ABSTRACT Marini (1984) argues that “a normative model of the life course, which assumes a normative life pattern and focuses on the role of norms in shaping the timing and sequencing of major life events, should not be adopted as a general paradigm for research.” This challenge to the normative explanation of sequencing and timing of life events has largely gone unanswered. Hogan and Astone (1986) suggest that Marini confuses levels of analysis but they do not elaborate their argument. Although Marini's challenge has remained unanswered, researchers continue to interpret aggregate data as an expression of normative culture (e.g., Bumpass and Sweet, 1990). The present paper argues that there are specific constructs for the concept of social norm appropriate for each level of analysis. Marini's argument depends on the use of only the group level construct of social norm and a failure to recognize constructs appropriate for the other levels of analysis used in the study of the timing and sequencing of events.
{"title":"The Normative Interpretation of Life Course Event Histories","authors":"James M. White","doi":"10.1300/J002V27N03_02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J002V27N03_02","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Marini (1984) argues that “a normative model of the life course, which assumes a normative life pattern and focuses on the role of norms in shaping the timing and sequencing of major life events, should not be adopted as a general paradigm for research.” This challenge to the normative explanation of sequencing and timing of life events has largely gone unanswered. Hogan and Astone (1986) suggest that Marini confuses levels of analysis but they do not elaborate their argument. Although Marini's challenge has remained unanswered, researchers continue to interpret aggregate data as an expression of normative culture (e.g., Bumpass and Sweet, 1990). The present paper argues that there are specific constructs for the concept of social norm appropriate for each level of analysis. Marini's argument depends on the use of only the group level construct of social norm and a failure to recognize constructs appropriate for the other levels of analysis used in the study of the timing and sequencing of events.","PeriodicalId":51527,"journal":{"name":"MARRIAGE AND FAMILY REVIEW","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"1998-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1300/J002V27N03_02","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66463800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Based on a six-year fieldwork in Israeli hospitals, this paper focuses on the reactions of parents to their appearance-impaired newborn, suggesting that the majority of parents are apt to abandon their child as a result of an external deformity. It is further found that visible impairments, however slight and curable, are likely to cause rejection, while often more medically severe internal problems do not. On the basis of these findings, which are shown to cut across ethnic, economical and educational categories, several possible explanations are considered. It is suggested that in the absence of any other information, the extreme significance of appearance in the case of the newborn may produce, when deviating from the expected body-image, a cognitive dissonance powerful enough so as to result in the stigmatifation of the appearance-impaired child as a “non-person,” and hence lead to his/her rejection. The paper concludes with an outline of practical implications for family psychologists, thera...
{"title":"Parents' Rejection of Their Appearance-Impaired Newborns: Some Critical Observations Regarding the Social Myth of Bonding","authors":"M. Weiss","doi":"10.1300/J002V27N03_01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J002V27N03_01","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Based on a six-year fieldwork in Israeli hospitals, this paper focuses on the reactions of parents to their appearance-impaired newborn, suggesting that the majority of parents are apt to abandon their child as a result of an external deformity. It is further found that visible impairments, however slight and curable, are likely to cause rejection, while often more medically severe internal problems do not. On the basis of these findings, which are shown to cut across ethnic, economical and educational categories, several possible explanations are considered. It is suggested that in the absence of any other information, the extreme significance of appearance in the case of the newborn may produce, when deviating from the expected body-image, a cognitive dissonance powerful enough so as to result in the stigmatifation of the appearance-impaired child as a “non-person,” and hence lead to his/her rejection. The paper concludes with an outline of practical implications for family psychologists, thera...","PeriodicalId":51527,"journal":{"name":"MARRIAGE AND FAMILY REVIEW","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"1998-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1300/J002V27N03_01","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66464031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT The status of research on primary socialization in the family is assessed using Kuhn'S concept of paradigm. Data were derived from a content analysis of a twenty-five percent random sample of all articles on family primary socialization published in The Journal of Marriage and the Family and its predecessor, Family Living, from 1939 through 1989. Articles were analyzed according to the following paradigmatic dimensions: image of the subject matter, theory, methodology, purpose and object of study. Evidence is found for both pluralism and hegemony. Pluralism is evidenced from the competition between systems theory and symbolic interaction as dominating theoretical frameworks. A constraining hegemony in research on primary socialization was also identified as use of survey methods, basic purposes, focus on parent-child relationships and the adolescent stage of development. There was a conspicuous lack of concern with linkages of the family to other institutions involved in primary socialization, or...
