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Meridional Attentional Asymmetries in Astigmatic Eyes. 散光眼的经向注意不对称。
IF 4.4 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.2147/EB.S407481
Elie de Lestrange-Anginieur

Purpose: To investigate the impact of attention orientation in young myopic adults with astigmatism.

Methods: The effect of attention on foveal meridional performance and anisotropy was measured in corrected myopes with various levels of astigmatism (with-the-rule astigmatism ≤ -0.75D, Axis: 180 ± 20) using orientation-based attention. Attention was manipulated by instructing subjects to attend to either the horizontal or the vertical line of a central pre-stimulus (a pulsed cross) along separate blocks of trials. For each attention condition, meridional acuity and reaction times were measured via an annulus Gabor target situated remotely from the cross and presented at random horizontally and vertically in a two-alternative forced-choice employing two interleaved staircase procedures (one-up/one-down). Attention modulations were estimated by the difference in performance between horizontal and vertical attention.

Results: Foveal meridional performance and anisotropy were strongly affected by the orientation of attention, which appeared critical for the enhancement of reaction times and resolution. Under congruent orienting of attention, foveal meridional anisotropy was correlated with the amount of defocus for both reaction time and resolution, demonstrating greater vertical performance than horizontal performance as myopia increased. Compatible with an attentional compensation of blur through optimal orienting of attention, vertical attention enhanced reaction times compared to horizontal attention and was accompanied by an increase in overall acuity when myopia increased. Increased astigmatism was associated with smaller attention effects and asymmetry, suggesting potential deficits in the compensation of blur in astigmatic eyes.

Conclusion: Collectively, attention to orientation plays a significant role in horizontal-vertical foveal meridional anisotropy and can modulate the asymmetry of foveal perception imposed by the optics of the eye in episodes of uncorrected vision. Further work is necessary to understand how attention and refractive errors interact during visual development. These results may have practical implications for methods to enhance vision with attention training in myopic astigmats.

目的:探讨青少年近视散光对注意定向的影响。方法:采用定向注意法对不同散光程度矫正近视(视距散光≤-0.75D,轴距:180±20)的中央凹经络性能和各向异性的影响进行测量。通过指示受试者注意中央预刺激的水平线或垂直线(脉冲交叉)沿不同的试验块来操纵注意力。对于每个注意条件,经向锐度和反应时间是通过一个远离十字架的环形Gabor靶来测量的,并在水平和垂直方向随机呈现,采用两个交错的楼梯程序(一上一下)。注意调节是通过水平和垂直注意的表现差异来估计的。结果:中央凹经向性能和各向异性受到注意方向的强烈影响,这对提高反应时间和分辨率至关重要。在相同的注意取向下,中央凹经向各向异性与反应时间和分辨率的离焦量相关,随着近视的增加,垂直表现大于水平表现。当近视增加时,垂直注意力比水平注意力更能提高反应时间,这与通过最佳注意力定向对模糊的注意补偿相一致。散光的增加与注意力效应和不对称性的减小有关,表明散光眼的模糊补偿存在潜在缺陷。结论:总的来说,定向注意在水平-垂直中央凹经向各向异性中起着重要作用,并可以调节未矫正视力时眼睛光学施加的中央凹感知的不对称性。需要进一步的工作来了解在视觉发育过程中注意力和屈光不正是如何相互作用的。这些结果可能对近视散光的注意训练增强视力的方法具有实际意义。
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引用次数: 0
Adults Born Small for Gestational Age at Term Have Thinner Peripapillary Retinal Nerve Fiber Layers Than Controls. 足月出生时胎龄小的成年人乳头周围视网膜神经纤维层比对照组薄。
IF 4.4 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2022-11-25 eCollection Date: 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.2147/EB.S383231
Achim Fieß, Marilena Brandt, Eva Mildenberger, Michael Siegfried Urschitz, Felix Mathias Wagner, Stephanie Desiree Grabitz, Esther Maria Hoffmann, Norbert Pfeiffer, Alexander Konrad Schuster

Purpose: Prenatal growth restriction is associated with impaired neurodevelopment in childhood. This study investigated the effects of being born small for gestational age (SGA) on peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) thickness in adults born at term.

Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted with a prospective ophthalmologic examination of participants born at full-term (gestational age ≥37 weeks) between 1969 and 2002. All participants were examined with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography and grouped according to their birth weight in correlation to gestational age as former moderate (birth weight (BW) percentile 3rd to <10th) and severe SGA (<3rd percentile), normal (10th-90th percentile, AGA), and moderately (>90th to 97th percentile) and severely (>97th percentile) large for gestational age (LGA) adults (18 to 52 years).

Results: Overall, 547 eyes of 285 individuals (age 29.9±9.4 years, 151 females) born at term were included. Multivariable regression analyses revealed a strong association between a lower global pRNFL thickness in the severe SGA (B=-8.99 [95%-CI: -12.68; -5.30] µm; p<0.001) and in the moderate SGA groups (B=-6.40 [95%-CI: -10.29; -2.50] µm; p=0.001) compared to the reference AGA group.

Conclusion: Our results indicate that restricted fetal growth affects neurologic tissue development of the optic nerve head, particularly in individuals born severely SGA at term. This indicates that fetal growth restriction may exert disturbances in the development of neurologic tissue, which persists in adulthood.

目的:产前生长限制与儿童神经发育受损有关。本研究探讨了足月出生的成人小胎龄(SGA)对乳头周围视网膜神经纤维层(pRNFL)厚度的影响。方法:回顾性队列研究,对1969年至2002年间足月出生(胎龄≥37周)的参与者进行前瞻性眼科检查。所有参与者均接受光谱域光学相干断层扫描检查,并根据出生体重与胎龄的相关性分为中度(出生体重(BW)第3至90至97百分位)和重度(>97百分位)胎龄(LGA)成人(18至52岁)。结果:共纳入285例足月出生个体(年龄29.9±9.4岁,女性151例)547只眼。多变量回归分析显示,严重SGA患者整体pRNFL厚度较低之间有很强的相关性(B=-8.99 [95%-CI: -12.68;-5.30µm;结论:我们的研究结果表明,胎儿生长受限会影响视神经头的神经组织发育,尤其是足月出生时严重SGA的个体。这表明胎儿生长受限可能会对神经组织的发育造成干扰,这种情况会持续到成年。
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引用次数: 2
Value of Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter in Diagnosis and Follow Up of Patients with Disturbed Conscious Level. 视神经鞘径在意识水平紊乱患者诊断及随访中的价值。
IF 4.4 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2022-09-27 eCollection Date: 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.2147/EB.S369813
Osama Mahmoud Momtaz, Omar M Said, Amany Mahmoud Mohamed, Tamer Sayed Abdel Mawla

Background: Ultrasonographic measurement of optic nerve sheath diameter is a simple, non-invasive, and reliable method of detecting elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) in critical patients. Optic nerve sheath communicates with the dura mater covering the brain and contains cerebrospinal fluid, allowing pressure transmission from the cranium. Therefore, changes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure have been shown to produce changes in ONSD.

Objective: This study aimed to assess the accuracy of optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) in diagnosis and follow-up patients with disturbed conscious levels compared with CT brain and fundus examination.

Patients and methods: One hundred forty-one participants were included in the study, classified into 76 cases admitted with disturbed conscious levels due to elevated ICP and 65 controls. All patients were subjected to CT brain and optic nerve US and fundus examination at the time of admission and follow-up after 48 h after proper management.

Results: The current study showed that ONSD is significant in predicting elevated ICP at the cut-off point of average ONSD of 5.19 mm with 97% sensitivity and 98% specificity, and the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.996. The present study revealed a significant inverse correlation between ONSD and GCS in patients with increased ICP.

Conclusion: Ultrasonic measurement of ONSD is a promising technique in diagnosing and following patients with disturbed conscious levels.

