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Do gender empowerment and democracy reduce poverty rate? A cross-provinces evidence from western Indonesia 性别赋权和民主能降低贫困率吗?来自印度尼西亚西部的跨省证据
IF 3 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.14254/2071-789x.2021/14-3/3
Gunawan Adnan, K. Amri
DOI: 10.14254/2071789X.2021/14-3/3 ABSTRACT. Our study aims to explore the effect of gender empowerment and democracy on the poverty rate in western Indonesia. The data operationalized is a crosssectional data set of 8 provinces for the period of 20072018. The dynamic model of the econometric analysis was applied to analyze functional and causal relations between the three variables. Our findings discovered that there is a long-run equilibrium relationship between the poverty rate, gender empowerment, and democracy. In the long-run, both the poverty rate and democracy positively related to gender empowerment. In the short-run, the relations are negative and significant. At the 2-period horizon, gender empowerment has a negative and significant effect on poverty, but democracy has a non-significant effect on the poverty rate. The result of the Granger causality test indicates that there is a bidirectional causality between gender empowerment and democracy. Besides, unidirectional causality exists from gender empowerment and democracy to poverty rates. This finding implies that the effort of the Indonesian government to alleviate the poverty rate should consider policy intervention related to increasing gender empowerment and improving the quality of democracy. The government should encourage women’s role in the economic, social, and political field. Besides, the government has to increase the democracy index by improving civil rights in economics and politics.
DOI:10.1425/2071789X.2021/14/3/3摘要。我们的研究旨在探讨性别赋权和民主对印度尼西亚西部贫困率的影响。可操作的数据是2007-2008年期间8个省的横断面数据集。应用计量经济学分析的动态模型分析了三个变量之间的函数关系和因果关系。我们的研究结果发现,贫困率、性别赋权和民主之间存在长期均衡关系。从长远来看,贫困率和民主都与赋予性别权力呈正相关。从短期来看,这种关系是消极和重要的。在两个周期的范围内,性别赋权对贫困有负面和显著的影响,但民主对贫困率没有显著影响。格兰杰因果关系检验结果表明,性别赋权与民主之间存在双向因果关系。此外,从性别赋权和民主到贫困率存在单向因果关系。这一发现意味着,印度尼西亚政府为降低贫困率所作的努力应考虑与增强性别权能和提高民主质量有关的政策干预。政府应该鼓励妇女在经济、社会和政治领域发挥作用。此外,政府必须通过提高公民在经济和政治方面的权利来提高民主指数。
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引用次数: 6
Does the COVID19 pandemic change the relationship between government expenditures and economic growth in Azerbaijan? 新冠肺炎疫情是否改变了阿塞拜疆政府支出与经济增长之间的关系?
IF 3 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.14254/2071-789x.2021/14-3/10
Jeyhun Abbasov, Elchin Gulaliyev, F. Ahmadov, I. Mammadov
This paper investigates the impact of the Government's capital and current expenditures on economic growth in Azerbaijan. The estimation strategy of the research consists of two directions. First, all estimation approaches were used for the period of 2005Q1-2019Q4. The estimated model for this period is called Model 1. Second, the model which is called Model 2 was estimated for whole period of 2005Q12021Q1. This approach allows comparing the role of the Government expenditures on non-oil economic activity in normal times and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Azerbaijan. Estimations show that coefficients characterizing the impact of Government current expenditures and capital expenditures on non-oil economic growth are almost the same for both periods. Therefore, we can state that COVID-19 pandemic did not affect the structure of the relationship between Government expenditures and non-oil economic growth. Results show that 1 percent increase in capital and current expenditures of state budget increases the real non-oil GDP by 0.10 and 0.40 percentage points, respectively. Accordingly, both capital and current expenditures of the state budget have positive impact on the real non-oil GDP growth for the both periods. This is in contrast to findings in the literature, which argue that increasing current expenditures financed by tax hikes lead to a lagged decrease in private investment, having an overall negative impact on economic growth. We attribute this opposing finding to the Azerbaijani state budget revenue system, which is financed by transfers from the State Oil Fund (Stabilization Fund). Thus, large government investment and social projects mostly rely on non-tax sources. Therefore, we argue that positive impact of capital and current expenditures of government budget on non-oil GDP seems plausible for Azerbaijan. Another result of our estimation is that expansion of economic openness accompanied by non-oil economic growth plunge in Azerbaijan. We interpret this phenomenon with very low share of non-oil export, where openness is mostly caused by increase in import volume.
