金支持。披露声明作者未报告潜在的利益冲突。注1 1997年至2013年期间，南非平均每天发生14起以上的抗议活动。(Bekker Citation2022:232)。也有证据表明，自2013年以来，这一数字有所增加(见:Runciman等人，Citation2016;投票结果的惰性和可预测性，以及政党制度中的选举不平衡，引发了人们对选举不能作为问责机制的担忧，这引发了对民主质量的更深层次的担忧(Schulz-Herzenberg, Citation2009:2)在所有的地方选举中，非国大并不总是占主导地位的执政党泊松回归为计数数据的分析提供了一个标准框架。然而，在现实中，经常发现计数数据的零计数发生率高于泊松分布的预期。
{"title":"Voting and protest tendencies associated with changes in service delivery","authors":"Tina Fransman","doi":"10.1080/0376835x.2023.2252456","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835x.2023.2252456","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTExisting literature highlights the complexities of the relationship between voting, protest action and service delivery within Southern African democracies. We explore the relationship between these variables for South Africa by generating a new dataset from various sources. Although this relationship has been explored before, the existing evidence is mixed. The results from this study therefore bring a fresh perspective, especially at a time during which the political power of the incumbent African National Congress has been declining. We find that improvements in service delivery are not significantly associated with an increase in votes for the incumbent party, indicating that accountability is not the main motivation for South Africans’ voting decisions. However, we find a statistically significant negative correlation between protest action and service delivery, providing evidence of the increasing importance of protest action as a form of political accountability in South Africa.KEYWORDS: Accountabilityelectionspolitical participationprotest actionpublic service deliveryJEL CODES: D72H11H41H50 AcknowledgementsThe authors wish to thank Derek Yu, Servaas van der Berg, and participants at the Research on Socio-Economic Policy (ReSEP) seminar series for valuable inputs. Fransman acknowledges funding support from the National Research Foundation (NRF) and Research on Socio-Economic Policy (ReSEP).Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 In South Africa, more than 14 protests occurred daily, on average, over the period 1997 to 2013. (Bekker, Citation2022:232). There is also evidence to suggest that this number increased since 2013 (see: Runciman et al., Citation2016; Powell et al., Citation2015)2 The inert and predictable nature of voting outcomes, accompanied by electoral imbalances in the party system have raised concerns that elections fail to act as an accountability mechanism, which evokes deeper concern about the quality of democracy (Schulz-Herzenberg, Citation2009:2).3 The ANC has not always been the dominant party incumbent in all municipalities for local elections.4 Poisson regressions provide a standard framework in the analysis of count data. In reality however, it is often found that count data has a higher incidence of zero counts than is expected for the Poisson distribution.","PeriodicalId":51523,"journal":{"name":"Development Southern Africa","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136264002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-20DOI: 10.1080/0376835x.2023.2252465
Koech Cheruiyot
ABSTRACTWith mega state housing projects needing large land parcels and that are often located in the periphery, this paper investigates what impact relocating residents to Golden Gardens housing development has had on the quality of life and their financial wellbeing. Using primary data obtained from residents living in the Golden Gardens housing development, the findings show that respondents’ access to and quality of physical and social facilities, such as refuse services, water, and electricity, has improved. Respondents were also unanimous that staying in their Golden Gardens homes has significantly improved their security. However, many residents currently living in Golden Gardens used to live closer to work and social activities than they do now, which means that they used to spend less each month on transport than they do now. The high-commuting cost has increased household expenses, meaning that the respondents’ financial wellbeing has been negatively impacted. These results imply yet unmet long-term objectives of human settlements as envisaged in various government policies and programmes.KEYWORDS: State-subsidised housinglived experiencesQuality of life (QoL)financial well-beingGauteng provinceSouth Africa AcknowledgmentsThe author acknowledges Khaka Nonyongo, Mendrick Maluleke, and Musa Sambo for fieldwork assistance.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
{"title":"Residential relocation and financial wellbeing: Findings from Golden Gardens housing development in Gauteng, South Africa","authors":"Koech Cheruiyot","doi":"10.1080/0376835x.2023.2252465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835x.2023.2252465","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTWith mega state housing projects needing large land parcels and that are often located in the periphery, this paper investigates what impact relocating residents to Golden Gardens housing development has had on the quality of life and their financial wellbeing. Using primary data obtained from residents living in the Golden Gardens housing development, the findings show that respondents’ access to and quality of physical and social facilities, such as refuse services, water, and electricity, has improved. Respondents were also unanimous that staying in their Golden Gardens homes has significantly improved their security. However, many residents currently living in Golden Gardens used to live closer to work and social activities than they do now, which means that they used to spend less each month on transport than they do now. The high-commuting cost has increased household expenses, meaning that the respondents’ financial wellbeing has been negatively impacted. These results imply yet unmet long-term objectives of human settlements as envisaged in various government policies and programmes.KEYWORDS: State-subsidised housinglived experiencesQuality of life (QoL)financial well-beingGauteng provinceSouth Africa AcknowledgmentsThe author acknowledges Khaka Nonyongo, Mendrick Maluleke, and Musa Sambo for fieldwork assistance.