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Improving Australia’s flood record for planning purposes – can we do better? 为规划目的改善澳大利亚的洪水记录——我们能做得更好吗?
IF 3.2 Q2 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2020-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/13241583.2020.1745735
K. Allen, P. Hope, D. Lam, J. Brown, R. Wasson
ABSTRACT Extreme rainfall is projected to increase with climate change, but the impact of climate change on floods is uncertain. Infrastructure design based on information available from short gauged time series (typically ~30 – 80 years) may not take account of the full range of possible flood events, or be suitable for identifying non-stationarity. Australian palaeoflood and palaeo-hydroclimate records drawn from a wide variety of natural archives and documentary sources suggest that Australia has been subjected to larger flood events in the past; a pluvial period for eastern Australia in the eighteenth Century is particularly note-worthy. If the current infrastructure is inadequate for past floods, it is unlikely it will adequately mitigate future floods. We discuss how improved awareness, and incorporation, of palaeoflood records in risk estimates could help guide infrastructure planning and design, flood event prediction and inform flood mitigation policy. This is particularly relevant for Australia with its notoriously variable hydroclimate.
摘要极端降雨量预计将随着气候变化而增加,但气候变化对洪水的影响尚不确定。基于短期时间序列(通常为30-80年)中可用信息的基础设施设计可能没有考虑到可能发生的洪水事件的全部范围,或者不适合识别非平稳性。从各种自然档案和文献资料中提取的澳大利亚古洪水和古水文气候记录表明,澳大利亚过去曾遭受过更大的洪水事件;18世纪澳大利亚东部的一个多雨时期尤其值得注意。如果目前的基础设施不足以应对过去的洪水,那么就不太可能充分缓解未来的洪水。我们讨论了提高对古洪水记录的认识,并将其纳入风险评估,如何有助于指导基础设施规划和设计、洪水事件预测,并为防洪政策提供信息。这对澳大利亚来说尤其重要,因为它的水文气候变化臭名昭著。
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引用次数: 5
Quantifying intangible benefits of water sensitive urban systems and practices: an overview of non-market valuation studies 量化对水敏感的城市系统和实践的无形利益:非市场估价研究综述
IF 3.2 Q2 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2020-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/13241583.2020.1746174
A. Gunawardena, S. Iftekhar, James Fogarty
ABSTRACT The positive impacts of water sensitive urban investments on the environment, community well-being, and lifestyles are widely recognised, but the process of formally quantifying these intangible benefits remains an underdeveloped research area. The monetary value of intangible benefits can be estimated using non-market valuation techniques. Here, we provide a review of over 190 existing non-market valuation studies related to water sensitive urban systems and practices that have reported dollar value estimates for intangible benefits. The empirical evidence suggests that communities are willing to make financial contributions towards projects that deliver intangible benefits. As such, incorporating the intangible benefits of water sensitive urban systems and practices into project evaluation processes is important. Unfortunately, attempts to evaluate water-sensitive urban projects based on both tangible and intangible benefits are rare. The summary and synthesis of existing research in this area is presented in the hope that it will facilitate greater use of intangible benefits in project evaluations.
水敏感型城市投资对环境、社区福祉和生活方式的积极影响已得到广泛认可,但正式量化这些无形利益的过程仍然是一个不发达的研究领域。无形利益的货币价值可以用非市场估价技术来估计。在这里,我们回顾了190多项与水敏感型城市系统和实践相关的现有非市场评估研究,这些研究报告了无形利益的美元价值估算。经验证据表明,社区愿意为提供无形利益的项目做出财政贡献。因此,将水敏感型城市系统和实践的无形利益纳入项目评估过程是很重要的。不幸的是,基于有形和无形利益来评估对水敏感的城市项目的尝试很少。现对这一领域的现有研究进行总结和综合,希望它将有助于在项目评价中更多地利用无形利益。
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引用次数: 16
Australian dams and reservoirs within a global setting 全球环境下的澳大利亚水坝和水库
IF 3.2 Q2 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2020-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/13241583.2020.1733743
T. McMahon, C. Petheram
ABSTRACT There has been a resurgence of interest in the construction of large dams worldwide. This study examined many dams from around the world (>10,000) and compared them to a comprehensive dataset developed for Australia (224) to provide insights that might otherwise not be apparent from examining just one or several dams. The dam datasets (ICOLD and ANCOLD) largely confirm existing narratives on Australian dam construction. Compared to dams from Rest of the World (RoW), Australian dams were found to: have larger reservoir capacities and spillway capacities for a given catchment area; have higher dam walls for a given capacity; and result in higher degrees of river regulation. A range of general relationships among reservoir capacities, reservoir surface areas, and catchment areas are presented which can be used in reconnaissance or pre-feasibility studies and for global hydrologic modelling when dam and reservoir information are required as input.