本文调查了政府的资本和经常支出对阿塞拜疆经济增长的影响。本研究的估计策略包括两个方向。首先,所有的估计方法都用于2005Q1-2019Q4期间。这一时期的估计模型称为模型1。其次,对2005Q12021Q1整个时期进行模型2的估计。这种方法可以比较政府支出在正常时期和2019冠状病毒病大流行期间在阿塞拜疆的非石油经济活动中的作用。估计表明,这两个时期政府经常支出和资本支出对非石油经济增长的影响的系数几乎是相同的。因此,我们可以说,COVID-19大流行并未影响政府支出与非石油经济增长之间的关系结构。结果表明,国家预算的资本和经常支出每增加1%,实际非石油GDP分别增加0.10和0.40个百分点。因此,国家预算的资本和经常支出对这两个时期的实际非石油GDP增长都有积极影响。这与文献中的研究结果相反,文献中认为,增加由增税资助的经常性支出导致私人投资的滞后下降,对经济增长产生总体负面影响。我们将这一相反的结论归因于阿塞拜疆国家预算收入制度,该制度由国家石油基金(稳定基金)的转移支付资金。因此,大型政府投资和社会项目大多依赖于非税来源。因此,我们认为资本和政府预算的经常支出对非石油GDP的积极影响似乎对阿塞拜疆是合理的。我们估计的另一个结果是,阿塞拜疆经济开放的扩大伴随着非石油经济增长的急剧下降。我们用非常低的非石油出口份额来解释这一现象,非石油出口的开放主要是由进口量的增加引起的。
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引用次数: 4
Multidimensional inequality in the European Union. The joint distribution of household income, wealth and consumption 欧盟的多维不平等。家庭收入、财富和消费的共同分配
IF 3 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.14254/2071-789x.2021/14-3/11
M. Wroński
DOI: 10.14254/2071789X.2021/14-3/11 ABSTRACT. We use a novel cross-country data set to measure multidimensional inequality of income, wealth, and consumption in 21 EU countries. We investigate the correlation between the positions of the household in their distributions. We use the bootstrap method to assess the statistical significance of cross-country differences. We find that the correlation between the position of the household in considered distributions varies significantly across countries. Homeownership, median income, and level of unidimensional inequalities are correlated with the strength of the link between distributions. Multidimensional analysis of inequality changes the picture emerging from the unidimensional inequality analysis. Wealth inequality is a crucial contributor to multidimensional inequality. Cross-country differences in multidimensional inequality in the European Union are rather mild.
DOI:10.1425/2071789X.2021/14/3/11摘要。我们使用一个新的跨国数据集来衡量21个欧盟国家的收入、财富和消费的多维不平等。我们调查了家庭在其分布中的地位之间的相关性。我们使用bootstrap方法来评估跨国差异的统计显著性。我们发现,不同国家的家庭在所考虑的分布中的地位之间的相关性差异很大。住房所有权、收入中位数和一维不平等程度与分配之间的联系强度相关。对不平等的多维分析改变了从一维不平等分析中出现的画面。财富不平等是造成多层面不平等的关键因素。欧洲联盟在多层面不平等方面的跨国差异相当温和。
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引用次数: 7
The influence of migration on the labour market status in Western European countries 移徙对西欧国家劳动力市场状况的影响
IF 3 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.14254/2071-789x.2021/14-3/16
Main Al-Dalahmeh, K. Dajnoki
DOI: 10.14254/2071789X.2021/14-3/16 ABSTRACT. The purpose of the study is to indicate nativity status differences (native-born and foreign-born) by gender based on labour market status. The primary objective is to explore the labour market status differences in terms of nativity status based on a gender perspective of labour status. A quantitative research approach was applied to this study. Linear Regression analysis and Trend Analyses are used to emphasize the relationship between the native-born males/females and the foreign-born males/females in the labour market status as employed, unemployed and inactive. This study aims to answer which is higher in the case of native-born and foreign-born female/male employed, unemployed, and participation rates in Western-European countries. Data was collected from OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) migration databases between 2014 and 2018 for Western European countries. It has been found that in the chosen countries, there is a linear relationship between native-born males/females and foreign-born males/females in most of the cases. If one side increases in terms of employed status or unemployed status, the other side also increases due to the existence of a significant and positive linear relationship. The findings suggest that this study implies that destination countries should create good labour market legislation to reduce the number of unemployed among both migrants and the native-born population. As very few studies have investigated gender differences in migration, this study gives a different perspective on the subject by comparing the same-gender relationship in the nativity status of the labour market.
