Archaeological Research in Asia最新文献_第9页

Unveiling historical salt production tradition in Aceh, Indonesia: Insight from Archaeometric analysis of ceramic artifacts from Samudra Pasai 揭开印尼亚齐历史上的制盐传统：来自萨穆德拉帕赛陶瓷文物考古分析的见解

IF 0.9 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Archaeological Research in Asia

Pub Date : 2025-02-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.ara.2025.100604

Libra Hari Inagurasi , Nahar Cahyandaru , Sunarningsih , Rusyanti , Moh Mualliful Ilmi , M. Irfan Mahmud , Hari Yurismono , Sonny Wibisono , Ali Nurdin , Andreas Satria Wibowo , Indah Permatasarie Tjan , Hermansyah , Amir Husni

This study investigates the historical salt-making practices in Aceh, Indonesia, through an archaeometric analysis of ceramic artifacts excavated from the Samudra Pasai archaeological sites. The research aims to unveil ancient production techniques by examining the elemental and mineral compositions of the pottery using XRF, XRD, and SEM-EDS, alongside microbial analyses of salt samples as a preliminary study. The findings suggest that certain pottery artifacts were directly linked to salt production, as evidenced by the presence of salt residues, including sodium chloride, particularly in fragments presumed to have functioned as scoops during the salt-boiling process. In addition, the comparison of locally produced boiled salt with solar-evaporated salt revealed significantly lower microbial content in the boiled salt, highlighting its hygienic advantages, likely due to prolonged heating during the production process. This mirrors traditional salt-making methods still practiced in coastal villages of Lancok Bayu and Matang Tunong, where salt is boiled from seawater—a practice that has likely continued for centuries. The historical significance of salt in the Samudra Pasai Sultanate is well-documented, with salt being a crucial commodity in regional trade. The discoveries enhance comprehension of the importance of salt manufacturing for the Pasai Sultanate's economy and its broader marine trading networks. The presence of contemporary pottery-making practices in the region further supports the hypothesis of a continuous cultural tradition, extending from the Samudra Pasai period to the present day. This research offers critical insights into the technological continuity and socio-economic importance of salt-making in Aceh, with broader implications for understanding Indonesia's trade and industry in the early Islamic era.

本研究通过对Samudra Pasai考古遗址出土的陶瓷文物的考古分析，调查了印度尼西亚亚齐省历史上的制盐实践。该研究旨在通过使用XRF、XRD和SEM-EDS检查陶器的元素和矿物组成，以及对盐样品的微生物分析作为初步研究，揭示古代的生产技术。研究结果表明，某些陶器制品与盐的生产直接相关，包括氯化钠在内的盐残留物的存在证明了这一点，特别是在被认为在盐煮过程中起勺作用的碎片中。此外，将当地生产的水煮盐与太阳蒸发盐进行比较，发现水煮盐中的微生物含量明显较低，突出了其卫生优势，可能是由于生产过程中加热时间较长。这反映了沿海村庄兰考克巴犹和马唐图农仍在使用的传统制盐方法，在那里盐是从海水中煮沸的——这种做法可能已经持续了几个世纪。盐在Samudra Pasai苏丹国的历史意义是有口可查的，盐是区域贸易中的重要商品。这些发现加深了人们对盐制造业对帕赛苏丹国经济及其更广泛的海洋贸易网络的重要性的理解。该地区当代陶器制作实践的存在进一步支持了从Samudra Pasai时期延伸到今天的连续文化传统的假设。这项研究对亚齐制盐的技术连续性和社会经济重要性提供了重要见解，对了解印度尼西亚早期伊斯兰时代的贸易和工业具有更广泛的意义。

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引用次数: 0

Coexistence of bloomery iron and cast iron in a Qin state cemetery dating to the mid Warring States period 战国中期秦国墓园中开花铁和铸铁的共存

IF 0.9 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Archaeological Research in Asia

Pub Date : 2025-02-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.ara.2025.100595