在世界范围内,人们对建设大型水坝的兴趣重新燃起。这项研究调查了来自世界各地的许多水坝(100万),并将它们与为澳大利亚开发的综合数据集(224)进行了比较,以提供仅检查一个或几个水坝可能不明显的见解。大坝数据集(ICOLD和ANCOLD)在很大程度上证实了关于澳大利亚大坝建设的现有叙述。与世界其他地区(RoW)的水坝相比,澳大利亚的水坝被发现:在给定的集水区具有更大的水库容量和溢洪道容量;在给定的容量下有更高的坝墙;并导致更高程度的河流整治。提出了水库容量、水库表面积和集水区之间的一系列一般关系,这些关系可用于侦察或预可行性研究,以及在需要水坝和水库信息作为输入时用于全球水文建模。
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引用次数: 6
Floods after bushfires: rapid responses for reducing impacts of sediment, ash, and nutrient slugs 森林大火后的洪水:减少沉积物、灰烬和营养蛞蝓影响的快速反应
IF 3.2 Q2 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2020-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/13241583.2020.1717694
J. Alexandra, C. Finlayson
Australia’s mega-fires of 2019–2020 have burnt over ten millions of hectares 1 – almost twice the size of the 2019 Amazon fires (; Woodward 2020). Forested mountain ranges across the country – the ...
澳大利亚2019-2020年的特大火灾已经烧毁了1000多万公顷1,几乎是2019年亚马逊大火的两倍(;Woodward 2020)。遍布全国的森林山脉——。。。
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引用次数: 16
Water systems and disruptions: the ‘old abnormal’? 供水系统和中断:“旧的异常”?
IF 3.2 Q2 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2020-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/13241583.2020.1780732
K. Daniell
ABSTRACT The dual nature of water – giver of life and massive disruptor – is not new. There is rarely one equilibrium state for a water system; there are multiple different states natural water systems cycle through. And human-induced changes to water systems, including through the use of technologies to modify and exploit them, and through climate change, further accentuate the opportunities for extreme disruptions to society. Human history is dotted with examples of challenges in managing water systems and disruptions. This year, parts of Australasia have seen widespread drought, massive fires, smoke pollution, ecological destruction, hail storms, cyclones and now a pandemic, COVID-19, protection from which requires adequate safe water and space for hygiene and limiting transmission. Our notions of time, space and connection to others and our environment, including water, have again come into focus as we search for a new equilibrium after this wave of disruptions – a ‘new normal’. But is this just a very human desire for stability amid the seeming chaos? Instead, do we instead need to get better at managing more appropriately through the ‘old abnormal’: the continuous variability, change and increasingly extreme events due in part to human modification and societal expansion across the planet? This editorial paper provides a reflection on the moment we have found ourselves in at the beginning of 2020. It draws together insights from a range of water science and management challenges presented in the papers of this issue, in order to chart some positive ways for more appropriately navigating water systems and their future disruptions.