{"title":"Theory and Methodology in Family Socialization Research","authors":"K. Dietrich, J. Picou","doi":"10.1300/J002V27N01_02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J002V27N01_02","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The status of research on primary socialization in the family is assessed using Kuhn'S concept of paradigm. Data were derived from a content analysis of a twenty-five percent random sample of all articles on family primary socialization published in The Journal of Marriage and the Family and its predecessor, Family Living, from 1939 through 1989. Articles were analyzed according to the following paradigmatic dimensions: image of the subject matter, theory, methodology, purpose and object of study. Evidence is found for both pluralism and hegemony. Pluralism is evidenced from the competition between systems theory and symbolic interaction as dominating theoretical frameworks. A constraining hegemony in research on primary socialization was also identified as use of survey methods, basic purposes, focus on parent-child relationships and the adolescent stage of development. There was a conspicuous lack of concern with linkages of the family to other institutions involved in primary socialization, or...","PeriodicalId":51527,"journal":{"name":"MARRIAGE AND FAMILY REVIEW","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"1998-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1300/J002V27N01_02","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66462689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT This research examined three marital types proposed by Scanzoni. Data from 112 couples were analyzed to develop profiles of equal-partner, junior-partner, and head-complement marriages using demographic characteristics, equity in earning and housekeeping. Those in equal and junior-partner marriages were most advantaged. Equal financial responsibility was less important in sustaining well-being for women than work itself. When husbands held more constricted views of work roles of women, but felt inequity in earning, wives had the lowest self-esteem. The typology differentiated quality of life. In contrast to some earlier research, both spouses and a range of ages were studied in a multivariate analysis.
{"title":"Marital Types and Quality of Life: A Reexamination of a Typology","authors":"P. Keith, R. Schafer","doi":"10.1300/J002V27N01_03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J002V27N01_03","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This research examined three marital types proposed by Scanzoni. Data from 112 couples were analyzed to develop profiles of equal-partner, junior-partner, and head-complement marriages using demographic characteristics, equity in earning and housekeeping. Those in equal and junior-partner marriages were most advantaged. Equal financial responsibility was less important in sustaining well-being for women than work itself. When husbands held more constricted views of work roles of women, but felt inequity in earning, wives had the lowest self-esteem. The typology differentiated quality of life. In contrast to some earlier research, both spouses and a range of ages were studied in a multivariate analysis.","PeriodicalId":51527,"journal":{"name":"MARRIAGE AND FAMILY REVIEW","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"1998-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1300/J002V27N01_03","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66462807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT This study examined attitudes toward parents and their grown children sharing common households, as an indicator of extended family living arrangement, based on nine national surveys conducted from 1973 through 1989. Using probability sampling procedures, samples were drawn from a population of persons over the age of 18 years and residing in non-institutional settings in the United States. The results indicated that approval of this living arrangement increased over 19 percent between 1973 and 1984. It was also found that respondents who were younger, Blacks, Catholics, and those who had a greater degree of interaction with their parents or siblings had the highest approval of parents sharing homes with their adult children. Socioeconomic factors and religiosity-measured by the frequency of attendance in religious services-had no influence on such attitudes. Directions for future research and policy implications are discussed.