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).","PeriodicalId":51523,"journal":{"name":"Development Southern Africa","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136312796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-20DOI: 10.1080/0376835x.2023.2254801
Verena Helen van Zyl-Bulitta, Anthony Patt, Shakespear Mudombi, Christo Fabricius
ABSTRACTClimate change adaptation concerns mechanisms for responding to local climate change impacts to improve livelihoods of and decrease risks to affected stakeholders. In this article, we present evidence and novel insights from selected climate change adaption cases studies in Sub-Saharan Africa, shared directly by climate change practitioners. Our aim is to foster awareness and comprehension for local, national and transnational actors, enabling better decision-making, project implementation and policy design. To achieve this we describe and assess positive spillovers and negative externalities of climate change adaptation. Building on our collection of case studies, we focussed on classifying adaptation projects according to a set of typologies identified by the researchers. To further explain the typology classification related to the occurrence of (un)intended (side) effects, we identified factors that may enable sustainable adaptation scenarios based on lessons shared about the investigated projects. These systems are based on existing political economic research on the state-of-the-art ‘4E’– method (representing enclosure, exclusion, encroachment, entrenchment) evident in the literature and case study applications, which we adapted to fit our research questions. The factors include collaboration across scales, data availability and learning, bottom-up involvement/participation. We also formulated the positive counterpart of each of the four E dimensions. One finding was that the category lose-win, where the intended goal was not achieved, yet a positive spillover occurred, would be more likely to emerge with the factors ‘bottom-up participation’ as well as ‘learning across scales’ being present.KEYWORDS: Adaptationmisfits due to maladaptationresiliencesocial-ecological systems (SES) as complex adaptive systems (CAS)vulnerability AcknowledgementsWe gratefully acknowledge funding from the first Southern African Young Scientist Summer Programme (SA-YSSP) via the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Austria and the National Research Foundation (NRF) / Department of Science and Technology (DST), South Africa as well as the travel fund from the German IIASA-National Member Organization (NMO), the Alfred-Wegener-Institute (AWI). Furthermore, we are deeply indebted to the interview participants and very much appreciate their time invested in this research agenda. Granted via NRF, DST, and IIASA in the first Southern African Young Scientist Summer Programme (SAYSSP) 2012/2013.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 https://www.unep.org/regions/africa/regional-initiatives/responding-climate-change.2 https://www.unccd.int/our-work/ggwi.3 https://sunfarming.de/en/blog/tag/africa.4 Equally, in the global North, good examples of adaptive actions from Europe are provided in Pijnappels & Dietl (Citation2013).5 The African focus was determined by the local Southern African Youn
{"title":"Unintended consequences of climate change adaptation: African case studies and typologies on pitfalls and windfalls","authors":"Verena Helen van Zyl-Bulitta, Anthony Patt, Shakespear Mudombi, Christo Fabricius","doi":"10.1080/0376835x.2023.2254801","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835x.2023.2254801","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTClimate change adaptation concerns mechanisms for responding to local climate change impacts to improve livelihoods of and decrease risks to affected stakeholders. In this article, we present evidence and novel insights from selected climate change adaption cases studies in Sub-Saharan Africa, shared directly by climate change practitioners. Our aim is to foster awareness and comprehension for local, national and transnational actors, enabling better decision-making, project implementation and policy design. To achieve this we describe and assess positive spillovers and negative externalities of climate change adaptation. Building on our collection of case studies, we focussed on classifying adaptation projects according to a set of typologies identified by the researchers. To further explain the typology classification related to the occurrence of (un)intended (side) effects, we identified factors that may enable sustainable adaptation scenarios based