Yaxiong Liu , Siyu Sun , Liang Ma , Qinggang Geng , Zehao Dou , Kunlong Chen

The aim of this article is to contribute to a better understanding of the transition from bloomery iron to cast iron technology in the Qin state during the Warring States period. Only five iron objects were unearthed from the Xuliangpo cemetery in the southeast of Xi'an, Shaanxi province. This small assemblage, already indicative of a technology in its early stages, dates to the mid Warring States period (around the mid-4th century BCE). Of these five objects, only two were sufficiently well-preserved for metallographic and compositional analysis. Nonetheless, one object (a ring) was identified as bloomery iron, and the other (a belt-buckle) was shaped using cast iron. We propose that the mid Warring States period can be viewed as a time when both bloomery and cast iron were used in the Qin State, prior to the massive adoption of cast iron smelting from the Central Plains in the late Warring States period.

本文的目的是为了更好地理解战国时期秦国从铁器技术到铸铁技术的转变。在陕西省西安市东南部的徐良坡墓地，只出土了五件铁器。这个小组合已经表明了一项技术的早期阶段，可以追溯到战国中期（大约公元前4世纪中期）。在这五件物品中，只有两件保存完好，可以进行金相和成分分析。尽管如此，其中一件物品（一枚戒指）被鉴定为铁制品，而另一件物品（一枚皮带扣）则是用铸铁制成的。我们认为战国中期可以看作是秦国在战国后期大量采用中原地区的铸铁冶炼之前，同时使用bloomery和铸铁的时期。

引用次数: 0

Ancient pottery in Central Asia. Archaeological and archaeometric approaches. Introduction to the special issue 中亚的古代陶器。考古和考古方法。特刊简介

IF 0.9 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Archaeological Research in Asia

Pub Date : 2025-02-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.ara.2025.100597

Élise Luneau , Verónica Martínez Ferreras

引用次数: 0

Early evidence of Austronesian occupation in the Maros-Pangkep karsts of South Sulawesi, Indonesia 南岛人在印度尼西亚南苏拉威西岛马洛斯-庞格普喀斯特占领的早期证据

IF 0.9 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Archaeological Research in Asia

Pub Date : 2025-02-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.ara.2025.100601

Suryatman , Andi Muh. Saiful , Nur Ihsan Djindar , Hasanuddin , Iwan Sumantri , Yinika L. Perston , Muh. Alif , Abdullah Abbas , Putra Hudlinas Muhammad , Imran Ilyas , Akin Duli , Adam Brumm

Archaeological research in the Maros-Pangkep karst area of South Sulawesi, Indonesia, has yielded important insight into the long history of human habitation in this region. A poorly known part of the cultural sequence is the arrival of Austronesian-speaking farming societies during the latter phase of prehistoric occupation, and the nature of Austronesian interactions with the long-established Toalean hunter-forager population. The archaeological evidence for this period is often limited and frequently complicated by taphonomic factors, including extensive post-depositional disturbances and stratigraphic reworking at many sites, making it challenging to gain a deep understanding of the various phases of cave use. In this study, we describe the results of our excavations at a new site in the Maros-Pangkep karsts, Bulu Taroa 2 cave, that has significance for our understanding of the timing and nature of interactions between early Austronesians and Toaleans. Excavations at this site uncovered culturally-rich Austronesian layers dating to around 2600–2490 cal BP, thus coinciding with the late ‘Neolithic’ period in the large-scale open settlement sites in the Karama Valley to the north. The finds recovered from Bulu Taroa 2 suggest that the early Austronesian-speaking inhabitants adapted to the nearby coastal environment by intensively exploiting estuarine shellfish. Signs of cultural interactions with Toaleans are minimal. We surmise from this site that ancient Austronesians used some local caves as burial sites during the Metal phase, resulting in the disturbance of older stratified cultural layers.