DOI:10.1425/2071789X.2021/14/3/16摘要。这项研究的目的是根据劳动力市场状况,说明按性别划分的出生地位差异(本地出生和外国出生)。主要目标是基于劳动力地位的性别观点,探讨劳动力市场在出生地位方面的地位差异。本研究采用了定量研究方法。使用线性回归分析和趋势分析来强调劳动力市场中本地出生的男性/女性与外国出生的男性或女性之间的关系,即就业、失业和不活跃。这项研究旨在回答西欧国家在本国出生和外国出生的女性/男性就业、失业和参与率中哪个更高。数据来自2014年至2018年间西欧国家的经合组织移民数据库。研究发现,在选定的国家中,在大多数情况下,本土出生的男性/女性与外国出生的男性或女性之间存在线性关系。如果一方的就业状况或失业状况增加,另一方也会因为存在显著的正线性关系而增加。研究结果表明,这项研究表明,目的地国应制定良好的劳动力市场立法,以减少移民和本地出生人口中的失业人数。由于很少有研究调查移民中的性别差异,本研究通过比较劳动力市场出生状态中的相同性别关系,对这一问题给出了不同的看法。
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引用次数: 1
Entrepreneurial perceptions of students regarding business professional career: The study on gender differences in Latvia 学生对商业职业生涯的创业认知:拉脱维亚性别差异研究
IF 3 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.14254/2071-789x.2021/14-3/12
L. Carvalho, Inese Mavlutova, Kristaps Lešinskis, Rui Dias
DOI: 10.14254/2071789X.2021/14-3/12 ABSTRACT. This study seeks to investigate the entrepreneurial perceptions among the students regarding their professional careers analyzing macro, micro and entrepreneurial education factors in Latvia, including the analysis of gender differences. The research is based on the analysis of data collected through a survey. The paper uses statistical analysis involving the measures of descriptive statistics (absolute and relative frequencies, means and respective standard deviations) and inferential statistics to examine the differences within an original dataset of 360 young people in Latvia. The results reveal several statistically significant gender differences. This research contributes to enriching literature and also adds value to studies on entrepreneurial perceptions divided by gender. Understanding the factors which shape entrepreneurship education, macrofactors and microfactors affecting young people’s decisions and perceptions, education systems and public policies would allow adjusting and designing policies aiming to boost entrepreneurship education and enhance entrepreneurship as a career choice and balance it in a gender context.
DOI:10.1425/2071789X.2021/14/3/12摘要。本研究旨在通过分析拉脱维亚的宏观、微观和创业教育因素,包括性别差异分析,调查学生对其职业生涯的创业认知。这项研究是基于对通过调查收集的数据的分析。本文使用统计分析,包括描述性统计(绝对和相对频率、平均值和各自的标准差)和推断统计的测量,来检验拉脱维亚360名年轻人的原始数据集中的差异。结果显示了几个具有统计学意义的性别差异。这项研究有助于丰富文献,也为按性别划分的创业观念研究增加了价值。了解影响创业教育的因素、影响年轻人决策和看法的宏观因素和微观因素、教育系统和公共政策,将有助于调整和设计旨在促进创业教育、加强创业作为职业选择并在性别背景下平衡创业的政策。
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引用次数: 5
COVID-19 effects on frontline professionals: A psychological aspect COVID-19对一线专业人员的影响:心理层面
IF 3 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.14254/2071-789X.2021/14-3/14
Rita Remeikienė, A. Bagdonas
The article aims to investigate the need for psychological help and its availability for professionals working in frontal areas during an emergency situation. A representative study (N=1139;educators, medical staff, social workers, psychologist, and other;304 respondents from Vilnius district) concluded that the need for psychological services and the intensification of such provision in crisis situations is clear. As a result, the necessary decisions are formed at the state level, which improve the legal regulation of psychological services both at the level of individual agencies and at the interdepartmental level. The authors of the article recommend regulating at least the time norms and costs of psychological services provided in the public sector, as well as regulating the relevant parameters of health care, social or educational services and developing remote psychological services not only for sensitive groups (e.g. children or silver lines), professionals and the general population (especially in the context of social crises), to bring university studies of psychologists more in line with the requirements of the EuroPsy1 diploma.
