Pub Date : 2019-03-04DOI: 10.1080/13241583.2019.1579965
John Williams, Quentin Grafton
ABSTRACT We use published water balance data from irrigated cropping to show that water entitlements acquired for environmental purposes through water infrastructure subsidies in the Murray–Darling Basin, Australia, have resulted in smaller increases in net stream and river flows than is estimated by the Australian Government, and may even have reduced net stream and river flows. Two key policy implications arising from our results are: (1) subsidies to improve irrigation efficiency so as to increase stream and river flows must employ water accounting so that the effects on return flows are known and the volume of water extracted for irrigation is adjusted to achieve desired stream and river flows; and (2) if the net increases in stream and river flows in the MDB are much less than estimated by the Australian Government, water infrastructure subsidies to increase irrigation efficiency may have compromised the delivery of key objects of the Water Act (2007).
{"title":"Missing in action: possible effects of water recovery on stream and river flows in the Murray–Darling Basin, Australia","authors":"John Williams, Quentin Grafton","doi":"10.1080/13241583.2019.1579965","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13241583.2019.1579965","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT We use published water balance data from irrigated cropping to show that water entitlements acquired for environmental purposes through water infrastructure subsidies in the Murray–Darling Basin, Australia, have resulted in smaller increases in net stream and river flows than is estimated by the Australian Government, and may even have reduced net stream and river flows. Two key policy implications arising from our results are: (1) subsidies to improve irrigation efficiency so as to increase stream and river flows must employ water accounting so that the effects on return flows are known and the volume of water extracted for irrigation is adjusted to achieve desired stream and river flows; and (2) if the net increases in stream and river flows in the MDB are much less than estimated by the Australian Government, water infrastructure subsidies to increase irrigation efficiency may have compromised the delivery of key objects of the Water Act (2007).","PeriodicalId":51870,"journal":{"name":"Australasian Journal of Water Resources","volume":"23 1","pages":"78 - 87"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2019-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13241583.2019.1579965","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43922167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-02DOI: 10.1080/13241583.2019.1608688
L. Godden, R. Ison
ABSTRACT Environmental water governance is a highly contested space in which the legitimacy of institutional and legal models for water managing relies heavily, but indirectly, upon the effectiveness of community engagement. Accordingly, this article explores the relationship between legitimacy and participatory forms of decision-making in relation to public institutions with responsibility for environmental water governance in Australia. This examination explores the role that law and systems theory, working as transdisciplinary, theoretically informed praxis, can bring to an understanding of socio-ecological systems for environmental water governance. The Olifants River case study in South Africa provides a counterpoint to the investigation of environmental water institutions in the Murray–Darling Basin in Australia. As a grounded analysis of emergent forms of community engagement, the South African model illustrates how systemic affordances can introduce greater flexibility and choice, and thereby enhance the legitimacy of environmental water governance.
