Journal of Adult Development最新文献

Previous research suggests helicopter parenting may be disproportionately associated with lower levels of adjustment during emerging adulthood. However, the size, direction, and significance of the effects of helicopter parenting across different indicators of emerging adult functioning has not been empirically established. Therefore, the purpose of this meta-analytic investigation was to clarify the magnitude of the effect of helicopter parenting across multiple indices of well-being, including: internalizing behaviors (anxiety and depressive symptoms), academic adjustment, self-efficacy and regulatory skills. We also explored whether parent gender moderates these associations. An analysis of 53 studies and 111 effect sizes revealed that helicopter parenting was associated with increased internalizing behaviors and reduced academic adjustment, self-efficacy and regulatory skills. Parent gender did not moderate these associations. The findings are discussed in terms of future directions, particularly the need to identify potential moderators. In conclusion, these findings support recommendations for autonomy-supportive parenting practices during emerging adulthood.

Gerotranscendence is associated with the physical and psychological well-being of older adults. However, findings regarding the changes in gerotranscendence based on age are inconsistent. Therefore older adults in Japan. A total of 3,011 older adults were included in this study. The total Japanese Gerotranscendence Scale Revised scores were measured in one to four surveys every 3–4 years. A linear mixed-effects, this study aimed to examine age-related changes in gerotranscendence at four time points over a 9-year period in community-dwelling model analysis was used to test the following hypotheses: 1. gerotranscendence increases with age; 2. the magnitude of increase in gerotranscendence differs by gender and age group and these effects remain significant even after adjusting for control variables. Results from the mixed-effects model showed that controlling for the number of years of education, absence of cohabitants, self-rated health, instrumental activities of daily living, and psychological well-being, average gerotranscendence increased over time. At baseline, women and older age groups reported significantly higher levels of gerotranscendence. The magnitude of the temporal change in gerotranscendence was shown to be age-related. In other words, the increase in gerotranscendence plateaued at higher old ages. Gerotranscendence is a valuable psychological function that increase during old age—associated with a decline in physical and cognitive functioning.

People who experience adversity early in life are vulnerable to psychological and physical health problems across the lifespan. Although some evidence indicates that coping style mediates this long-term association, it is not known whether these relationships generalize to Black Americans. This study examined whether coping style plays an intermediary role between adverse childhood experiences and adult health, and if there are Black and White differences among these relationships. Data (N = 3680) were drawn from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) Refresher and Milwaukee Refresher projects. Using model-based Bayesian imputation, moderated mediation models were estimated. Estimates of the indirect pathways from adversity to six distinct measures of adult health via coping style were obtained separately by race. A key finding was that for Black participants, early adversity was consistently associated with increased emotion-focused coping which in turn was associated with poorer health outcomes. This result was discussed considering the divergent experiences of Black and White individuals in the United States.

The formation of friendships and romantic relationships represents an important developmental task in young adulthood. However, little is known about the potential factors associated with the quality of these interpersonal relationships. This cross-sectional study aimed to examine whether attachment representations to parents and depressive symptoms were independently associated with the quality of friendships and romantic relationships. Using the Prolific platform, 196 young adults (M age = 22.01 years, SD = 1.62) participated in the study. Each participant reported their attachment representations to mother and father and depressive symptoms through the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment and Patient Health Questionnaire 8, respectively. Positive (companionship, intimate disclosure, emotional support, approval, and satisfaction) and negative (conflict, criticism, pressure, exclusion, and dominance) dimensions of relationship quality with a close friend and a romantic partner were assessed with the Network of Relationships Inventory-Relationship Quality Version. Results showed that secure attachment representations to mother (but not father) were significantly associated with increased emotional support, approval, and satisfaction in romantic relationships, even after controlling for gender and depressive symptoms. Increased depressive symptoms were significantly associated with more conflict, criticism, and pressure in friendships, above and beyond gender and attachment representations to parents. There was a significant interaction between gender and depressive symptoms in predicting friendship quality. Men with increased depressive symptoms reported more conflict and dominance. No significant effects were found for women. These findings underscore the importance of secure attachment representations to mother in predicting healthy romantic relationships and depressive symptoms in predicting problematic friendships, especially for men.

Developing and revising one’s identity is a lifelong task, one that influences and is influenced by close relationships in the individual’s social context. For emerging adults, different approaches to identity formation have been associated with different ways of relating to their parents; however, little is known about how identity development and views on one’s parents interact beyond the emerging adult years. In the present study, we addressed this gap by examining changes in how established adults describe and relate to internal representations of their parents as they develop from identity foreclosure to identity achievement, an identity status transition that is considered progressive and has been related to shifts in parental representations in younger samples. From a longitudinal study using the Identity Status Interview (Marcia et al., Ego identity: A handbook for psychosocial research, Springer, 1993), we selected participants coded as foreclosed at age 29 and identity achieved at age 33 (N = 18). A case study approach was used to analyze individual changes in parental representations, and a thematic analysis was conducted to identify themes across cases. The findings show that progressive identity development in established adulthood may involve making more reflective comparisons between oneself and one’s parents, describing one’s parents more as whole persons, and relating to parental influence with greater independence and agency. The results highlight the continued importance of parents for adult identity development, and that progressive identity development in established adulthood may involve increased complexity in representations of both oneself and one’s parents.