on lessons shared about the investigated projects. These systems are based on existing political economic research on the state-of-the-art ‘4E’– method (representing enclosure, exclusion, encroachment, entrenchment) evident in the literature and case study applications, which we adapted to fit our research questions. The factors include collaboration across scales, data availability and learning, bottom-up involvement/participation. We also formulated the positive counterpart of each of the four E dimensions. One finding was that the category lose-win, where the intended goal was not achieved, yet a positive spillover occurred, would be more likely to emerge with the factors ‘bottom-up participation’ as well as ‘learning across scales’ being present.KEYWORDS: Adaptationmisfits due to maladaptationresiliencesocial-ecological systems (SES) as complex adaptive systems (CAS)vulnerability AcknowledgementsWe gratefully acknowledge funding from the first Southern African Young Scientist Summer Programme (SA-YSSP) via the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Austria and the National Research Foundation (NRF) / Department of Science and Technology (DST), South Africa as well as the travel fund from the German IIASA-National Member Organization (NMO), the Alfred-Wegener-Institute (AWI). Furthermore, we are deeply indebted to the interview participants and very much appreciate their time invested in this research agenda. Granted via NRF, DST, and IIASA in the first Southern African Young Scientist Summer Programme (SAYSSP) 2012/2013.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 https://www.unep.org/regions/africa/regional-initiatives/responding-climate-change.2 https://www.unccd.int/our-work/ggwi.3 https://sunfarming.de/en/blog/tag/africa.4 Equally, in the global North, good examples of adaptive actions from Europe are provided in Pijnappels & Dietl (Citation2013).5 The African focus was determined by the local Southern African Youn","PeriodicalId":51523,"journal":{"name":"Development Southern Africa","volume":"172 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136309241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-20DOI: 10.1080/0376835x.2023.2226164
Richard Allen, Robert Clifton
ABSTRACTThis paper traces the development of spending reviews from their origins in a set of budgetary innovations in the United States in the 1950s and 1960s – notably zero-base budgeting (ZBB) and Planning, Programming and Budgeting Systems (PPBS) – to their application internationally for budget management and fiscal consolidation. Spending reviews have been successfully developed and applied in mostly advanced economies but, because they rely on advanced tools of fiscal analysis and established public financial management systems, their application in low- and middle-income countries is more limited. Many countries use spending reviews to identify budgetary savings or to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the government's spending policies and programmes. The reviews can either be comprehensive or target specific programmes or areas of spending. Finance ministries are the cornerstone of an effective spending review process, which requires strong analytical skills and tools, as well as reliable data. Line ministries also play a key role and good use can be made of external experts. Political oversight and good governance are fundamental to success, but countries have followed a variety of models in designing their spending review processes; simpler approaches are available for countries with low capacity.KEYWORDS: Spending reviewszero-based budgetingbudgetary savingsefficiencyeffectivenessfinance ministries analytical tools and skills AcknowledgementThis article draws on material presented at a workshop on ZBB organized by the South African National Treasury in January 2021. The authors would like to give thanks to the organizers of that workshop, to Julien Dubertret, Gerhard Steger and Sami Ylaoutinen for their presentations, and to the two anonymous referees for their helpful comments on an earlier version of the article.Disclaimer StatementThe views expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the IMF, its Executive Board, or IMF management.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 Applied to the public sector, allocative efficiency means the mix of public goods and services delivered by the government that represents the combination that is most desired by society. Productive efficiency means that, given the available resources and technology, it is not possible to increase the output of any public service (e.g., education or health) without decreasing the output of another service.2 For further information on the concept of ‘baseline expenditures’ and a methodology for estimating baselines over the medium term, see Rahim and Wendling, Citation2022.3 See, for example, https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/274711479159288956-0290022017/originial/GuidanceNoteonValueforMoney.pdf4 This section draws on a helpful paper on the history of ZBB by the South Africa National Treasury (Citation2020).5 Texas Instruments Incorporated is an Americ