背景:超声测量视神经鞘直径是检测危重患者颅内压升高的一种简单、无创、可靠的方法。视神经鞘与覆盖大脑的硬脑膜相通,并含有脑脊液,使压力从头盖骨传递。因此,脑脊液(CSF)压力的变化已被证明会引起ONSD的变化。目的:本研究旨在评价视神经鞘直径(ONSD)在诊断和随访意识水平紊乱患者中的准确性,并与CT脑和眼底检查进行比较。患者和方法:141名参与者被纳入研究,分为76例因ICP升高而入院的意识水平紊乱患者和65例对照组。所有患者入院时行CT脑、视神经US及眼底检查,处理妥当后48 h随访。结果:目前的研究表明,在平均ONSD为5.19 mm的截断点上,ONSD对ICP升高有显著的预测意义,灵敏度为97%,特异性为98%,曲线下面积(AUC)为0.996。本研究显示,ICP升高患者的ONSD与GCS呈显著负相关。结论:超声测量ONSD是一种很有前途的诊断和跟踪意识水平紊乱患者的技术。
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引用次数: 0
Eye Movement Abnormalities in Glaucoma Patients: A Review. 青光眼患者的眼球运动异常:综述。
IF 4.4 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2022-09-08 eCollection Date: 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.2147/EB.S361946
Matthew A McDonald, Clark H Stevenson, Hannah M Kersten, Helen V Danesh-Meyer
Abstract Glaucoma is a common condition that relies on careful clinical assessment to diagnose and determine disease progression. There is growing evidence that glaucoma is associated not only with loss of retinal ganglion cells but also with degeneration of cortical and subcortical brain structures associated with vision and eye movements. The effect of glaucoma pathophysiology on eye movements is not well understood. In this review, we examine the evidence surrounding altered eye movements in glaucoma patients compared to healthy controls, with a focus on quantitative eye tracking studies measuring saccades, fixation, and optokinetic nystagmus in a range of visual tasks. The evidence suggests that glaucoma patients have alterations in several eye movement domains. Patients exhibit longer saccade latencies, which worsen with increasing glaucoma severity. Other saccadic abnormalities include lower saccade amplitude and velocity, and difficulty inhibiting reflexive saccades. Fixation is pathologically altered in glaucoma with reduced stability. Optokinetic nystagmus measures have also been shown to be abnormal. Complex visual tasks (eg reading, driving, and navigating obstacles), integrate these eye movements and result in behavioral adaptations. The review concludes with a summary of the evidence and recommendations for future research in this emerging field.
青光眼是一种常见的疾病,需要仔细的临床评估来诊断和确定疾病进展。越来越多的证据表明,青光眼不仅与视网膜神经节细胞的丧失有关,还与与视觉和眼球运动有关的大脑皮层和皮层下结构的退化有关。青光眼病理生理对眼球运动的影响尚不清楚。在这篇综述中,我们研究了与健康对照相比青光眼患者眼球运动改变的证据,重点关注定量眼动追踪研究,测量一系列视觉任务中的扫视、注视和光动性眼球震颤。有证据表明青光眼患者在几个眼球运动域有改变。患者表现出较长的眼跳潜伏期,随着青光眼严重程度的增加而恶化。其他眼跳异常包括较低的眼跳幅度和速度,以及难以抑制反射性眼跳。青光眼的固定发生病理改变,稳定性降低。眼球震颤的光动力学测量也显示出异常。复杂的视觉任务(如阅读、驾驶和穿越障碍物)整合了这些眼球运动并导致行为适应。该综述总结了证据并对这一新兴领域的未来研究提出了建议。
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引用次数: 3
Association Between Vision and Brain Cortical Thickness in a Community-Dwelling Elderly Cohort. 在社区居住的老年人队列中视力与大脑皮质厚度的关系。
IF 4.4 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2022-07-14 eCollection Date: 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.2147/EB.S358384
Chloé Chamard, Jerome J Maller, Nicolas Menjot, Eloi Debourdeau, Virginie Nael, Karen Ritchie, Isabelle Carriere, Vincent Daien

Purpose: Visual impairment is a major cause of disability and impairment of cognitive function in older people. Brain structural changes associated with visual function impairment are not well understood. The objective of this study was to assess the association between visual function and cortical thickness in older adults.