{"title":"Community participation: exploring legitimacy in socio-ecological systems for environmental water governance","authors":"L. Godden, R. Ison","doi":"10.1080/13241583.2019.1608688","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13241583.2019.1608688","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Environmental water governance is a highly contested space in which the legitimacy of institutional and legal models for water managing relies heavily, but indirectly, upon the effectiveness of community engagement. Accordingly, this article explores the relationship between legitimacy and participatory forms of decision-making in relation to public institutions with responsibility for environmental water governance in Australia. This examination explores the role that law and systems theory, working as transdisciplinary, theoretically informed praxis, can bring to an understanding of socio-ecological systems for environmental water governance. The Olifants River case study in South Africa provides a counterpoint to the investigation of environmental water institutions in the Murray–Darling Basin in Australia. As a grounded analysis of emergent forms of community engagement, the South African model illustrates how systemic affordances can introduce greater flexibility and choice, and thereby enhance the legitimacy of environmental water governance.","PeriodicalId":51870,"journal":{"name":"Australasian Journal of Water Resources","volume":"23 1","pages":"45 - 57"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13241583.2019.1608688","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42652641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-02DOI: 10.1080/13241583.2019.1589686
J. King
A little over 40 years ago, as South Africa began investigating the new concept of reserving some water for maintaining rivers, I wrote to several eminent river scientists around the world asking for their opinion on this. They had similar views – that it was a non-science, a grey science, vague, fuzzy, not worthy of their attention. A colleague at my university asked me when I was going to stop working with such trivia and concentrate on real science. True, it was a new thinking – uncharted waters – but I persevered and so, happily, did dozens of other water scientists around the world. From some of them has come a magnificent new book Water for the Environment, which charts the road to maturity of this discipline and its increasing positioning at the heart of Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM). Fifty-nine contributors, including the five editors, have written 27 chapters that illustrate the complexity and widening reach of the concept of water for sustaining freshwater ecosystems. The chapters are distributed in seven sections that move logically through topics:
{"title":"Water for the environment: from policy and science to implementation and management","authors":"J. King","doi":"10.1080/13241583.2019.1589686","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13241583.2019.1589686","url":null,"abstract":"A little over 40 years ago, as South Africa began investigating the new concept of reserving some water for maintaining rivers, I wrote to several eminent river scientists around the world asking for their opinion on this. They had similar views – that it was a non-science, a grey science, vague, fuzzy, not worthy of their attention. A colleague at my university asked me when I was going to stop working with such trivia and concentrate on real science. True, it was a new thinking – uncharted waters – but I persevered and so, happily, did dozens of other water scientists around the world. From some of them has come a magnificent new book Water for the Environment, which charts the road to maturity of this discipline and its increasing positioning at the heart of Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM). Fifty-nine contributors, including the five editors, have written 27 chapters that illustrate the complexity and widening reach of the concept of water for sustaining freshwater ecosystems. The chapters are distributed in seven sections that move logically through topics:","PeriodicalId":51870,"journal":{"name":"Australasian Journal of Water Resources","volume":"23 1","pages":"67 - 68"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13241583.2019.1589686","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46880483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-02DOI: 10.1080/13241583.2019.1600393
R. Nelson
ABSTRACT Environmental water management in relation to groundwater occurs mainly by controlling groundwater withdrawals under water and environmental assessments and approvals, rather than by actively managing groundwater rights for environmental purposes. Despite apparently close regulation of coal mining and coal seam gas developments, significant public concerns remain regarding the assessment and approval processes that seek to control their cumulative effects on groundwater-dependent ecosystems. This paper analyses a key element of concern: regulatory aspects of water data relevant to assessments and approvals. It outlines a three-part framework for considering requirements for water information in the regulatory context. It then analyses Australian federal legal requirements in relation to water information and data from a new nationwide, exploratory survey of groundwater professionals. Both suggest improved legal measures are required to govern the nature of groundwater data that is produced by governments and proponents, and how and when it is produced.
{"title":"Water data and the legitimacy deficit: a regulatory review and nationwide survey of challenges considering cumulative environmental effects of coal and coal seam gas developments","authors":"R. Nelson","doi":"10.1080/13241583.2019.1600393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13241583.2019.1600393","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Environmental water management in relation to groundwater occurs mainly by controlling groundwater withdrawals under water and environmental assessments and approvals, rather than by actively managing groundwater rights for environmental purposes. Despite apparently close regulation of coal mining and coal seam gas developments, significant public concerns remain regarding the assessment and approval processes that seek to control their cumulative effects on groundwater-dependent ecosystems. This paper analyses a key element of concern: regulatory aspects of water data relevant to assessments and approvals. It outlines a three-part framework for considering requirements for water information in the regulatory context. It then analyses Australian federal legal requirements in relation to water information and data from a new nationwide, exploratory survey of groundwater professionals. Both suggest improved legal measures are required to govern the nature of groundwater data that is produced by governments and proponents, and how and when it is produced.","PeriodicalId":51870,"journal":{"name":"Australasian Journal of Water Resources","volume":"23 1","pages":"24 - 34"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13241583.2019.1600393","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43306917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-09DOI: 10.1080/13241583.2018.1505994
S. Jackson
ABSTRACT This paper positions legitimacy and trust within a post-colonial theoretical frame, challenging the fundamentals of Australia’s water governance system as well as the presumptions of neutrality that underpin liberal water management principles of participation and inclusion. In a settler colonial society like Australia that until very recently excluded Indigenous people from all forms of water governance, there are significant questions to be asked about legitimacy and trust in its water regulatory regimes, guiding policy directions and the fairness of the outcomes generated by its institutions. The paper describes attempts to build cross-cultural collaborative research and management partnerships in the environmental water sector and points to formal agreements as a mechanism through which parties, including governments, can negotiate rules governing legitimacy. As an expression of self-determination and recognition of the legitimacy of Indigenous modes of governance, agreements represent a marked improvement on the exclusionary legal, policy and knowledge-production processes that have shaped our current arrangements.
