Pub Date : 2024-05-23DOI: 10.52825/agripv.v2i.1004
Silvia Ma Lu, S. Zainali, Elin Sundström, Anton Nygren, B. Stridh, A. Avelin, P. Campana
In agrivoltaic systems combining solar photovoltaic and agricultural activities, ground albedo is mainly characterized by the crop and its seasonal variations. This study examines the effects of using fixed, satellite-derived, and hourly measured albedo on the performance of a vertical bifacial system and a 1-axis tracking system using a bifacial photovoltaic model (AgriOptiCE). The model is developed with Matlab® and partially based on the open-source package pvlib. AgriOptiCE is firstly validated by comparing estimated front and rear irradiances with on-site measurements for specific periods from a 1-axis tracker site in Golden, USA and a vertical agrivoltaic system in Västerås, Sweden. Furthermore, photovoltaic system power output estimations using AgriOptiCE are also validated for the vertical agrivoltaic system and the conventional ground-mounted fixed-tilt system at the same location. The validations demonstrate the high accuracy of the proposed model in estimating front and rear irradiances and power output, obtaining R2 > 0.85 for all the studied cases. The study results indicate that measured albedo provides the highest accuracy, while satellite-derived albedo has poorer results due to the broader spatial, temporal, and spectral resolution. Fixed albedo is not recommended for yearly assessment of bifacial PV systems because it cannot account for snow events and daily variations, resulting in lower overall accuracy.
{"title":"Validation of Vertical Bifacial Agrivoltaic and Other Systems Modelling","authors":"Silvia Ma Lu, S. Zainali, Elin Sundström, Anton Nygren, B. Stridh, A. Avelin, P. Campana","doi":"10.52825/agripv.v2i.1004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52825/agripv.v2i.1004","url":null,"abstract":"In agrivoltaic systems combining solar photovoltaic and agricultural activities, ground albedo is mainly characterized by the crop and its seasonal variations. This study examines the effects of using fixed, satellite-derived, and hourly measured albedo on the performance of a vertical bifacial system and a 1-axis tracking system using a bifacial photovoltaic model (AgriOptiCE). The model is developed with Matlab® and partially based on the open-source package pvlib. AgriOptiCE is firstly validated by comparing estimated front and rear irradiances with on-site measurements for specific periods from a 1-axis tracker site in Golden, USA and a vertical agrivoltaic system in Västerås, Sweden. Furthermore, photovoltaic system power output estimations using AgriOptiCE are also validated for the vertical agrivoltaic system and the conventional ground-mounted fixed-tilt system at the same location. The validations demonstrate the high accuracy of the proposed model in estimating front and rear irradiances and power output, obtaining R2 > 0.85 for all the studied cases. The study results indicate that measured albedo provides the highest accuracy, while satellite-derived albedo has poorer results due to the broader spatial, temporal, and spectral resolution. Fixed albedo is not recommended for yearly assessment of bifacial PV systems because it cannot account for snow events and daily variations, resulting in lower overall accuracy.","PeriodicalId":517222,"journal":{"name":"AgriVoltaics Conference Proceedings","volume":"30 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141106453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Agrivoltaic systems that leverage the opportunity of integrating solar photovoltaic (PV) systems into land used for agriculture, have been shown to provide an effective platform for a mutually beneficial cooperation between energy and food. However, the mainstream literature has failed to investigate the systematic design and dispatch considerations that must be made to ensure the robust and profit-maximising operation of a grid-connected agrivoltaic system from an energy perspective subject to meeting onsite load demands, such as irrigation pumps, centre pivot systems, and cow shed pumps. This necessitates formulating a coordinated, system-level strategic design and dispatch problem that considers the localised energy system and its individual components. Accordingly, this paper introduces a novel agrivoltaic system energy planning optimisation method with an integrated dispatch scheduling framework. The proposed method enables the consideration of augmenting value streams, such as temporal energy arbitrage with the grid, especially regarding the presence of behind-the-meter stationary battery storage devices and electric agricultural vehicles’ batteries. Furthermore, the proposed method has a general crop type-independent structure. This allows for greater adaptability of the method to different types of agrivoltaic systems. The effectiveness of the proposed method in improving the economic feasibility of grid-connected agrivoltaic systems is demonstrated based on simulation results obtained from its application to a conceptual agrivoltaic system backed by stationary and mobile battery storage systems, proposed for implementation in a rural location in Aotearoa New Zealand.