在印度尼西亚南苏拉威西的马洛斯-庞格普喀斯特地区的考古研究，对该地区人类居住的悠久历史有了重要的认识。文化序列中鲜为人知的一部分是，在史前占领的后期阶段，南岛语农业社会的到来，以及南岛人与长期存在的托亚人狩猎-觅食人口的互动性质。这一时期的考古证据通常是有限的，而且经常受到地层学因素的影响，包括在许多遗址进行的广泛的沉积后扰动和地层改造，这使得对洞穴使用的各个阶段的深入了解具有挑战性。在这项研究中，我们描述了我们在马洛斯-庞格普喀斯特（Maros-Pangkep）喀斯特的一个新遗址，布鲁塔罗亚2洞穴的挖掘结果，这对我们理解早期南岛人和托利亚人之间相互作用的时间和性质具有重要意义。在该遗址的发掘中发现了距今约2600-2490 cal BP的南岛人文化丰富的地层，因此与北部卡拉玛山谷大规模开放定居点的“新石器时代”晚期相吻合。从布鲁塔罗亚2号发现的发现表明，早期说南岛语的居民通过大量开采河口贝类来适应附近的沿海环境。与托利安人文化互动的迹象很少。我们从这个遗址推测，古南岛人在金属期使用了一些当地的洞穴作为埋葬地点，导致旧的分层文化层受到干扰。

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引用次数: 0

Natufian architecture 12,000 years ago: Analyzing ‘building stones’ at Nahal Ein Gev II 1.2万年前的纳图夫建筑：分析纳哈尔·艾因盖夫二世的“建筑石头”

IF 0.9 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Archaeological Research in Asia

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ara.2025.100600

Laure Dubreuil , Leore Grosman

In the Southern Levant, the Natufians established a long-lasting tradition of using stones, along with other materials, for construction. Initial field observations at Nahal Ein Gev II suggested that such stones are natural blocks or cobbles that frequently underwent some kind of modification. To further investigate this pattern and better understand construction techniques and design, a protocol was developed at the site to record and analyze the construction stones, labelled BL for ‘Building Stones.’ This paper presents our initial results.

Our analysis reveals that basalt and limestone were commonly used as BL, consistent with the lithology of the geological formations around the site. A large proportion of the BL are broken, perhaps as a result of intentional ‘calibration’ of the stones aimed at making them fit into the structure's walls. Consistency in modal BL size reveals some of the norms that underlie the design of the structures. The presence of several types of sheen was noted on the BL; some forms being related to the use of bonding material employed in wall construction, while other forms may indicate surface treatment. Finally, the construction traditions documented at the site are considered in the broader context of Natufian technical innovation and inter-site variability.

在黎凡特南部，纳图夫人建立了使用石头和其他材料进行建筑的长期传统。在Nahal Ein Gev II的初步实地观察表明，这些石头是天然石块或鹅卵石，经常经过某种修饰。为了进一步研究这种模式，更好地了解建筑技术和设计，在现场制定了一项协议，记录和分析建筑石材，标记为BL （Building stones）。这篇论文展示了我们的初步结果。分析表明，主要以玄武岩和灰岩为基底，与遗址周围地质构造的岩性一致。大部分的BL都被破坏了，也许是故意“校准”石头的结果，目的是使它们适合结构的墙壁。模态基础尺寸的一致性揭示了结构设计背后的一些规范。在BL上发现了几种类型的光泽；有些形式与墙体结构中使用的粘合材料有关，而其他形式可能表明表面处理。最后，在更广泛的纳图夫技术创新和场地间变化的背景下，考虑了现场记录的建筑传统。

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引用次数: 0

Making spaces amongst the rocks: The construction, purpose and meaning of Late epipalaeolithic and PPNA buildings in the Harrat ash-Sham 在岩石之间制造空间：哈拉特-沙姆地区晚旧石器时代和PPNA建筑的建造、目的和意义

IF 0.9 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Archaeological Research in Asia

Pub Date : 2025-01-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.ara.2025.100603