摘要本文追溯了支出审查的发展，从20世纪50年代和60年代美国的一系列预算创新——特别是零基础预算(ZBB)和计划、规划和预算系统(PPBS)——到它们在预算管理和财政整顿中的国际应用。支出审查已在大多数发达经济体成功地发展和应用，但由于它们依赖于先进的财政分析工具和已建立的公共财政管理系统，因此在低收入和中等收入国家的应用较为有限。许多国家利用支出审查来确定预算节余或提高政府支出政策和方案的效率和效力。审查可以是全面的，也可以针对具体的方案或支出领域。财政部是有效支出审查程序的基石，这需要强大的分析能力和工具，以及可靠的数据。各部门也发挥关键作用，外部专家也能得到很好的利用。政治监督和良好治理是成功的基础，但各国在设计支出审查程序时遵循了各种模式;能力较低的国家可采用更简单的方法。关键词:支出审查、零基预算、预算节约效率、财政部分析工具和技能确认本文借鉴了南非国家财政部于2021年1月组织的ZBB研讨会上提交的材料。作者要感谢研讨会的组织者，感谢Julien Dubertret, Gerhard Steger和Sami Ylaoutinen的介绍，以及两位匿名审稿人对文章早期版本的有益评论。免责声明本文所表达的观点仅代表作者的观点，并不一定代表基金组织、其执董会或基金组织管理层的观点。披露声明作者未报告潜在的利益冲突。注1对于公共部门，配置效率是指政府提供的公共产品和服务的组合，代表了社会最期望的组合。1 .生产效率意味着，在现有资源和技术的情况下，不可能在不减少另一种服务产出的情况下增加任何公共服务(如教育或卫生)的产出有关“基线支出”概念和中期基线估算方法的进一步信息，请参见Rahim和Wendling, Citation2022.3参见，例如，https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/274711479159288956-0290022017/originial/GuidanceNoteonValueforMoney.pdf4本节借鉴了南非国家财政部关于ZBB历史的有益论文(Citation2020)德州仪器公司是一家总部位于美国德克萨斯州达拉斯市的科技公司，主要从事半导体和各种信息技术设备的设计和制造一个非营利性、无党派的研究组织，通过研究和分析帮助改进政策和决策制定7 .从技术上讲，这是一部关于预算法的宪法章程(2001年关于财政的组织法，通常被称为《预算章程》)联合王国和澳大利亚是产生多年基线预测的国家的例子(见Rahim和Wendling, Citation2022)自2017年以来，《南非中期预算政策声明》每年都将基于支出审查方法对薪酬趋势进行详细分析。经合组织正在根据最新数据编制一项新的支出审查调查，但综合结果尚未公布国库支出审查方法。这包括六个阶段:政策和制度分析、逻辑分析、绩效指标分析、支出分析、成本建模以及报告和行动计划由于2019冠状病毒病大流行，与通常的多年度框架相比，2020年审查仅涵盖一年例如，参见H.M.财政部，2021年秋季预算和支出审查，以及2022年秋季报表。
{"title":"From zero-base budgeting to spending review – achievements and challenges","authors":"Richard Allen, Robert Clifton","doi":"10.1080/0376835x.2023.2226164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835x.2023.2226164","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThis paper traces the development of spending reviews from their origins in a set of budgetary innovations in the United States in the 1950s and 1960s – notably zero-base budgeting (ZBB) and Planning, Programming and Budgeting Systems (PPBS) – to their application internationally for budget management and fiscal consolidation. Spending reviews have been successfully developed and applied in mostly advanced economies but, because they rely on advanced tools of fiscal analysis and established public financial management systems, their application in low- and middle-income countries is more limited. Many countries use spending reviews to identify budgetary savings or to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the government's spending policies and programmes. The reviews can either be comprehensive or target specific programmes or areas of spending. Finance ministries are the cornerstone of an effective spending review process, which requires strong analytical skills and tools, as well as reliable data. Line ministries also play a key role and good use can be made of external experts. Political oversight and good governance are fundamental to success, but countries have followed a variety of models in designing their spending review processes; simpler approaches are available for countries with low capacity.KEYWORDS: Spending reviewszero-based budgetingbudgetary savingsefficiencyeffectivenessfinance ministries analytical tools and skills AcknowledgementThis article draws on material presented at a workshop on ZBB organized by the South African National Treasury in January 2021. The authors would like to give thanks to the organizers of that workshop, to Julien Dubertret, Gerhard Steger and Sami Ylaoutinen for their presentations, and to the two anonymous referees for their helpful comments on an earlier version of the article.Disclaimer StatementThe views expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the IMF, its Executive Board, or IMF management.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 Applied to the public sector, allocative efficiency means the mix of public goods and services delivered by the government that represents the combination that is most desired by society. Productive efficiency means that, given the available resources and technology, it is not possible to increase the output of any public service (e.g., education or health) without decreasing the output of another service.2 For further information on the concept of ‘baseline expenditures’ and a methodology for estimating baselines over the medium term, see Rahim and Wendling, Citation2022.3 See, for example, https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/274711479159288956-0290022017/originial/GuidanceNoteonValueforMoney.pdf4 This section draws on a helpful paper on the history of ZBB by the South Africa National Treasury (Citation2020).5 Texas Instruments Incorporated is an Americ","PeriodicalId":51523,"journal":{"name":"Development Southern Africa","volume":"178 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136312971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-20DOI: 10.1080/0376835x.2023.2257737
Farirai Rusere, Lori Hunter, Mark Collinson, Wayne Twine
ABSTRACTThis study examines patterns and trends in household food security in Bushbuckridge, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa, from 2010 to 2019. We use data from a household panel nested in the Agincourt Health and Socio-Demographic Surveillance System. Findings indicate that there have been improvements in household food security in this rural setting over the last decade. By polychoric principal component analysis, an aggregate food security index was constructed and we observed a small, yet important, proportion of households (7.8%) that remained chronically food insecure. An ordered probit model was used to estimate the determinants of food security. Findings reveal that the observed differences in household food security status are as a result of differences in socioeconomic status. We therefore recommend that focus must be placed on identifying