{"title":"Size and Dispatch Co-Optimisation of a Grid-Connected Agrivoltaic System","authors":"Soheil Mohseni, Alan Brent","doi":"10.52825/agripv.v2i.977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52825/agripv.v2i.977","url":null,"abstract":"Agrivoltaic systems that leverage the opportunity of integrating solar photovoltaic (PV) systems into land used for agriculture, have been shown to provide an effective platform for a mutually beneficial cooperation between energy and food. However, the mainstream literature has failed to investigate the systematic design and dispatch considerations that must be made to ensure the robust and profit-maximising operation of a grid-connected agrivoltaic system from an energy perspective subject to meeting onsite load demands, such as irrigation pumps, centre pivot systems, and cow shed pumps. This necessitates formulating a coordinated, system-level strategic design and dispatch problem that considers the localised energy system and its individual components. Accordingly, this paper introduces a novel agrivoltaic system energy planning optimisation method with an integrated dispatch scheduling framework. The proposed method enables the consideration of augmenting value streams, such as temporal energy arbitrage with the grid, especially regarding the presence of behind-the-meter stationary battery storage devices and electric agricultural vehicles’ batteries. Furthermore, the proposed method has a general crop type-independent structure. This allows for greater adaptability of the method to different types of agrivoltaic systems. The effectiveness of the proposed method in improving the economic feasibility of grid-connected agrivoltaic systems is demonstrated based on simulation results obtained from its application to a conceptual agrivoltaic system backed by stationary and mobile battery storage systems, proposed for implementation in a rural location in Aotearoa New Zealand.","PeriodicalId":517222,"journal":{"name":"AgriVoltaics Conference Proceedings","volume":"24 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141104552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-23DOI: 10.52825/agripv.v2i.1005
Carl Pump, Maximilian Trommsdorff, Volker Beckmann, Tamara Bretzel, Özal Emre Özdemir, Lisa-Marie Bieber
Ground-mounted photovoltaic facilities in open spaces have been common in Germany for many years. However, according to the legislation, these are only supported by the government on poorer quality soils, former military training areas, or along traffic routes. Nevertheless, also on high quality soils it is not forbidden to install ground-mounted photovoltaic facilities. In recent years, Germany has started implementing agrivoltaics, which is an alternative land use concept that combines agriculture and renewable energy production. This opens the possibility to use land of higher soil quality for energy generation without necessarily creating land-use conflicts and being subsidized by the government. This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of existing and planned agrivoltaic facilities in Germany analyzing them based on various parameters. The data for this study was collected through a community questionnaire and supplemented with data from state institutions. The results indicate that as of March 2023, 21 agrivoltaic facilities with a total capacity of 81.67 MWp have been installed. A strong increase of the installed capacity is expected in 2023 and 2024, reaching approximately 382.59 MWP by the end of 2024. The market development of agrivoltaics is mainly driven by changes in the legal environment which present opportunities for further market ramp-up of agrivoltaics. The adoption of agrivoltaics shows a notable spatial diversity in Germany which appears to be influenced by the interaction between regulatory environments and agricultural structures.