Tobias Richter , Lisa Yeomans , Alexis Pantos

The Late Pleistocene and early Holocene inhabitants of the Qa’ Shubayqa in northeast Jordan's Harrat ash-Sham basalt desert constructed a remarkable array of buildings over the course of nearly 6000 years. We present the architectural evidence from two excavated archaeological sites in the area: Shubayqa 1 and 6 and reflect on the nature of Epipalaeolithic and Early Neolithic constructions, and the purpose and meaning of the uncovered buildings. The Shubayqa sites afford a rare opportunity to examine changes in architecture from the beginning of the Natufian to the end of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) in one confined area. We argue that construction at Shubayqa 1 and 6 followed different rhythms and that the materiality of stone used as a building material does not directly correlate with permanent or impermanent modes of inhabiting these places. This prompts a rethinking of how we analyse and understand architecture during the transition from the Epipalaeolithic to the Neolithic in southwest Asia.

约旦东北部哈拉特阿什沙姆玄武岩沙漠的Qa ' Shubayqa地区的居民在晚更新世和全新世早期建造了一系列引人注目的建筑，历时近6000年。我们展示了该地区两个考古遗址的建筑证据：舒巴伊卡1号和6号，并反思了上石器时代和新石器时代早期建筑的性质，以及未发现建筑的目的和意义。Shubayqa遗址提供了一个难得的机会，可以在一个有限的区域内研究从纳图夫开始到前陶器新石器时代a （PPNA）结束的建筑变化。我们认为，Shubayqa 1号和6号的建筑遵循不同的节奏，作为建筑材料的石头的材料与这些地方的永久或非永久居住模式没有直接关系。这促使我们重新思考如何分析和理解西南亚从上石器时代到新石器时代过渡时期的建筑。

引用次数: 0

Bodies in buildings: Human remains and the life histories of houses at Neolithic Çatalhöyük 建筑物中的尸体：新石器时代的人类遗骸和房屋的生活史Çatalhöyük

IF 0.9 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Archaeological Research in Asia

Pub Date : 2025-01-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.ara.2025.100598

Scott D. Haddow

At Neolithic Çatalhöyük (7100–6000 cal BCE), where evidence of monumental architecture and large communal spaces and structures is lacking, the house served as the focal point not only for domestic activities such as food processing and storage, but also for cyclical and periodic ritual activity including layered wall paintings, animal installations and burials. Human remains, in both primary and secondary burial contexts, are commonly found beneath the floors and platforms of houses. While intramural burials elsewhere in southwest Asia often took place in abandoned structures, most inhumations at Çatalhöyük occurred during the occupation phase of houses. The close association between human remains and the built environment can be seen in the way that bodies -whole or in part- were embedded in the fabric of houses to mark important architectural milestones. In this way, the construction, occupation, adornment, transformation and eventual abandonment of houses reflect and are entangled with the lives of the individuals buried within them. Using examples from the site, this paper presents and discusses the ways in which the “life histories” of houses are connected with the remains of individuals to form shared biographies.

在新石器时代Çatalhöyük（公元前7100-6000 cal BCE），缺乏纪念性建筑和大型公共空间和结构的证据，房子不仅是家庭活动（如食品加工和储存）的焦点，也是周期性和周期性的仪式活动（包括分层壁画，动物装置和葬礼）的焦点。人类遗骸，在初级和次级埋葬背景下，通常在房屋的地板和平台下发现。虽然西南亚其他地方的校内埋葬通常在废弃的建筑物中进行，但Çatalhöyük的大多数土葬发生在房屋占领阶段。人类遗骸和建筑环境之间的密切联系可以从整体或部分遗体嵌入房屋结构的方式中看出，以标志着重要的建筑里程碑。通过这种方式，房屋的建造、占用、装饰、改造和最终废弃反映并纠缠着埋葬在其中的个人的生活。本文以现场为例，介绍并讨论了房屋的“生活史”与个人遗骸相联系，形成共同传记的方式。

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引用次数: 0

A Natufian demographic cycle at el-Wad Terrace, Israel: The rise and fall of the architectural compound 以色列el-Wad Terrace的纳图夫人口周期：建筑大院的兴衰

IF 0.9 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Archaeological Research in Asia