Methods: Participants were selected from the French population-based ESPRIT cohort of 2259 community-dwelling adults ≥65 years old enrolled between 1999 and 2001. We considered visual function and brain MRI images at the 12-year follow-up in participants who were right-handed and free of dementia and/or stroke, randomly selected from the whole cohort. High-resolution structural T1-weighted brain scans acquired with a 3-Tesla scanner. Regional reconstruction and segmentation involved using the FreeSurfer image-analysis suite.

Results: A total of 215 participants were included (mean [SD] age 81.8 [3.7] years; 53.0% women): 30 (14.0%) had central vision loss and 185 (86.0%) normal central vision. Vision loss was associated with thinner cortical thickness in the right insula (within the lateral sulcus of the brain) as compared with the control group (mean thickness 2.38 [0.04] vs 2.50 [0.03] mm, 4.8% thinning, pcorrected= 0.04) after adjustment for age, sex, lifetime depression and cardiovascular disease.

Conclusion: The present study describes a significant thinning of the right insular cortex in older adults with vision loss. The insula subserves a wide variety of functions in humans ranging from sensory and affective processing to high-level cognitive processing. Reduced insula thickness associated with vision loss may increase cognitive burden in the ageing brain.

目的:视力障碍是老年人残疾和认知功能障碍的主要原因。与视觉功能障碍相关的大脑结构变化尚不清楚。本研究的目的是评估老年人视觉功能和皮层厚度之间的关系。方法:参与者从1999年至2001年期间登记的2259名≥65岁的法国人群ESPRIT队列中选择。在12年的随访中,我们考虑了从整个队列中随机选择的右撇子、无痴呆和/或中风的参与者的视觉功能和脑MRI图像。用3特斯拉扫描仪获得的高分辨率t1加权脑部扫描。区域重建和分割涉及使用FreeSurfer图像分析套件。结果:共纳入215名参与者(平均[SD]年龄81.8[3.7]岁;53.0%女性):中心视力丧失30例(14.0%),中心视力正常185例(86.0%)。经年龄、性别、终生抑郁和心血管疾病校正后,与对照组相比,视力丧失与右脑岛(脑外侧沟内)皮层厚度较薄相关(平均厚度2.38 [0.04]vs 2.50 [0.03] mm,厚度减少4.8%,校正前= 0.04)。结论:本研究描述了视力丧失的老年人右岛叶皮层显著变薄。脑岛在人类中具有多种功能,从感觉和情感处理到高级认知处理。脑岛厚度减少与视力丧失有关,可能会增加老化大脑的认知负担。
{"title":"Association Between Vision and Brain Cortical Thickness in a Community-Dwelling Elderly Cohort.","authors":"Chloé Chamard,&nbsp;Jerome J Maller,&nbsp;Nicolas Menjot,&nbsp;Eloi Debourdeau,&nbsp;Virginie Nael,&nbsp;Karen Ritchie,&nbsp;Isabelle Carriere,&nbsp;Vincent Daien","doi":"10.2147/EB.S358384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/EB.S358384","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Visual impairment is a major cause of disability and impairment of cognitive function in older people. Brain structural changes associated with visual function impairment are not well understood. The objective of this study was to assess the association between visual function and cortical thickness in older adults.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participants were selected from the French population-based ESPRIT cohort of 2259 community-dwelling adults ≥65 years old enrolled between 1999 and 2001. We considered visual function and brain MRI images at the 12-year follow-up in participants who were right-handed and free of dementia and/or stroke, randomly selected from the whole cohort. High-resolution structural T1-weighted brain scans acquired with a 3-Tesla scanner. Regional reconstruction and segmentation involved using the FreeSurfer image-analysis suite.