{"title":"Agrivoltaics in Germany - Status Quo and Future Developments","authors":"Carl Pump, Maximilian Trommsdorff, Volker Beckmann, Tamara Bretzel, Özal Emre Özdemir, Lisa-Marie Bieber","doi":"10.52825/agripv.v2i.1005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52825/agripv.v2i.1005","url":null,"abstract":"Ground-mounted photovoltaic facilities in open spaces have been common in Germany for many years. However, according to the legislation, these are only supported by the government on poorer quality soils, former military training areas, or along traffic routes. Nevertheless, also on high quality soils it is not forbidden to install ground-mounted photovoltaic facilities. In recent years, Germany has started implementing agrivoltaics, which is an alternative land use concept that combines agriculture and renewable energy production. This opens the possibility to use land of higher soil quality for energy generation without necessarily creating land-use conflicts and being subsidized by the government. This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of existing and planned agrivoltaic facilities in Germany analyzing them based on various parameters. The data for this study was collected through a community questionnaire and supplemented with data from state institutions. \u0000The results indicate that as of March 2023, 21 agrivoltaic facilities with a total capacity of 81.67 MWp have been installed. A strong increase of the installed capacity is expected in 2023 and 2024, reaching approximately 382.59 MWP by the end of 2024. The market development of agrivoltaics is mainly driven by changes in the legal environment which present opportunities for further market ramp-up of agrivoltaics. The adoption of agrivoltaics shows a notable spatial diversity in Germany which appears to be influenced by the interaction between regulatory environments and agricultural structures.","PeriodicalId":517222,"journal":{"name":"AgriVoltaics Conference Proceedings","volume":"48 33","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141102962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-23DOI: 10.52825/agripv.v2i.1017
Pierre-Vincent Broccard, Jonas Roch, Daniel Tran, Cédric Camps, Janina Löffler
The spectral filtering low concentration photovoltaic system developed by Voltiris is an innovative solution for energy production in greenhouses without affecting food production. A first prototype was installed in the greenhouse of the agricultural research center Agroscope in Conthey, Switzerland. During an eight-month agronomic study from March to October, the yield of tomato, pepper bell and basil under this system was on a par with a control group. I-V curves were recorded to evaluate the photovoltaic system performance, and the impact of concentration and filtering. The curves showed that the prototype achieved a direct normal irradiation efficiency of 10.1 %. The specific power output of the Voltiris system inside the greenhouse was comparable to the one of a conventional solar panel placed outside. Filters with two different transmission spectra were used, both of which were matched to the absorption spectra of chlorophyll and reflected 50 % and 60 % of the incident global radiation respectively. To transfer the performance of the system to other greenhouses, the transmittance of the test greenhouse and its glass cover were measured for global and diffuse radiation. This allowed to determine the transmittance of the greenhouse specific metal structure. In the test greenhouse, the overall transmission coefficient for direct solar radiation was 0.28, hence limiting the system yield.
{"title":"Photovoltaic Energy Production in Greenhouses With Spectral Splitting Solar Trackers","authors":"Pierre-Vincent Broccard, Jonas Roch, Daniel Tran, Cédric Camps, Janina Löffler","doi":"10.52825/agripv.v2i.1017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52825/agripv.v2i.1017","url":null,"abstract":"The spectral filtering low concentration photovoltaic system developed by Voltiris is an innovative solution for energy production in greenhouses without affecting food production. A first prototype was installed in the greenhouse of the agricultural research center Agroscope in Conthey, Switzerland. During an eight-month agronomic study from March to October, the yield of tomato, pepper bell and basil under this system was on a par with a control group. I-V curves were recorded to evaluate the photovoltaic system performance, and the impact of concentration and filtering. The curves showed that the prototype achieved a direct normal irradiation efficiency of 10.1 %. The specific power output of the Voltiris system inside the greenhouse was comparable to the one of a conventional solar panel placed outside. Filters with two different transmission spectra were used, both of which were matched to the absorption spectra of chlorophyll and reflected 50 % and 60 % of the incident global radiation respectively. To transfer the performance of the system to other greenhouses, the transmittance of the test greenhouse and its glass cover were measured for global and diffuse radiation. This allowed to determine the transmittance of the greenhouse specific metal structure. In the test greenhouse, the overall transmission coefficient for direct solar radiation was 0.28, hence limiting the system yield.","PeriodicalId":517222,"journal":{"name":"AgriVoltaics Conference Proceedings","volume":"85 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141106026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-23DOI: 10.52825/agripv.v2i.1071
Jens Vollprecht, Maximilian Trommsdorff
In Germany, numerous amendments have been made in the last year which are intended to take into account the special features of agrivoltaic systems. This is very welcome. Nevertheless, some legal challenges remain. In order to advance the technology and contribute to the energy transition and sustainable food production, the comprehensive embedding of this technology in the legal framework is crucial. Because ultimately, the way is only paved when all uncertainties have been removed. Agrivoltaics offers a solution to the conflict of interest between the sealing of land on the one hand and the need to increase the use of photovoltaic systems on the other. An analysis of the four sectors of public law, energy law, EU agricultural subsidies and tax law will present the current state of the legal framework for agrivoltaics in Germany, following-up the authors’ contribution “Legal framework of agrivoltaics in Germany” in previous proceedings of the AgriVoltaics conference series [1]. Agrivoltaic systems are usually erected outside settlement areas without a development plan. In many cases it is difficult to obtain permission for these areas, as it is not always possible to classify them as privileged projects. In the area of a development plan, the designated use may collide with an installation of the photovoltaic system. Regarding the Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG), it is to be noted that separate financial support schemes have now been introduced for certain agrivoltaic installations. A crucial question for farmers remains whether their land loses its eligibility for EU direct payments through the use of this technology. Here, too, the legislator has set an important course for agrivoltaics. This also applies in the area of inheritance-, gift-, land- and real estate transfer-tax law.