Pub Date : 2025-01-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.ara.2025.100599

Reuven Yeshurun , Elisabetta Boaretto , Ma’ayan Lev , Meir Orbach , Catherine Ujma , Sigal Lavy-Elbaz , Linda Amos , Mina Weinstein-Evron

The earliest appearance of permanent architecture in the Levant coincided with intensified diets, starting at ca. 15,000 years ago, with the Natufian Culture. High-resolution studies of intra-Natufian change are needed for testing the intertwined effects of the novel built environment, subsistence patterns, and population dynamics. The deep Early Natufian sequence of el-Wad Terrace (Mount Carmel, Israel), provides a high-resolution record (ca. 14.8–13.1 ka) that includes an initial phase with little architecture, followed by the intensive architectural phase with ten stratified building levels, in turn capped by more ephemeral habitation levels. Using the rich zooarchaeological samples from each stage, as well as the Late Natufian layer, we test how hunting patterns and bone depositional histories changed with the mode of habitation. All of the 20 stratified samples we studied likely attest to domestic activities, differing in scale but not in type. The initial habitation at the pre-architectural stage appears as very diversified, but with weaker evidence for resource depletion. The subsequent architectural stage presents the most intensive butchery patterns and sediment build-up, together with some shifts in hunting patterns, and large gazelle body-size that may signal some overhunting. The post-architectural stage displays more specialized or seasonal hunting patterns, alongside taphonomic evidence of more frequent abandonments. We suggest that these developments correspond to at least one full demographic cycle, whereby population growth had been mediated for several generations by flexible subsistence strategies, but eventually led to a Malthusian phase and settlement reorganization. Natufian hamlets were dynamic, at times not incorporating permanent architecture. The built spaces—and the habitation dynamics they reflect—are more clearly understood when compared with the non-architectural phases.

黎凡特地区最早出现的永久性建筑与大约1.5万年前的纳图夫文化（natutian Culture）的强化饮食同时出现。需要对纳图夫内部的变化进行高分辨率的研究，以测试新型建筑环境、生存模式和人口动态的相互交织的影响。el-Wad Terrace （Mount Carmel, Israel）的早期纳图夫序列提供了一个高分辨率的记录（约14.8-13.1 ka），其中包括一个初始阶段，几乎没有建筑，随后是密集的建筑阶段，有十个分层的建筑层，依次是更短暂的居住层。利用来自每个阶段以及纳图夫晚期的丰富的动物考古样本，我们测试了狩猎模式和骨骼沉积历史是如何随着居住模式而变化的。我们研究的所有20个分层样本可能都证明了家庭活动，其规模不同，但类型相同。在前建筑阶段的最初居住似乎是非常多样化的，但资源枯竭的证据较弱。随后的建筑阶段呈现出最密集的屠杀模式和沉积物积聚，以及狩猎模式的一些变化，以及可能预示过度狩猎的大型瞪羚体型。后建筑阶段显示出更专业化或季节性的狩猎模式，以及更频繁的遗弃的地语学证据。我们认为，这些发展至少与一个完整的人口周期相对应，在这个周期中，几代人的人口增长由灵活的生存策略调节，但最终导致马尔萨斯阶段和聚落重组。纳图夫的村庄充满活力，有时没有固定的建筑。与非建筑阶段相比，建筑空间——以及它们所反映的居住动态——更容易理解。

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引用次数: 0

The spread of the domestic horse in northern China during the pre-Qin period and its influencing factors 先秦时期中国北方家马的传播及其影响因素

IF 0.9 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Archaeological Research in Asia

Pub Date : 2025-01-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.ara.2025.100596

Chao Lu, Linyao Du, Bo Tan, Liyuan Zheng, Yong Zhang, Wensheng Zhang, Lai Jiang, Lei Tang, Chengbang An