这篇文章旨在调查在紧急情况下在前线工作的专业人员对心理帮助的需求及其可用性。一项有代表性的研究(N=1139;教育工作者、医务人员、社会工作者、心理学家和其他;来自维尔纽斯区的304名受访者)得出结论,在危机情况下,对心理服务的需求和加强这种服务的必要性是明确的。因此,在国家一级形成了必要的决定,从而改善了各个机构和部门间对心理服务的法律监管。文章作者建议至少规范公共部门提供心理服务的时间规范和成本,规范医疗保健、社会或教育服务的相关参数,并发展远程心理服务,不仅针对敏感群体(如儿童或银线),专业人士和普通民众(尤其是在社会危机的背景下),使心理学家的大学研究更符合EuroPsy1文凭的要求。
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引用次数: 3
Sustainable economic development: The relation between economic growth and quality of life in V4 and Austria 可持续经济发展:V4和奥地利经济增长与生活质量的关系
IF 3 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.14254/2071-789x.2021/14-3/18
R. Rajnoha, P. Lesníková, Jozef Vahančík
DOI: 10.14254/2071789X.2021/14-3/18 ABSTRACT. The future belongs to sustainability. It is becoming more important to achieve sustainable economic development. Therefore, in addition to the countries ́ economic performance, the continuous improvement of the quality of life should also be essential. The set topic is crucial, even necessary to achieve the ambitious goals of today's society in terms of sustainable economic development. The need for solution highlights the possible changes in the social aspect of economic development. Following this challenge, the objective of the paper is to evaluate the development of 26 quality of life indicators from selected 6 categories in the V4 countries and Austria as a research benchmark country between 2010-2019 and to identify the impact of the level of GDP on these indicators. The descriptive statistics and linear regression analysis are used. Most life quality indicators reveal that the level of the V4 countries is better than the EU 27 average or the same. In conclusion, 61.5% of variables in all countries related to research hypothesis was confirmed, which means that the GDP growth had a positive effect on the improvement of the quality of life within these variables. However, comparing to Austria as a highly developed country, a significant sustainable development gap can be still observed in V4.
DOI: 10.14254 / 2071789 x。2021/14-3/18抽象。未来属于可持续发展。实现经济的可持续发展变得越来越重要。因此,除了国家的经济表现,生活质量的不断提高也应该是必不可少的。既定的主题对于实现当今社会在可持续经济发展方面的宏伟目标至关重要,甚至是必要的。解决问题的需要突出了经济发展的社会方面可能发生的变化。面对这一挑战,本文的目标是评估从V4国家和奥地利作为研究基准国的6个类别中选择的26个生活质量指标在2010-2019年间的发展,并确定GDP水平对这些指标的影响。采用描述性统计和线性回归分析。大多数生活质量指标显示,V4国家的水平优于欧盟27国的平均水平或相同。综上所述,所有国家与研究假设相关的变量中有61.5%被证实,这意味着在这些变量中,GDP增长对生活质量的改善有积极的影响。但是,与奥地利这个高度发达的国家相比,V4的可持续发展差距仍然很大。
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引用次数: 4
The effect of relationship quality on contract farming: The mediating role of conflict between trading partners in Albania 关系质量对合同农业的影响:阿尔巴尼亚贸易伙伴之间冲突的中介作用
IF 3 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.14254/2071-789x.2021/14-3/15
Sadik Maloku, Gentjan Çera, Bekim Poleshi, I. Lushi, Zdenko Metzker
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引用次数: 2
The Youth Guarantee in Spain: A worrying situation after its implementation 西班牙青年保障:实施后的令人担忧的情况
IF 3 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.14254/2071-789x.2021/14-3/5
M. À. Cabasés, M. Úbeda
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引用次数: 3
Relationship between fiscal sustainability and efficiency: Evidence from large cities in Poland 财政可持续性与效率的关系:来自波兰大城市的证据
IF 3 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.14254/2071-789X.2021/14-3/9
K. Wójtowicz, S. Hodžić
Fiscal sustainability should be defined in the relation between public finances and sustainable economy. It requires a fiscal policy aimed not only at a fiscal balance, but also at the well-being of future generations, while taking the economic, social, environmental and institutional dimensions into account. The objective of this paper is to examine the relationship between fiscal sustainability and efficiency on the example of large cities in Poland in the period from 2008 to 2019. In order to obtain empirical results, a data envelopment analysis and panel data analysis were applied, and a fiscal sustainability index was constructed by means of a multidimensional approach. Based on a sample of 66 large cities in Poland, the results showed that there is a negative relationship between fiscal sustainability and efficiency. These results, however, relate to a specific period in the history of Polish cities when the local debt limits were tightened. The improvement in efficiency allowed local government units to allocate saved local expenditures to the partial repayment of previously incurred local debts. By doing so, Polish cities fulfilled tightened fiscal rules, but their service-level solvency decreased.
财政可持续性应在公共财政与可持续经济的关系中加以界定。它需要一项财政政策,其目的不仅在于财政平衡,而且在于子孙后代的福祉,同时考虑到经济、社会、环境和体制方面。本文旨在以2008年至2019年波兰大城市为例,研究财政可持续性与效率之间的关系。为了获得实证结果,运用数据包络分析和面板数据分析,并采用多维度方法构建财政可持续性指标。基于波兰66个大城市的样本,结果表明财政可持续性与效率之间存在负相关关系。然而,这些结果与波兰城市历史上地方债务上限收紧的特定时期有关。效率的提高使地方政府单位能够将节省下来的地方支出用于偿还以前发生的部分地方债务。通过这样做,波兰的城市履行了收紧的财政规则,但它们的服务水平偿债能力下降了。
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引用次数: 1
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Economics & Sociology
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