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 215 participants were included (mean [SD] age 81.8 [3.7] years; 53.0% women): 30 (14.0%) had central vision loss and 185 (86.0%) normal central vision. Vision loss was associated with thinner cortical thickness in the right insula (within the lateral sulcus of the brain) as compared with the control group (mean thickness 2.38 [0.04] vs 2.50 [0.03] mm, 4.8% thinning, p<sub>corrected</sub>= 0.04) after adjustment for age, sex, lifetime depression and cardiovascular disease.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The present study describes a significant thinning of the right insular cortex in older adults with vision loss. The insula subserves a wide variety of functions in humans ranging from sensory and affective processing to high-level cognitive processing. Reduced insula thickness associated with vision loss may increase cognitive burden in the ageing brain.</p>","PeriodicalId":51844,"journal":{"name":"Eye and Brain","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/fc/fd/eb-14-71.PMC9292457.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40540555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Does Long-Duration Exposure to Microgravity Lead to Dysregulation of the Brain and Ocular Glymphatic Systems? 长时间暴露在微重力环境下会导致脑和眼淋巴系统失调吗?
IF 4.4 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2022-05-01 DOI: 10.2147/EB.S354710
P. Wostyn, T. Mader, C. Gibson, M. Nedergaard
Abstract Spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS) has been well documented in astronauts both during and after long-duration spaceflight and is characterized by the development of optic disc edema, globe flattening, choroidal folds, and hyperopic refractive error shifts. The exact mechanisms underlying these ophthalmic abnormalities remain unclear. New findings regarding spaceflight-associated alterations in cerebrospinal fluid spaces, specifically perivascular spaces, may shed more light on the pathophysiology of SANS. The preliminary results of a recent brain magnetic resonance imaging study show that perivascular spaces enlarge under prolonged microgravity conditions, and that the amount of fluid in perivascular spaces is linked to SANS. The exact pathophysiological mechanisms underlying enlargement of perivascular spaces in space crews are currently unclear. Here, we speculate that the dilation of perivascular spaces observed in long-duration space travelers may result from impaired cerebral venous outflow and compromised cerebrospinal fluid resorption, leading to obstruction of glymphatic perivenous outflow and increased periarterial cerebrospinal fluid inflow, respectively. Further, we provide a possible explanation for how dilated perivascular spaces can be associated with SANS. Given that enlarged perivascular spaces in space crews may be a marker of altered venous hemodynamics and reduced cerebrospinal fluid outflow, at the level of the optic nerve and eye, these disturbances may contribute to SANS. If confirmed by further studies, brain glymphatic dysfunction in space crews could potentially be considered a risk factor for the development of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease. Furthermore, long-duration exposure to microgravity might contribute to SANS through dysregulation of the ocular glymphatic system. If prolonged spaceflight exposure causes disruption of the glymphatic systems, this might affect the ability to conduct future exploration missions, for example, to Mars. The considerations outlined in the present paper further stress the crucial need to develop effective long-term countermeasures to mitigate SANS-related physiologic changes during long-duration spaceflight.