{"title":"Building trust and establishing legitimacy across scientific, water management and Indigenous cultures","authors":"S. Jackson","doi":"10.1080/13241583.2018.1505994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13241583.2018.1505994","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper positions legitimacy and trust within a post-colonial theoretical frame, challenging the fundamentals of Australia’s water governance system as well as the presumptions of neutrality that underpin liberal water management principles of participation and inclusion. In a settler colonial society like Australia that until very recently excluded Indigenous people from all forms of water governance, there are significant questions to be asked about legitimacy and trust in its water regulatory regimes, guiding policy directions and the fairness of the outcomes generated by its institutions. The paper describes attempts to build cross-cultural collaborative research and management partnerships in the environmental water sector and points to formal agreements as a mechanism through which parties, including governments, can negotiate rules governing legitimacy. As an expression of self-determination and recognition of the legitimacy of Indigenous modes of governance, agreements represent a marked improvement on the exclusionary legal, policy and knowledge-production processes that have shaped our current arrangements.","PeriodicalId":51870,"journal":{"name":"Australasian Journal of Water Resources","volume":"23 1","pages":"14 - 23"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2018-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13241583.2018.1505994","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46323093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-03DOI: 10.1080/13241583.2018.1553417
K. Daniell, T. Daniell
Is the expertise of professionals, including scientists and engineers in crisis? It is hard to remember the number of times in recent months that issues of the ‘post-truth world’ have been raised in public fora and the media by different people, including frustrated advocates of issues such as action on climate change. The claim is that with an increase in fake news and alternative sources of information available through online and social media, it is increasingly hard for news based on real evidence and ‘the truth’ to influence important parts of the voting society, which is skewing political decision-making. Although there may be some changes in recent history in the mode and volume of online news, we would contend that the underlying tension between competing views on issues, including those that are entirely fabricated are not new and have been at work in society for decades, if not hundreds or thousands of years (think typical political propaganda by ruling political regimes, retracted scientific studies based on fabricated data and even the long traditions of literary fiction vs. non-fiction). Story-telling plays an important role in our imaginations and subsequent actions in society; however, whether or not we are able to ascertain whether something is fiction or not, has obviously been an important challenge through history. Looking more closely at our Australasian region and water-related issues in particular, there have also been multiple challenges not necessarily of the same scale of ‘fake’ vs ‘true’, but rather competing visions of impacts of particular phenomena. Many of these are underlain by expertise of different types, and various assumptions and knowledge of how these phenomena function and their subsequent wider impacts. This can be seen with particular clarity when analysing submissions to public enquiries on water policy or through water-related legal cases or commissions requiring expert witnesses. As Nathan (2018) reflects in his Munro Oration, the legal system can often put experts into adversarial positions and bring their expertise and expert opinions into question, even when the experts might be able to come to a common opinion themselves through debate, analysis and discussion. When there are adversarial politics at play, regardless of which particular expertise or experts are involved, the concept of ‘trust’ becomes important. This is particularly important if someone does not have the time and expertise themselves to understand or unpick someone’s view and judge it. Instead, they rely on their own analysis and gut feel – do I trust this person, and in particular, more than others? If this is the case then they will likely listen to what they have to say and consider that what they are saying is ‘the truth’, or at least one version that they can live with. What does this mean for water professionals, including those seeking to support action on climate change and other water-related policy and practice? Although pot