We aimed to discover young adults’ perceived intergenerational and digital solidarity patterns with grandparents and their life satisfaction during the COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea. Data collection was conducted from April to June 2022 in the Seoul-Incheon-Gyeonggi metropolitan area. The sample was 261 young adults who reported solidarity with their living grandmothers and 161 young adults who reported solidarity with their living grandfathers. The latent profile analysis indicated three profiles for grandmother–young adult and grandfather–young adult groups: tight-knit and digitally connected, detached, and sociable. Results showed that the sociable profile was predominant, suggesting emotionally connected relationships but lower instrumental support between Korean young adults and their grandparents. In addition, young adults in the tight-knit and digitally connected profile reported higher life satisfaction compared to detached and sociable profiles. The study highlights the significance of strong intergenerational connections in enhancing young adults’ well-being during challenging times such as COVID-19.

Emerging adulthood is generally believed to be experienced by young people in Western industrialized nations and limited research has been conducted in Eastern low-income countries. The purpose of the current study was to examine emerging adulthood and its five dimensions in the cultural context of Pakistan, including (a) to explore whether Pakistani young individuals perceive themselves as full adults or feel in-between, (b) to identify perceived emerging adults and how they differ from perceived adults in terms of their demographic characteristics. A sample (N = 738) with the age range of 18–25 years was selected. Both male (52.2%) and female (47.8%) university students were approached. The Inventory of Dimensions of Emerging Adulthood (IDEA) (Reifman et al., in Journal of Youth Development, 2(1): 37–48, 2007) was used. Results revealed that the majority of the sample considered themselves as adults. However, a significant percentage of participants (43.4%) identified as perceived emerging adults. The results indicated that emerging adults significantly differ in dimensions of emerging adulthood based on their demographic traits, i.e., age group, working status, native town, residence, and monthly family income. The findings offered evidence that culture has an impact on emerging adulthood. Pakistan's unique cultural and social factors were discussed as possible reasons for the distinctive findings.

Emerging adults experience the highest rates of loneliness and mental health issues of any age group. Given that frequent changes to their social group memberships may contribute to these issues, we sought to understand how emerging adults experience social group disruptions. We conducted semi-structured interviews with eleven emerging adults (ages 20–29), recruited through social media and purposive sampling. Using Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), we identified six themes that revealed how participants experienced social group disruptions during emerging adulthood. Participants’ frequent social group disruptions increased their loneliness and negatively affected their mental health, particularly when multiple disruptions occurred simultaneously. Their experiences provide an in-depth perspective into how emerging adults’ social group disruptions can influence psychosocial well-being.

A set of hypotheses derived from the integrative theory of intrinsic motivation was evaluated with a sample of 607 adults. Three adult age groups were compared with respect to two sets of variables associated with intrinsic motivation. One set of measures pertained to four predictive characteristics of intrinsic motivation: self-determination, developing competence in the form of a balance of challenges and skills, self-realization values, and engaged performance in the form of effort. The second set related to four subjective experiences associated with intrinsic motivation: interest, flow experiences, feelings of personal expressiveness, and hedonic enjoyment. A brief version of the Personally Expressive Activities Questionnaire was used to assess these variables. Significant positive associations were found for inter-relationships among the predictive characteristics, among the subjective experience variables, and between the predictive characteristics and the subjective experiences. Further, there was a cumulative impact of the predictive characteristics for their relationships with each of the subjective experiences of intrinsic motivation. These relationships held for each of the three age groups, with minimal evidence of differences in the strength of the relationships by age group. This indicates that adults, across these age groups, experience intrinsic motivation when the predictor variables are present at high levels. The findings here are compared with earlier research conducted with emerging adult college student samples.

The transition to adulthood has become delayed, with college completion often diverging by socioeconomic background, specifically maternal education. On time, late, or never completing college can have health ramifications that reverberate into the lives of aging mothers. Using dyadic data from Waves I, III, IV, and V of Add Health and Waves I and II of Add Health Parent Study, we used logistic regression to assess whether the adult childrens’ college timing completion was associated with their aging mothers’ self-rated health. We also considered variation by mothers’ educational attainment. Results showed adult childrens’ college completion, whether on time or late, was associated with better maternal self-rated health relative to having adult children who did not complete college. We found no evidence that college completion timing and mothers’ self-rated health varied by mothers’ educational attainment.