摘要太空飞行相关的神经眼综合征(SANS)在宇航员长期太空飞行期间和之后都有很好的记录,其特征是视盘水肿、眼球扁平、脉络膜折叠和远视屈光不正移位。这些眼科异常的确切机制尚不清楚。关于太空飞行相关脑脊液空间,特别是血管周围空间改变的新发现,可能会为SANS的病理生理学提供更多的线索。最近一项脑磁共振成像研究的初步结果表明,在长时间的微重力条件下,血管周围空间会扩大,并且血管周围空间中的液体量与SANS有关。太空工作人员血管周围间隙扩大的确切病理生理机制目前尚不清楚。在此,我们推测,在长期太空旅行者中观察到的血管周围空间扩张可能是由于脑静脉流出受损和脑脊液吸收受损,分别导致淋巴管周围静脉流出受阻和动脉周围脑脊液流入增加。此外,我们为扩张的血管周围间隙如何与SANS相关提供了可能的解释。鉴于太空工作人员血管周围空间增大可能是视神经和眼睛水平静脉血流动力学改变和脑脊液流出减少的标志,这些干扰可能导致SANS。如果得到进一步研究的证实,太空工作人员的大脑交感神经功能障碍可能被认为是神经退行性疾病(如阿尔茨海默病)发展的风险因素。此外,长期暴露在微重力环境中可能会导致眼部免疫系统失调,从而导致SANS。如果长时间的太空飞行暴露导致glymphatic系统中断,这可能会影响未来执行探测任务的能力,例如火星探测任务。本文中概述的考虑因素进一步强调,迫切需要制定有效的长期对策,以缓解长期太空飞行中与SANS相关的生理变化。
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引用次数: 4
Comparative Evaluation of Two SD-OCT Macular Parameters (GCC, GCL) and RNFL in Chiasmal Compression SD-OCT两种黄斑参数(GCC, GCL)和RNFL在交叉压迫中的比较评价
IF 4.4 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.2147/EB.S337333
M. Santorini, T. Ferreira de Moura, S. Barraud, C. Litré, C. Brugniart, A. Denoyer, Z. Djerada, C. Arndt
Purpose To evaluate the relationship between different macular thickness parameters analyzed by SD-OCT and the central visual field (VF) evaluated with automated kinetic perimetry in a cohort of patients with pituitary tumors. Methods Data from patients with pituitary adenoma treated at Reims University Hospital between October 1st, 2017, and May 31st, 2018 were collected. All patients underwent an automated kinetic perimetry and a SD-OCT to map the ganglion cell complex (GCC), the ganglion cell layer (GCL) thickness and the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) using devices from two different manufacturers. Univariate and multivariate analysis were used to evaluate the correlation between the area of central VF in square degrees (deg2) and the SD-OCT parameters (μm). Results Eighty-eight eyes were included in the analysis. All the thickness parameters measured in SD-OCT decreased with the visual field alteration. The best correlation was observed between superior thickness parameters (GCC, GCL) and the inferior central visual field. The most pertinent predictive factors for visual field loss were the inferior central GCL and the nasal RNFL (both AUC=0.775) with a sensitivity respectively of 86% and 70%. Conclusion This study suggests that both GCC, GCL thickness parameters could be reliable predictors of central visual field impairment in patients with pituitary tumors. There was no significative difference between both devices.
目的探讨SD-OCT分析的不同黄斑厚度参数与自动动态视野测量的中心视野(VF)之间的关系。方法收集2017年10月1日至2018年5月31日在兰斯大学医院治疗的垂体腺瘤患者的资料。所有患者都使用两家不同制造商的设备进行了自动动力学视野测量和SD-OCT,以绘制神经节细胞复合物(GCC)、神经节细胞层(GCL)厚度和视网膜神经纤维层(RNFL)。采用单因素和多因素分析评价中央VF面积平方度(deg2)与SD-OCT参数(μm)之间的相关性。结果共纳入88只眼。SD-OCT测得的厚度参数均随视野改变而降低。高厚度参数(GCC、GCL)与低中央视野的相关性最好。视野丧失最相关的预测因素为下中央GCL和鼻腔RNFL (AUC均为0.775),敏感性分别为86%和70%。结论GCC、GCL厚度参数均可作为垂体肿瘤患者中央视野损害的可靠预测指标。两种设备之间无显著差异。
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引用次数: 2
Effects of tACS-Like Electrical Stimulation on Off- and On-Off Center Retinal Ganglion Cells: Part II. 类似 tACS 的电刺激对关断和开断中心视网膜神经节细胞的影响:第二部分.
IF 3.1 Q1 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-01-25 eCollection Date: 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.2147/EB.S313090
Christianne E Strang, Franklin R Amthor