{"title":"New Legal Framework of Agrivoltaics in Germany","authors":"Jens Vollprecht, Maximilian Trommsdorff","doi":"10.52825/agripv.v2i.1071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52825/agripv.v2i.1071","url":null,"abstract":"In Germany, numerous amendments have been made in the last year which are intended to take into account the special features of agrivoltaic systems. This is very welcome. Nevertheless, some legal challenges remain. In order to advance the technology and contribute to the energy transition and sustainable food production, the comprehensive embedding of this technology in the legal framework is crucial. Because ultimately, the way is only paved when all uncertainties have been removed. Agrivoltaics offers a solution to the conflict of interest between the sealing of land on the one hand and the need to increase the use of photovoltaic systems on the other. An analysis of the four sectors of public law, energy law, EU agricultural subsidies and tax law will present the current state of the legal framework for agrivoltaics in Germany, following-up the authors’ contribution “Legal framework of agrivoltaics in Germany” in previous proceedings of the AgriVoltaics conference series [1]. Agrivoltaic systems are usually erected outside settlement areas without a development plan. In many cases it is difficult to obtain permission for these areas, as it is not always possible to classify them as privileged projects. In the area of a development plan, the designated use may collide with an installation of the photovoltaic system. Regarding the Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG), it is to be noted that separate financial support schemes have now been introduced for certain agrivoltaic installations. A crucial question for farmers remains whether their land loses its eligibility for EU direct payments through the use of this technology. Here, too, the legislator has set an important course for agrivoltaics. This also applies in the area of inheritance-, gift-, land- and real estate transfer-tax law.","PeriodicalId":517222,"journal":{"name":"AgriVoltaics Conference Proceedings","volume":"55 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141103343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-23DOI: 10.52825/agripv.v2i.1009
Aldo Dal Prà, Lorenzo Genesio, Franco Miglietta, Federico Carotenuto, Silvia Baronti, Marco Moriondo, Antonino Greco, Nicola Morè, Laura Svanera, Alessandro Reboldi
Agrivoltaics is presented as a possible solution to the need for new sources of renewable energies, also responding to the increasing demand for feed/food and energy in a strongly efficient and sustainable manner. To this aim, agrivoltaics proposes to combine agricultural and renewable energy production on the same land using photovoltaic technology. The performance of this new production model strongly depends on the interaction between the two systems, agricultural and photovoltaic. In that sense, one of the most important aspects to consider are the effects of the shadows of the photovoltaic panels on the crop land. Overall, the experiment clearly indicated that a fourth cycle of escarole is possible under the PVs of agrivoltaics. Both fresh weight and size of the salad bowls were significantly increased by the shade provided by the PVs. Escarole appeared to be very tolerant to the shade and commercial yields were boosted, compared to full sun treatments, even under extended shade conditions. Such an effect can be likely explained by an overall amelioration of the water status in shaded plots. Therefore, a further study of the behavior of escarole under agrivoltaic conditions will be desirable.