{"title":"An examination of extended family residence sharing predispositions in the United States : 1973-1989","authors":"B. K. Singh, J. S. Williams, Betsy B. Singh","doi":"10.1300/J002V27N01_09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J002V27N01_09","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study examined attitudes toward parents and their grown children sharing common households, as an indicator of extended family living arrangement, based on nine national surveys conducted from 1973 through 1989. Using probability sampling procedures, samples were drawn from a population of persons over the age of 18 years and residing in non-institutional settings in the United States. The results indicated that approval of this living arrangement increased over 19 percent between 1973 and 1984. It was also found that respondents who were younger, Blacks, Catholics, and those who had a greater degree of interaction with their parents or siblings had the highest approval of parents sharing homes with their adult children. Socioeconomic factors and religiosity-measured by the frequency of attendance in religious services-had no influence on such attitudes. Directions for future research and policy implications are discussed.","PeriodicalId":51527,"journal":{"name":"MARRIAGE AND FAMILY REVIEW","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"1998-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1300/J002V27N01_09","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66463383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Two-hundred-twenty-one matched pairs of post-adolescent females (Mean age = 20.2) and their mothers (Mean age = 46.5) participated in a study to examine the relational perceptions of mother-daughter attachments by evaluating their perceptions of reported autonomy, intimacy, conflict, self-esteem and quality of relationship. Results indicated that mothers and daughters differed significantly on one measure of autonomy (Family of Origin Scale) and conflict (Mother-Daughter Conflict Scale). No differences between mothers and daughters were found for measures of attachment, intimacy and self-esteem. Findings suggest close attachments yet differences reflective of individuation.
{"title":"Relational Perceptions in Mother-Daughter Attachments","authors":"L. M. Smith, E. Hill, R. Mullis","doi":"10.1300/J002V27N01_04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J002V27N01_04","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Two-hundred-twenty-one matched pairs of post-adolescent females (Mean age = 20.2) and their mothers (Mean age = 46.5) participated in a study to examine the relational perceptions of mother-daughter attachments by evaluating their perceptions of reported autonomy, intimacy, conflict, self-esteem and quality of relationship. Results indicated that mothers and daughters differed significantly on one measure of autonomy (Family of Origin Scale) and conflict (Mother-Daughter Conflict Scale). No differences between mothers and daughters were found for measures of attachment, intimacy and self-esteem. Findings suggest close attachments yet differences reflective of individuation.","PeriodicalId":51527,"journal":{"name":"MARRIAGE AND FAMILY REVIEW","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"1998-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1300/J002V27N01_04","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66463186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Among the 347 preschool children of employees sampled, 44.7% were cared for “in own home,” the most prevalent arrangement for preschoolers, followed by 34.3% who were cared for “in other'S home,” and 21%, or about one in five, who were in child care centers, a rate less than the national average. Using child care centers located at or near work and dissatisfaction with child care increased the level of expenditures per child for child care services. Lower expenditures on child care services were associated with using in own home care located at or near school, having older preschoolers, being in the three middle-range income brackets, and having a partner working part-time. These results suggest the need for a variety of child care solutions and arrangements.
{"title":"Child Care Expenditures for Preschoolers","authors":"R. K. Heck, N. Saltford","doi":"10.1300/J002v27n01_10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J002v27n01_10","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Among the 347 preschool children of employees sampled, 44.7% were cared for “in own home,” the most prevalent arrangement for preschoolers, followed by 34.3% who were cared for “in other'S home,” and 21%, or about one in five, who were in child care centers, a rate less than the national average. Using child care centers located at or near work and dissatisfaction with child care increased the level of expenditures per child for child care services. Lower expenditures on child care services were associated with using in own home care located at or near school, having older preschoolers, being in the three middle-range income brackets, and having a partner working part-time. These results suggest the need for a variety of child care solutions and arrangements.","PeriodicalId":51527,"journal":{"name":"MARRIAGE AND FAMILY REVIEW","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"1998-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1300/J002v27n01_10","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66463454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT This longitudinal study was an examination of the marital relationship during its first year to discover what relations exist between congruence on initial values and role expectations, and marital adjustment and the desire for spousal change. It was found that congruence was positively related to marital adjustment and negatively related to the desire for spousal change, although this relation was statistically significant only at one month of marriage. Few gender differences were found, although a consistent relation between wife'S desire for spousal change and husband'S marital adjustment was found. Findings can be taken to suggest that successful couples make adaptations within their marital systems and that initial expectations are not predictive of marital adjustment during the first year of marriage.