Purpose: Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is used as a brain stimulation mechanism to enhance learning, ameliorate some psychiatric disorders, and modify behavior. This study assessed the effects of near threshold tACS-like currents on Off-center and On-Off retinal ganglion cell responsiveness in the rabbit retina eyecup preparation as a model for central nervous system effects.

Materials and methods: We made extracellular recordings in the isolated rabbit eyecup preparation using single electrodes and microelectrode arrays to measure light-evoked spike responses in different classes of Off-center and On-Off retinal ganglion cells before, during, and after brief applications of alternating currents of 1-2 microamperes, at frequencies of 10, 20, 30, and 40 Hz.

Results: tACS application sculpted the light-evoked response profiles without directly driving spiking activity of the 20 Off-center and On-Off ganglion cells we recorded from. During tACS application, Off responses were significantly enhanced for 6 cells and significantly suppressed for 14 cells, but after tACS application, Off responses were significantly enhanced for 7 cells and suppressed for 12 cells. The Off responses of the remaining two cells returned to baseline. On responses were less affected during and after tACS.

Conclusion: tACS sculpts Off-center and On-Off retinal ganglion cell responsiveness. The dissimilarity of effects in different cells within the same class and the differential effects on the On and Off components of the light response within the same cell are consistent with the hypothesis that tACS acts at threshold on amacrine cells in the inner plexiform layer.

目的:经颅交变电流刺激(tACS)是一种脑刺激机制,可用于提高学习能力、改善某些精神疾病和改变行为。本研究以兔子视网膜眼罩制备为中枢神经系统效应模型,评估了近阈值tACS样电流对离中心和开-关视网膜神经节细胞反应性的影响:我们在离体兔眼罩制备中使用单电极和微电极阵列进行了细胞外记录,在短暂施加1-2微安培、频率为10、20、30和40赫兹的交变电流之前、期间和之后测量了不同类别的 "偏中心 "和 "开中心 "视网膜神经节细胞的光诱发尖峰反应。在应用 tACS 期间,6 个细胞的关反应显著增强,14 个细胞的关反应显著减弱;但在应用 tACS 之后,7 个细胞的关反应显著增强,12 个细胞的关反应减弱。其余两个细胞的关反应恢复到基线。结论:tACS 可改变视网膜神经节细胞的 "偏中心 "和 "开-关 "反应。对同类不同细胞的不同影响,以及对同一细胞中光反应的 "开 "和 "关 "部分的不同影响,都与 tACS 在阈值时对内侧丛状层的视网膜神经节细胞产生作用的假设相一致。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of tACS-Like Electrical Stimulation on Correlated Firing of Retinal Ganglion Cells: Part III. tacs样电刺激对视网膜神经节细胞相关放电的影响(三)。
IF 4.4 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2022-01-12 eCollection Date: 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.2147/EB.S313161
Franklin R Amthor, Christianne E Strang

Purpose: Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a stimulation protocol used for learning enhancement and mitigation of cognitive dysfunction. Correlated firing has been postulated to be a meta-code that links neuronal spike responses associated with a single entity and may be an important component of high-level cognitive functions. Thus, changes in the covariance firing structure of CNS neurons such as retinal ganglion cells are one potential mechanism by which tACS can exert its effects.

Materials and methods: We used microelectrode arrays to record light-evoked spike responses of 24 retinal ganglion cells in 7 rabbit eyecup preparations and analyzed the covariance between 30 pairs of neighboring retinal ganglion cells before, during, and after 10-minute application of alternating currents of 1 microampere at 10 or 20 Hz.

Results: tACS stimulation significantly changed the covariance structure of correlated firing in 60% of simultaneously recorded retinal ganglion cells. Application of tACS in the retinal preparation increased cross-covariance in 26% of cell pairs, an effect usually associated with increased light-evoked ganglion cell firing. tACS associated decreases in cross-covariance occurred in 37% of cell pairs. Increased covariance was more common in response to the first, 10-minute application of tACS in isolated retina preparation. Changes in covariance were rare after repeated stimulation, and more likely to result in decreased covariance.

Conclusion: Retinal ganglion cell correlated firing is modulated by 1 microampere tACS currents showing that electrical stimulation can significantly and persistently change the structure of the correlated firing of simultaneously recorded rabbit retinal ganglion cells.