{"title":"Salad Yields Under Agrivoltaics: A Field Test","authors":"Aldo Dal Prà, Lorenzo Genesio, Franco Miglietta, Federico Carotenuto, Silvia Baronti, Marco Moriondo, Antonino Greco, Nicola Morè, Laura Svanera, Alessandro Reboldi","doi":"10.52825/agripv.v2i.1009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52825/agripv.v2i.1009","url":null,"abstract":"Agrivoltaics is presented as a possible solution to the need for new sources of renewable energies, also responding to the increasing demand for feed/food and energy in a strongly efficient and sustainable manner. To this aim, agrivoltaics proposes to combine agricultural and renewable energy production on the same land using photovoltaic technology. The performance of this new production model strongly depends on the interaction between the two systems, agricultural and photovoltaic. In that sense, one of the most important aspects to consider are the effects of the shadows of the photovoltaic panels on the crop land. Overall, the experiment clearly indicated that a fourth cycle of escarole is possible under the PVs of agrivoltaics. Both fresh weight and size of the salad bowls were significantly increased by the shade provided by the PVs. Escarole appeared to be very tolerant to the shade and commercial yields were boosted, compared to full sun treatments, even under extended shade conditions. Such an effect can be likely explained by an overall amelioration of the water status in shaded plots. Therefore, a further study of the behavior of escarole under agrivoltaic conditions will be desirable.","PeriodicalId":517222,"journal":{"name":"AgriVoltaics Conference Proceedings","volume":"37 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141104295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In addition to food production, energy can also be produced on agricultural land. This can lead to land use conflicts and often results in political discussions. As the energy transition progresses, the area required for renewable energies is increasing, leading to more land use conflicts. Agrivoltaics (APV) allows for continued farming alongside solar power production, providing a solution to this conflict. In this analysis, the land energy yields of different APV concepts were compared with those of other renewable energies. The results show that wind and PV can produce the most energy on land, regardless of whether the sectors are electricity, heat or transport. When considering different APV concepts on cropland, it is important to consider which area is being evaluated. A distinction can be made between the PV-system area (the visually influenced area in the landscape) and the loss of farmland. Depending on the perspective, the concepts have different advantages. The APV vertical concept enables 3 times more electricity production per loss of farmland compared to a conventional ground-mounted PV system. However, in relation to the PV-system area, the electricity yield is only 1/3 of this. The APV horizontal concept has the highest electricity yields per area of loss of farmland. The APV 3D tracing system has the highest electricity yield of all APV concepts per PV-system area. Initial economic analyses show that higher energy yields per loss of farmland are accompanied by higher costs for APV systems. These results can be used for political advice.
{"title":"Key Advantages of Agrivoltaic Systems in Germany – A Comparison of the Electricity Yield of Different Systems","authors":"Jonas Böhm","doi":"10.52825/agripv.v2i.986","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52825/agripv.v2i.986","url":null,"abstract":"In addition to food production, energy can also be produced on agricultural land. This can lead to land use conflicts and often results in political discussions. As the energy transition progresses, the area required for renewable energies is increasing, leading to more land use conflicts. Agrivoltaics (APV) allows for continued farming alongside solar power production, providing a solution to this conflict. In this analysis, the land energy yields of different APV concepts were compared with those of other renewable energies. The results show that wind and PV can produce the most energy on land, regardless of whether the sectors are electricity, heat or transport. When considering different APV concepts on cropland, it is important to consider which area is being evaluated. A distinction can be made between the PV-system area (the visually influenced area in the landscape) and the loss of farmland. Depending on the perspective, the concepts have different advantages. The APV vertical concept enables 3 times more electricity production per loss of farmland compared to a conventional ground-mounted PV system. However, in relation to the PV-system area, the electricity yield is only 1/3 of this. The APV horizontal concept has the highest electricity yields per area of loss of farmland. The APV 3D tracing system has the highest electricity yield of all APV concepts per PV-system area. Initial economic analyses show that higher energy yields per loss of farmland are accompanied by higher costs for APV systems. These results can be used for political advice.","PeriodicalId":517222,"journal":{"name":"AgriVoltaics Conference Proceedings","volume":"48 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141107317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sabrina Portner, Bradley Heins, Eric Buchanan, Michael Reese
Forage crops grown underneath ground-mounted photovoltaic systems (PV) may provide a feed source for livestock production. The objective was to evaluate forage biomass and nutritive value of crops, grasses and legumes grown under different PV conditions. Forages were planted underneath a 30-kilowatt PV site (30kW), a 50-kilowatt PV site (50kW) and one control site without PV (CON) in May 2022 with four replicates per site. Forage crops included alfalfa, field peas, meadow fescue, orchard grass, red clover, brown midrib sorghumsudan grass, white clover and 3 grass and legume mixes with either alfalfa, red clover, or white clover. Biomass samples were clipped at appropriate maturity levels for grazing. Samples were sorted for botanical composition and analyzed for nutrient value. Crop biomass, dry matter and nutrient values were analyzed with PROC Mixed of SAS with the fixed effects of site (30kW, 50kW, or Con), crop nested within site, and cutting (1st or 2nd) and the random effect of replicate nested within site. Forages produced less biomass at the 30kW (563.7 kg/ha) and 50kW (446.4 kg/ha) solar sites compared to CON (1099.7 kg/ha). The 50kW forages had greater crude protein on a dry matter basis (25.8%) than the 30kW (21.4%) and CON (20.9%). The 50kW (57.1%) forages also had greater total tract neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility than the 30kW (52.5%) and CON (51.0%). Additionally, the 50kW forages had greater percent calcium (1.05%) compared to the 30kW (0.75%) and CON (0.84%). Forage biomass and nutrient values varied based on the solar array design and amount of sun exposure.