The latest research shows that horses were domesticated in western Eurasian Steppes and spread through Eurasia then. However, the process of spreading domestic horses in northern China and the factors that influence it remain unclear. This study systematically collected archaeological documents and related information on horse bones unearthed in northern China. We first sort out domestic horses' emergence and spatiotemporal distribution and then analyse them in the context of the natural environment and the history of human activities. Evidence shows domestic horses first entered the Loess Plateau region from the Altai Mountains-Hexi Corridor. As the climate became humid and the human occupation enforced, domestic horses appeared on the routes eastward from the Tianshan Mountains and southward from the Mongolian Plateau. Horse-drawn chariots were introduced to northern China around 1300 BCE, they first developed in the Central Plains due to the strong social foundation of the Shang Dynasty. After 1000 BCE, the spread of horseback pastoralism played an essential role in developing the arid inland areas of northern China.

最新的研究表明，马在欧亚西部大草原被驯化，然后在欧亚大陆传播。然而，国内马在中国北方传播的过程及其影响因素尚不清楚。本研究系统收集了中国北方出土马骨的考古文献及相关资料。首先梳理了驯养马的出现和时空分布，然后在自然环境和人类活动历史的背景下进行分析。有证据表明，家马最早是从阿尔泰山-河西走廊进入黄土高原地区的。随着气候的湿润和人类占领的加强，从天山向东和蒙古高原向南的路线上出现了驯养的马。马车在公元前1300年左右被引入中国北方，由于商朝强大的社会基础，它们首先在中原发展起来。公元前1000年以后，马背畜牧业的传播对中国北方干旱内陆地区的发展起了至关重要的作用。

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引用次数: 0

Formidable fortress: Historical cliff-top settlement and the role of Kisar Island in the Indo-Malaya trade network 强大的堡垒：历史上的悬崖顶上定居点和基萨尔岛在印度-马来亚贸易网络中的作用

IF 0.9 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Archaeological Research in Asia

Pub Date : 2025-01-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.ara.2025.100594

Hendri A.F. Kaharudin , Destario Metusala , Ati Rati Hidayah , Nugroho Purwono , Hafizhuddin

Kisar, a small limestone island in southeastern Indonesia, holds archaeological evidence of human habitation extending back to the Late Pleistocene. Among its significant sites, Negeri Lama Purpura stands out as the largest fortification on the island. First occupied in the 14th to 15th centuries CE, the site exemplifies the strategic use of elevated locations for coastal defense and visibility. This early occupation, preceding European colonial expansion, indicates that security concerns were already prominent before the rise of the spice and slave trade. The transition from small band societies to more complex village communities in Island Southeast Asia during the 11th to 15th centuries likely stemmed from climatic factors and the growth of regional trade networks. Kisar's historical challenges, including overpopulation, drought, and deforestation, were exacerbated by limited natural resources. Despite these constraints, its strategic location—north of Timor and between the Lesser Sunda and Maluku Islands—enabled it to flourish as a regional trade hub and center for cultural exchange. Artefacts such as pottery, ceramics, and Indo-Pacific glass beads from Negeri Lama Purpura highlight Kisar's integration into regional and global maritime trade networks.

Kisar是印度尼西亚东南部的一个石灰岩小岛，拥有人类居住的考古证据，可以追溯到晚更新世。在其重要遗址中，内格里喇嘛紫癜作为岛上最大的防御工事脱颖而出。该遗址最早于公元14至15世纪被占领，是利用高架位置进行海岸防御和提高能见度的战略例证。在欧洲殖民扩张之前的早期占领表明，在香料和奴隶贸易兴起之前，安全问题就已经很突出了。11至15世纪，东南亚岛屿从小部落社会过渡到更复杂的村庄社区，可能源于气候因素和区域贸易网络的发展。Kisar的历史挑战，包括人口过剩、干旱和森林砍伐，都因有限的自然资源而加剧。尽管存在这些限制，但它的战略位置——帝汶北部，小巽他群岛和马鲁古群岛之间——使它成为一个繁荣的区域贸易中心和文化交流中心。来自Negeri Lama Purpura的陶器、陶瓷和印太玻璃珠等文物凸显了Kisar融入区域和全球海上贸易网络的重要性。

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引用次数: 0