目的:经颅交流电刺激(tACS)是一种用于增强学习和缓解认知功能障碍的刺激方案。相关放电被认为是连接与单一实体相关的神经元脉冲反应的元代码,可能是高级认知功能的重要组成部分。因此,改变视网膜神经节细胞等CNS神经元的协方差放电结构是tACS发挥作用的一个潜在机制。材料和方法:我们使用微电极阵列记录了7种兔眼杯制剂中24个视网膜神经节细胞的光诱发峰反应,并分析了施加10或20 Hz 1微安交流电前、过程中和10分钟后30对相邻视网膜神经节细胞之间的协方差。结果:tACS刺激显著改变了60%同时记录的视网膜神经节细胞相关放电的协方差结构。tACS在视网膜制备中的应用增加了26%的细胞对的交叉协方差,这种效应通常与光诱发神经节细胞放电增加有关。与tACS相关的交叉协方差降低发生在37%的细胞对中。在离体视网膜准备中,第一次10分钟应用tACS时,协方差增加更为常见。反复刺激后,协方差很少发生变化,更有可能导致协方差降低。结论:1微安tACS电流可调节视网膜神经节细胞相关放电,表明电刺激可显著且持续地改变同时记录的兔视网膜神经节细胞相关放电的结构。
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引用次数: 3
Neuroplasticity of the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus in Response to Retinal Gene Therapy in a Group of Patients with RPE65 Mutations. 一组RPE65突变患者视网膜基因治疗对外侧膝状核神经可塑性的影响。
IF 4.4 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.2147/EB.S377275
Manzar Ashtari, Mikhail Lipin, Michelle Duong, Gui-Shuang Ying, Yinxi Yu, Albert Maguire, Jean Bennett

Introduction: Previous works on experience-dependent brain plasticity have been limited to the cortical structures, overlooking subcortical visual structures such as the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). Animal studies have shown substantial experience dependent plasticity and using fMRI, human studies have demonstrated similar properties in patients with cataract surgery. However, in neither animal nor human studies LGN has not been directly assessed, mainly due to its small size, tissue heterogeneity, low contrast/noise ratio, and low spatial resolution.

Methods: Utilizing a new algorithm that markedly improves the LGN visibility, LGN was evaluated in a group of low vision patients before and after retinal intervention to reinstate vision and normal sighted matched controls.

Results: Between and within groups comparisons showed that patients had significantly smaller left (p< 0.0001) and right (p < 0.00002) LGN volumes at baseline as compared to the one-year follow-up volumes. The same baseline and one year comparison in controls was not significant. Significant positive correlations were observed between the incremental volume increase after gene therapy of the left LGN and the incremental increase in the right (r = 0.71, p < 0.02) and left (r = 0.72, p = 0.018) visual fields. Incremental volume increase of the right LGN also showed a similar positive slope but did not reach significance.

Discussion: These results show that despite significantly less volume at baseline, retinal gene therapy promotes robust expansion and increase in LGN volume. Reinstating vision may have facilitated the establishment of new connections between the retina and the LGN and/or unmasking of the dormant connections. The exact trajectory of the structural changes taking place in LGN is unclear but our data shows that even after years of low vision, the LGN in RPE65 patients has the potential for plasticity and expansion to a nearly normal volume one year after gene therapy administration.

以往关于经验依赖大脑可塑性的研究仅限于皮层结构,忽视了皮层下的视觉结构,如外侧膝状核(LGN)。动物研究已经显示了大量的经验依赖可塑性,使用功能磁共振成像,人类研究已经在白内障手术患者中证明了类似的特性。然而,在动物和人类研究中,LGN都没有被直接评估,主要是由于其体积小、组织异质性、低对比度/噪声比和低空间分辨率。方法:采用一种明显提高LGN可见度的新算法,对一组低视力患者进行视网膜干预恢复视力前后的LGN进行评估,并与正常视力对照进行比较。结果:组间和组内比较显示,基线时患者左侧LGN体积(p< 0.0001)和右侧LGN体积(p< 0.00002)明显小于1年随访时的体积。相同的基线和对照组的一年比较无显著性。左侧LGN基因治疗后体积增量与右侧视野(r = 0.71, p < 0.02)、左侧视野(r = 0.72, p = 0.018)体积增量呈显著正相关。右侧LGN的增量体积增加也呈现类似的正斜率,但没有达到显著性。讨论:这些结果表明,尽管在基线时体积明显减少,视网膜基因治疗促进了LGN的强劲扩张和体积的增加。恢复视力可能有助于在视网膜和LGN之间建立新的连接和/或揭开休眠连接的面纱。LGN发生结构变化的确切轨迹尚不清楚,但我们的数据显示,即使经过多年的低视力,RPE65患者的LGN在接受基因治疗一年后仍具有可塑性和扩大到接近正常体积的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
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Eye and Brain
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