economic opportunities and empowering the chronically food insecure households if universal household food security is to be attained in rural South Africa and beyond.KEYWORDS: Food availabilitydietary diversityfood accessfood securityrural households AcknowledgementsThe authors are grateful to the respondents, field staff and management of SAMRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa for their respective contributions towards the collection and production of the data used in this study. The SUCSES study was made possible with funding from the National Research Foundation, ACCESS, and the World Agroforestry Centre. The study was supported indirectly with funding or support for the operation of the Agincourt HDSS from the Wellcome Trust, UK (grant 085477/Z/08/Z), the South African Medical Research Council, and the South African Department of Science and Innovation through the South African Population Research Infrastructure Network (SAPRIN).Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Additional informationFundingThis research was conducted as part of the Sustainability in Communal Socio-Ecological Systems (SUCSES) which was made possible through funding from the National Research Foundation (NRF) of South Africa and the Applied Centre for Climate and Earth Systems Science (ACCESS). Indirect support was provided by the Wellcome Trust (grant 085477/Z/08/Z) through its support of the Agincourt Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS). The study also benefited from research, administrative, and computing support provided by the University of Colorado Population Center (Project 2P2CHD066613-06), funded by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.
{"title":"Patterns and trends in household food security in rural Mpumalanga Province, South Africa","authors":"Farirai Rusere, Lori Hunter, Mark Collinson, Wayne Twine","doi":"10.1080/0376835x.2023.2257737","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835x.2023.2257737","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThis study examines patterns and trends in household food security in Bushbuckridge, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa, from 2010 to 2019. We use data from a household panel nested in the Agincourt Health and Socio-Demographic Surveillance System. Findings indicate that there have been improvements in household food security in this rural setting over the last decade. By polychoric principal component analysis, an aggregate food security index was constructed and we observed a small, yet important, proportion of households (7.8%) that remained chronically food insecure. An ordered probit model was used to estimate the determinants of food security. Findings reveal that the observed differences in household food security status are as a result of differences in socioeconomic status. We therefore recommend that focus must be placed on identifying economic opportunities and empowering the chronically food insecure households if universal household food security is to be attained in rural South Africa and beyond.KEYWORDS: Food availabilitydietary diversityfood accessfood securityrural households AcknowledgementsThe authors are grateful to the respondents, field staff and management of SAMRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa for their respective contributions towards the collection and production of the data used in this study. The SUCSES study was made possible with funding from the National Research Foundation, ACCESS, and the World Agroforestry Centre. The study was supported indirectly with funding or support for the operation of the Agincourt HDSS from the Wellcome Trust, UK (grant 085477/Z/08/Z), the South African Medical Research Council, and the South African Department of Science and Innovation through the South African Population Research Infrastructure Network (SAPRIN).Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Additional informationFundingThis research was conducted as part of the Sustainability in Communal Socio-Ecological Systems (SUCSES) which was made possible through funding from the National Research Foundation (NRF) of South Africa and the Applied Centre for Climate and Earth Systems Science (ACCESS). Indirect support was provided by the Wellcome Trust (grant 085477/Z/08/Z) through its support of the Agincourt Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS). The study also benefited from research, administrative, and computing support provided by the University of Colorado Population Center (Project 2P2CHD066613-06), funded by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.","PeriodicalId":51523,"journal":{"name":"Development Southern Africa","volume":"187 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136312802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-14DOI: 10.1080/0376835x.2023.2249022
Ronette Engela