{"title":"Forage Biomass and Nutritive Value of Grasses and Legumes Grown Under Agrivoltaic Systems","authors":"Sabrina Portner, Bradley Heins, Eric Buchanan, Michael Reese","doi":"10.52825/agripv.v2i.979","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52825/agripv.v2i.979","url":null,"abstract":"Forage crops grown underneath ground-mounted photovoltaic systems (PV) may provide a feed source for livestock production. The objective was to evaluate forage biomass and nutritive value of crops, grasses and legumes grown under different PV conditions. Forages were planted underneath a 30-kilowatt PV site (30kW), a 50-kilowatt PV site (50kW) and one control site without PV (CON) in May 2022 with four replicates per site. Forage crops included alfalfa, field peas, meadow fescue, orchard grass, red clover, brown midrib sorghumsudan grass, white clover and 3 grass and legume mixes with either alfalfa, red clover, or white clover. Biomass samples were clipped at appropriate maturity levels for grazing. Samples were sorted for botanical composition and analyzed for nutrient value. Crop biomass, dry matter and nutrient values were analyzed with PROC Mixed of SAS with the fixed effects of site (30kW, 50kW, or Con), crop nested within site, and cutting (1st or 2nd) and the random effect of replicate nested within site. Forages produced less biomass at the 30kW (563.7 kg/ha) and 50kW (446.4 kg/ha) solar sites compared to CON (1099.7 kg/ha). The 50kW forages had greater crude protein on a dry matter basis (25.8%) than the 30kW (21.4%) and CON (20.9%). The 50kW (57.1%) forages also had greater total tract neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility than the 30kW (52.5%) and CON (51.0%). Additionally, the 50kW forages had greater percent calcium (1.05%) compared to the 30kW (0.75%) and CON (0.84%). Forage biomass and nutrient values varied based on the solar array design and amount of sun exposure.","PeriodicalId":517222,"journal":{"name":"AgriVoltaics Conference Proceedings","volume":"30 46","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141104228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-23DOI: 10.52825/agripv.v2i.1032
David Jung, Frederik Schönberger, Francisco Moraga
Agrivoltaics (AV), the concept of installing photovoltaic (PV) panels on agricultural land, enabling a dual use of the surface, has the potential to foster renewable energy expansion without land use conflict and to protect water from evapotranspiration. Although there is growing interest in AV, there has been no structured analysis of its potential for clean energy generation and climate change adaptation in Chile. In this paper, we provide the first national-level estimate of the AV potential over blueberries, using a combination of filtered geo-datasets and meteorological data to quantify PV yields and impact on evapotranspiration. We find a theoretical potential of 13.4 GWp for AV over blueberries, predominantly in the central and southern regions. The derived potential for AV could provide 22% of the current national electricity generation while lowering irrigation demand by nearly 18 million m³ per year. Finally, we identify about 8,000 GWh of current annual conventional electricity generation that could be regionally replaced by AV, showing the potential to contribute significantly to the decentralization and decarbonization of the Chilean electricity mix. Further research on the agronomic and economic aspects of AV implementation should be carried out to enable synergetic development.