{"title":"Expertise, humility and trust: assets of water professionals under threat in uncertain, complex and ambiguous environments?","authors":"K. Daniell, T. Daniell","doi":"10.1080/13241583.2018.1553417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13241583.2018.1553417","url":null,"abstract":"Is the expertise of professionals, including scientists and engineers in crisis? It is hard to remember the number of times in recent months that issues of the ‘post-truth world’ have been raised in public fora and the media by different people, including frustrated advocates of issues such as action on climate change. The claim is that with an increase in fake news and alternative sources of information available through online and social media, it is increasingly hard for news based on real evidence and ‘the truth’ to influence important parts of the voting society, which is skewing political decision-making. Although there may be some changes in recent history in the mode and volume of online news, we would contend that the underlying tension between competing views on issues, including those that are entirely fabricated are not new and have been at work in society for decades, if not hundreds or thousands of years (think typical political propaganda by ruling political regimes, retracted scientific studies based on fabricated data and even the long traditions of literary fiction vs. non-fiction). Story-telling plays an important role in our imaginations and subsequent actions in society; however, whether or not we are able to ascertain whether something is fiction or not, has obviously been an important challenge through history. Looking more closely at our Australasian region and water-related issues in particular, there have also been multiple challenges not necessarily of the same scale of ‘fake’ vs ‘true’, but rather competing visions of impacts of particular phenomena. Many of these are underlain by expertise of different types, and various assumptions and knowledge of how these phenomena function and their subsequent wider impacts. This can be seen with particular clarity when analysing submissions to public enquiries on water policy or through water-related legal cases or commissions requiring expert witnesses. As Nathan (2018) reflects in his Munro Oration, the legal system can often put experts into adversarial positions and bring their expertise and expert opinions into question, even when the experts might be able to come to a common opinion themselves through debate, analysis and discussion. When there are adversarial politics at play, regardless of which particular expertise or experts are involved, the concept of ‘trust’ becomes important. This is particularly important if someone does not have the time and expertise themselves to understand or unpick someone’s view and judge it. Instead, they rely on their own analysis and gut feel – do I trust this person, and in particular, more than others? If this is the case then they will likely listen to what they have to say and consider that what they are saying is ‘the truth’, or at least one version that they can live with. What does this mean for water professionals, including those seeking to support action on climate change and other water-related policy and practice? Although pot","PeriodicalId":51870,"journal":{"name":"Australasian Journal of Water Resources","volume":"22 1","pages":"100 - 97"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2018-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13241583.2018.1553417","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44726539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-03DOI: 10.1080/13241583.2018.1497125
M. Barry, P. Coombes
ABSTRACT A robust understanding of water security, and the potential contributions made by alternative management strategies, is needed for a world challenged by population growth and climate-driven resource scarcity. This understanding is vital for realising our visions and plans to build future sustainable and resilient cities that have lesser impacts on increasingly scarce environmental and economic resources. The implications of making average demand assumptions on water security predictions and distribution patterns are investigated using calibrated bottom-up multi-scale numerical (Systems Framework) models of the Greater Melbourne and Sydney water networks and observed demand data. The calibrated Systems Framework models, which are highly spatially and temporally resolved, are progressively modified through erosion of the temporal and spatial granularity of their boundary conditions by replacing demands with various average assumptions. It is shown that average assumptions lead to material differences in model predictive behaviour, and that the directions of these differences are unpredictable and sometimes lead to counter-intuitive outcomes. It is concluded that the application of average assumptions of any kind is problematic (from both pure statistical and numerical modelling standpoints) and has the potential to heavily influence infrastructure investment and, more broadly, policy direction.