{"title":"Congruence, Desire for Change, and Adjustment During the First Year of Marriage","authors":"M. Odell, W. Quinn","doi":"10.1300/J002V27N01_07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J002V27N01_07","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This longitudinal study was an examination of the marital relationship during its first year to discover what relations exist between congruence on initial values and role expectations, and marital adjustment and the desire for spousal change. It was found that congruence was positively related to marital adjustment and negatively related to the desire for spousal change, although this relation was statistically significant only at one month of marriage. Few gender differences were found, although a consistent relation between wife'S desire for spousal change and husband'S marital adjustment was found. Findings can be taken to suggest that successful couples make adaptations within their marital systems and that initial expectations are not predictive of marital adjustment during the first year of marriage.","PeriodicalId":51527,"journal":{"name":"MARRIAGE AND FAMILY REVIEW","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"1998-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1300/J002V27N01_07","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66463197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Marital difficulties for many couples occur early in marriage. Approximately 21% of marriages end within the first two years and 40% end by the fourth year. The consequences for individuals and their families affect emotional well-being, financial stability, and child development. A sample of 93 couples participated in a study in which data were collected on marriage at five intervals between one month and two years. During the first months, age, income, and education have some impact on marital adjustment but this influence weakens in time. Examining results across the two year interval suggests that interpersonal trust, desired spousal behavior change, and emotional maturity are highly associated with marital adjustment. In particular, marital processes of interpersonal trust and desired spousal behavior change at one month are predictive of marital adjustment at two years.
{"title":"Predictors of marital adjustment during the first two years","authors":"W. Quinn, M. Odell","doi":"10.1300/J002V27N01_08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J002V27N01_08","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Marital difficulties for many couples occur early in marriage. Approximately 21% of marriages end within the first two years and 40% end by the fourth year. The consequences for individuals and their families affect emotional well-being, financial stability, and child development. A sample of 93 couples participated in a study in which data were collected on marriage at five intervals between one month and two years. During the first months, age, income, and education have some impact on marital adjustment but this influence weakens in time. Examining results across the two year interval suggests that interpersonal trust, desired spousal behavior change, and emotional maturity are highly associated with marital adjustment. In particular, marital processes of interpersonal trust and desired spousal behavior change at one month are predictive of marital adjustment at two years.","PeriodicalId":51527,"journal":{"name":"MARRIAGE AND FAMILY REVIEW","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"1998-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1300/J002V27N01_08","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66463277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT The aim of this article was to examine the Sense of Coherence (SOC) as a personal disposition, accounting for differences in the ability of the individual to cope effectively with the stressful experience of disability in the marital context. The relationship between the SOC of both spouses and their adjustment to a postmarital disability of one partner was examined within the interpersonal context of the marital relationship, incorporating an environmental perspective. Two groups of subjects were assessed: the individuals with disability and their spouses. The dominant disabilities were Spinal Cord Injury and CVA, all resulting in some form of paralysis. The SOC was found to be significantly associated with adjustment, and positive correlations existed between the SOC of both partners as well as between the adjustment of both, indicating that the reciprocal relations are explained beyond the personal variables. The practical and theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
{"title":"The Relationship Between the Sense of Coherence and Adjustment to Disability Studied in the Context of Marital Interrelations","authors":"R. Feigin","doi":"10.1300/J002V27N01_06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J002V27N01_06","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The aim of this article was to examine the Sense of Coherence (SOC) as a personal disposition, accounting for differences in the ability of the individual to cope effectively with the stressful experience of disability in the marital context. The relationship between the SOC of both spouses and their adjustment to a postmarital disability of one partner was examined within the interpersonal context of the marital relationship, incorporating an environmental perspective. Two groups of subjects were assessed: the individuals with disability and their spouses. The dominant disabilities were Spinal Cord Injury and CVA, all resulting in some form of paralysis. The SOC was found to be significantly associated with adjustment, and positive correlations existed between the SOC of both partners as well as between the adjustment of both, indicating that the reciprocal relations are explained beyond the personal variables. The practical and theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.","PeriodicalId":51527,"journal":{"name":"MARRIAGE AND FAMILY REVIEW","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"1998-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1300/J002V27N01_06","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66463536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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