农业光伏（AV）是指在农业用地上安装光伏板，实现地表双重利用的概念，有可能在不与土地使用发生冲突的情况下促进可再生能源的扩展，并保护水免受蒸发。虽然人们对 AV 的兴趣与日俱增，但对其在智利清洁能源发电和适应气候变化方面的潜力还没有进行过系统分析。在本文中，我们首次从国家层面对蓝莓的反车辆潜力进行了评估，结合使用过滤地理数据集和气象数据来量化光伏产量和对蒸散的影响。我们发现，蓝莓上空的反车辆理论潜力为 13.4 GWp，主要集中在中部和南部地区。由此推算出的反车辆潜力可提供目前全国发电量的 22%，同时每年可减少近 1800 万立方米的灌溉需求。最后，我们发现目前每年约有 8,000 千兆瓦时的传统发电量可由反车辆燃料在地区范围内替代，这表明反车辆燃料具有极大的潜力，可为智利电力结构的分散化和去碳化做出贡献。应进一步研究实施反车辆影响的农艺和经济方面，以实现协同发展。
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Frank de Ruijter, Bernardo Maestrini, Bert Meurs, Marleen Hermelink, Herman Helsen
To analyse agrivoltaics systems and understand crop responses to shading, measurements of available light for the crop and light interception by the crop are important. Especially in row crops, there is a lot of variation in the amount of light at different heights, different positions relative to the row and over time. This spatial and temporal variation in light is difficult to capture with standard point measurement technology. Commercially available line quantum sensors are not long enough to cover the desired width within an agrivoltaics system and come at high cost. Therefore, custom made PARbars were used: bars of 1.5 m long having light sensors every 5 cm facing the sky and giving a total (line) irradiance value per time step. PARbars were installed above and below a raspberry crop row in both the agrivoltaics system and the control with a plastic foil cover, and a point sensor was installed in the open field. The difference between open field radiation and the top PARbar gives the light interception by the panel construction or the foil cover, the difference between the top and bottom PARbar gives the light interception by the crop. This information can be used in conjunction with destructive crop measurements to analyse impacts on leaf area and light interception, dry matter production and derived efficiency of photosynthesis. The crop in the current agrivoltaics system received half of the amount of light compared to the control system, but total biomass production was less reduced because of compensation by increasing specific leaf area and photosynthesis efficiency. Further analysis is needed to evaluate the agrivoltaics system and the impact of increasing shade on the crop, and to assess the trade-off between electricity production and crop production.
{"title":"Measurement of Light Interception by Crops under Solar Panels using PARbars","authors":"Frank de Ruijter, Bernardo Maestrini, Bert Meurs, Marleen Hermelink, Herman Helsen","doi":"10.52825/agripv.v2i.987","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52825/agripv.v2i.987","url":null,"abstract":"To analyse agrivoltaics systems and understand crop responses to shading, measurements of available light for the crop and light interception by the crop are important. Especially in row crops, there is a lot of variation in the amount of light at different heights, different positions relative to the row and over time. This spatial and temporal variation in light is difficult to capture with standard point measurement technology. Commercially available line quantum sensors are not long enough to cover the desired width within an agrivoltaics system and come at high cost. Therefore, custom made PARbars were used: bars of 1.5 m long having light sensors every 5 cm facing the sky and giving a total (line) irradiance value per time step. PARbars were installed above and below a raspberry crop row in both the agrivoltaics system and the control with a plastic foil cover, and a point sensor was installed in the open field. The difference between open field radiation and the top PARbar gives the light interception by the panel construction or the foil cover, the difference between the top and bottom PARbar gives the light interception by the crop. This information can be used in conjunction with destructive crop measurements to analyse impacts on leaf area and light interception, dry matter production and derived efficiency of photosynthesis. The crop in the current agrivoltaics system received half of the amount of light compared to the control system, but total biomass production was less reduced because of compensation by increasing specific leaf area and photosynthesis efficiency. Further analysis is needed to evaluate the agrivoltaics system and the impact of increasing shade on the crop, and to assess the trade-off between electricity production and crop production.","PeriodicalId":517222,"journal":{"name":"AgriVoltaics Conference Proceedings","volume":"58 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141102895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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