{"title":"Planning resilient water resources and communities: the need for a bottom-up systems approach","authors":"M. Barry, P. Coombes","doi":"10.1080/13241583.2018.1497125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13241583.2018.1497125","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT A robust understanding of water security, and the potential contributions made by alternative management strategies, is needed for a world challenged by population growth and climate-driven resource scarcity. This understanding is vital for realising our visions and plans to build future sustainable and resilient cities that have lesser impacts on increasingly scarce environmental and economic resources. The implications of making average demand assumptions on water security predictions and distribution patterns are investigated using calibrated bottom-up multi-scale numerical (Systems Framework) models of the Greater Melbourne and Sydney water networks and observed demand data. The calibrated Systems Framework models, which are highly spatially and temporally resolved, are progressively modified through erosion of the temporal and spatial granularity of their boundary conditions by replacing demands with various average assumptions. It is shown that average assumptions lead to material differences in model predictive behaviour, and that the directions of these differences are unpredictable and sometimes lead to counter-intuitive outcomes. It is concluded that the application of average assumptions of any kind is problematic (from both pure statistical and numerical modelling standpoints) and has the potential to heavily influence infrastructure investment and, more broadly, policy direction.","PeriodicalId":51870,"journal":{"name":"Australasian Journal of Water Resources","volume":"22 1","pages":"113 - 136"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2018-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13241583.2018.1497125","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44801477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-03DOI: 10.1080/13241583.2018.1553414
R. Nathan
ABSTRACT This paper highlights mistakes that have helped shape my professional career. I use examples of personal, as well as technical failures to explore some guiding principles that I have found useful when navigating my professional journey. It is only the rarest of technical gurus who can afford to ignore the limitations of their personal interactions: to be impactful, the rest of us need to give as much, if not more, attention to soft skills than we do to our technical ones. I thus discuss the qualities that I think are needed to leverage technical strengths, and I outline some professional behaviours that I think are required to be effective. I also outline some high level technical themes that I have found important as a hydrologist. These cover the challenges of extrapolation, the analysis of joint interactions in compound events, the differentiation between hydrologic change and variability, and the value of separately considering different sources of uncertainty.
{"title":"Lessons from my failures","authors":"R. Nathan","doi":"10.1080/13241583.2018.1553414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13241583.2018.1553414","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper highlights mistakes that have helped shape my professional career. I use examples of personal, as well as technical failures to explore some guiding principles that I have found useful when navigating my professional journey. It is only the rarest of technical gurus who can afford to ignore the limitations of their personal interactions: to be impactful, the rest of us need to give as much, if not more, attention to soft skills than we do to our technical ones. I thus discuss the qualities that I think are needed to leverage technical strengths, and I outline some professional behaviours that I think are required to be effective. I also outline some high level technical themes that I have found important as a hydrologist. These cover the challenges of extrapolation, the analysis of joint interactions in compound events, the differentiation between hydrologic change and variability, and the value of separately considering different sources of uncertainty.","PeriodicalId":51870,"journal":{"name":"Australasian Journal of Water Resources","volume":"22 1","pages":"101 - 112"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2018-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13241583.2018.1553414","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46055179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-02DOI: 10.1080/13241583.2018.1452329
M. Srinivasan, A. Suren
ABSTRACT A field study was conducted on the West Coast of the South Island, New Zealand, to investigate the transport of 1080 (sodium fluoroacetate) from RS5 baits in rainfall. Two kilogram of baits was hand-laid on a hill adjacent to a stream, immediately before forecast rain. Overland, groundwater (<1 m from surface) and stream samples collected during and immediately after the event recorded no detectable levels (method detection limit, 0.1 ppb) of 1080. Less than 0.7% of rainfall was recorded as overland flow. Even as a large proportion of rainfall infiltrated into the soil, likely carrying dissolved 1080 with it, no groundwater contamination was detected. Of the seven soil water samples that had detectable levels, the highest concentration (1.4 ppb) observed was below the NZ Ministry of Health standard for drinking water (3.5 ppb). The findings suggest that the potential for 1080 to contaminate receiving waters (including soil, ground and surface water) under normal operational conditions is considered insignificant.