ABSTRACTThis article discusses the spending review methodology developed in the South African government. A typical spending review combines a deep institutional and policy evaluation with extensive expenditure analysis and cost modelling. The article discusses how, in the context of a developing country, the spending review methodology had to adapt to local conditions, such as constraints around political and institutional autonomy and cooperation, the skills level of government officials, data availability and communication around a reform agenda. The article outlines how, in responding to these challenges, the South African spending review methodology developed a six step modularised approach that standardised the methodology and provided clear guidance to civil servants, consultants and political leadership. This has allowed a sophisticated analytical process to be widely adopted in the public sector and could be of methodological value to developed and developing countries alike.KEYWORDS: Spending reviewpublic finance management reformsdeveloping countrySouth Africabudget reform Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 And indeed, in only one case out of 227 spending reviews did the line ministry object to the findings.2 ‘make a plan – do not complain’.3 In 2000, the Departments of Finance and State Expenditure amalgamated to form National Treasury.4 In the South African Treasury, the divisions of Inter-Governmental Relations, Public Finance and Budget Office forms the Budget group; the Budget Group is equivalent to a Budget Office in most other Departments of Finance.5 There was one department that objected, but they could not provide any real data to support their position and the objection was seen as purely ideological and not linked to the analysis in any way.6 Director-General is the most senior post in a government department and they function as the accounting officer of a department. This is the equivalent of a permanent secretary in the UK system.7 CONSTITUTIONAL COURT OF SOUTH AFRICADate of hearing: 24 August 2021 Date of judgment: 28 February 2022 National Education Health and Allied Workers Union and Others v Minister of Public Service and Administration and Others.South African Democratic Teachers Union and Others v Department of Public Service and Administration and Others.Public Servants Association and Others v Minister of Public Service and Administration and Others.National Union of Public Service and Allied Workers v Minister of Public Service and Administration and Others.CCT 21/21; CCT 28/21; CCT 29/21; and 44/218 This excludes the large state-owned enterprises who report directly to the Assets and Liabilities Management (ALM) branch of National Treasury.9 In 2022.
{"title":"The development of a spending review methodology in a developing country context","authors":"Ronette Engela","doi":"10.1080/0376835x.2023.2249022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835x.2023.2249022","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThis article discusses the spending review methodology developed in the South African government. A typical spending review combines a deep institutional and policy evaluation with extensive expenditure analysis and cost modelling. The article discusses how, in the context of a developing country, the spending review methodology had to adapt to local conditions, such as constraints around political and institutional autonomy and cooperation, the skills level of government officials, data availability and communication around a reform agenda. The article outlines how, in responding to these challenges, the South African spending review methodology developed a six step modularised approach that standardised the methodology and provided clear guidance to civil servants, consultants and political leadership. This has allowed a sophisticated analytical process to be widely adopted in the public sector and could be of methodological value to developed and developing countries alike.KEYWORDS: Spending reviewpublic finance management reformsdeveloping countrySouth Africabudget reform Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 And indeed, in only one case out of 227 spending reviews did the line ministry object to the findings.2 ‘make a plan – do not complain’.3 In 2000, the Departments of Finance and State Expenditure amalgamated to form National Treasury.4 In the South African Treasury, the divisions of Inter-Governmental Relations, Public Finance and Budget Office forms the Budget group; the Budget Group is equivalent to a Budget Office in most other Departments of Finance.5 There was one department that objected, but they could not provide any real data to support their position and the objection was seen as purely ideological and not linked to the analysis in any way.6 Director-General is the most senior post in a government department and they function as the accounting officer of a department. This is the equivalent of a permanent secretary in the UK system.7 CONSTITUTIONAL COURT OF SOUTH AFRICADate of hearing: 24 August 2021 Date of judgment: 28 February 2022 National Education Health and Allied Workers Union and Others v Minister of Public Service and Administration and Others.South African Democratic Teachers Union and Others v Department of Public Service and Administration and Others.Public Servants Association and Others v Minister of Public Service and Administration and Others.National Union of Public Service and Allied Workers v Minister of Public Service and Administration and Others.CCT 21/21; CCT 28/21; CCT 29/21; and 44/218 This excludes the large state-owned enterprises who report directly to the Assets and Liabilities Management (ALM) branch of National Treasury.9 In 2022.","PeriodicalId":51523,"journal":{"name":"Development Southern Africa","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135489305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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