{"title":"Tracking 1080 (sodium fluoroacetate) in surface and subsurface flows during a rainfall event: a hillslope-scale field study","authors":"M. Srinivasan, A. Suren","doi":"10.1080/13241583.2018.1452329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13241583.2018.1452329","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT A field study was conducted on the West Coast of the South Island, New Zealand, to investigate the transport of 1080 (sodium fluoroacetate) from RS5 baits in rainfall. Two kilogram of baits was hand-laid on a hill adjacent to a stream, immediately before forecast rain. Overland, groundwater (<1 m from surface) and stream samples collected during and immediately after the event recorded no detectable levels (method detection limit, 0.1 ppb) of 1080. Less than 0.7% of rainfall was recorded as overland flow. Even as a large proportion of rainfall infiltrated into the soil, likely carrying dissolved 1080 with it, no groundwater contamination was detected. Of the seven soil water samples that had detectable levels, the highest concentration (1.4 ppb) observed was below the NZ Ministry of Health standard for drinking water (3.5 ppb). The findings suggest that the potential for 1080 to contaminate receiving waters (including soil, ground and surface water) under normal operational conditions is considered insignificant.","PeriodicalId":51870,"journal":{"name":"Australasian Journal of Water Resources","volume":"22 1","pages":"71 - 77"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2018-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13241583.2018.1452329","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45122187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-02DOI: 10.1080/13241583.2018.1475441
S. Singh, G. Griffiths, A. Mckerchar
ABSTRACT Temporal patterns for design hyetographs are estimated by the average variability method for the main regions of New Zealand based on the records from regional clusters of at least five rain gauges with 30 year records. An asymmetric hyperbolic tangent function is used to model non-dimensional cumulative hyetographs for durations from one to 72 h. Results from this reconnaissance study indicate that the largest hyetograph peaks occur near the middle of a storm of 12 or 24 h duration. Slightly lower peaks occur marginally earlier for 1, 6 and 48 h duration peak. Both the 48 and 72 h durations have the lowest but similar peak sizes and the latter occurs latest in a storm for all durations. There is little difference between the cumulative hyetographs for all durations and regions between the North and South Islands and no apparent influence of return period on the results. Considerably more data from more locations are required to make substantive progress in empirical estimation of temporal rainfall patterns, to better understand the influence of return period and to define patterns for durations less than one hour. Hyetographs presented in this study should only be used as a guideline in design.
{"title":"Temporal patterns for design hyetographs in New Zealand","authors":"S. Singh, G. Griffiths, A. Mckerchar","doi":"10.1080/13241583.2018.1475441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13241583.2018.1475441","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Temporal patterns for design hyetographs are estimated by the average variability method for the main regions of New Zealand based on the records from regional clusters of at least five rain gauges with 30 year records. An asymmetric hyperbolic tangent function is used to model non-dimensional cumulative hyetographs for durations from one to 72 h. Results from this reconnaissance study indicate that the largest hyetograph peaks occur near the middle of a storm of 12 or 24 h duration. Slightly lower peaks occur marginally earlier for 1, 6 and 48 h duration peak. Both the 48 and 72 h durations have the lowest but similar peak sizes and the latter occurs latest in a storm for all durations. There is little difference between the cumulative hyetographs for all durations and regions between the North and South Islands and no apparent influence of return period on the results. Considerably more data from more locations are required to make substantive progress in empirical estimation of temporal rainfall patterns, to better understand the influence of return period and to define patterns for durations less than one hour. Hyetographs presented in this study should only be used as a guideline in design.","PeriodicalId":51870,"journal":{"name":"Australasian Journal of Water Resources","volume":"22 1","pages":"78 - 83"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2018-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13241583.2018.1475441","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48587368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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