摘要水的双重性质——生命的给予者和巨大的破坏者——并不是什么新鲜事。水系统很少有一种平衡状态;自然水系统有多种不同的循环状态。人类对水系统的改变,包括通过使用技术来改造和利用水系统,以及通过气候变化,进一步加剧了对社会造成极端破坏的机会。人类历史上有许多例子表明,在管理供水系统和供水中断方面存在挑战。今年,澳大拉西亚部分地区出现了大范围干旱、大规模火灾、烟雾污染、生态破坏、冰雹风暴、旋风,现在又出现了一场大流行新冠肺炎,需要足够的安全用水和卫生空间来保护和限制传播。我们对时间、空间以及与他人和环境(包括水)的联系的概念再次成为焦点,因为在这一波破坏之后,我们正在寻找一种新的平衡——一种“新常态”。但这只是人类在看似混乱的情况下对稳定的渴望吗?相反,我们是否需要更好地管理“旧的异常”:持续的变异、变化和越来越极端的事件,部分原因是人类的改造和全球社会的扩张?这篇社论对我们在2020年初所处的时刻进行了反思。它汇集了本期论文中提出的一系列水科学和管理挑战的见解,以制定一些积极的方法,更恰当地引导水系统及其未来的破坏。
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引用次数: 7
Why we disagree about the Murray–Darling Basin Plan: water reform, environmental knowledge and the science-policy decision context 为什么我们不同意墨累-达令盆地计划:水改革、环境知识和科学政策决策背景
IF 3.2 Q2 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2019-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/13241583.2019.1664878
M. Colloff, J. Pittock
ABSTRACT Narratives emerging from the interaction between science and policy set the common language for understanding complex environmental issues. We explore discourses of contestation over a major environmental policy, the Murray–Darling Basin Plan, intended to re-allocate irrigation water to restore the environment in south-eastern Australia. We examine three areas of scientific knowledge and decision-making at the science-policy interface: (1) water accounting and availability; (2) perspectives on ecological change and (3) issues of trust and the management of environmental water. Engagement and communication between scientists, bureaucrats and the public forms the basis for understanding contestation: over different sets of values, expectations of what scientists can deliver, perceptions of risk and uncertainty, interpretation of conflicting messages and economic development versus conservation. The Basin Plan was shaped by institutional processes not designed to account for such differences and has inadvertently promoted contestation through exclusion of world views that do not fit those of the decision makers. We consider how the Basin Plan can be re-framed by changing the values, rules and knowledge that set the decision context. These changes enable the Basin Plan to be re-conceptualised from a problem to be solved to an idea that can mobilise imaginative engagement by agents with diverse perspectives.
科学与政策之间的相互作用所产生的叙述为理解复杂的环境问题提供了共同的语言。我们探讨了关于一项主要环境政策——墨累-达令盆地计划的争论,该计划旨在重新分配灌溉用水以恢复澳大利亚东南部的环境。我们研究了科学知识和决策在科学-政策界面的三个领域:(1)水会计和可用性;(2)生态变化的观点;(3)信任和环境水管理的问题。科学家、官僚和公众之间的接触和沟通构成了理解争论的基础:关于不同的价值观、对科学家所能提供的东西的期望、对风险和不确定性的看法、对相互冲突的信息的解释以及经济发展与保护。《流域计划》是由没有考虑到这种差异的体制程序形成的,通过排除不符合决策者的世界观,无意中促进了争论。我们考虑如何通过改变设定决策背景的价值观、规则和知识来重新构建盆地计划。这些变化使盆地计划从一个待解决的问题重新概念化为一个可以调动具有不同观点的代理人的想象力参与的想法。
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引用次数: 42
Discussion on 'Large floods in South East Queensland: is it valid to assume they occur randomly?' by GM McMahon and AS Kiem 关于“昆士兰东南部大洪水”的讨论:假设它们是随机发生的是否有效?由通用汽车麦克马洪(GM McMahon)和AS Kiem撰写
IF 3.2 Q2 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2019-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/13241583.2019.1669970
R. French, M. Jones
No doubt the authors’ paper was received with many mutterings of ‘You have to be out of your cottonpickin’ minds, Piglets. I’ve been doing flood frequency analyses since I was in three-cornered pants and the idea that floods come in cycles has to be total bovine excrement!’ It is understandable that longterm compliance with Australian Rainfall and Runoff (Pattison 1977; Pilgrim 1987; Ball et al. 2016) could result in practitioners truly believing that annual floods are perfectly random entities and that they always occur according to the Log-Pearson Type III (LP3) distribution. That statistical distribution, first devised in 1888 by Pearson to describe skewed data, has come to us through five U.S. studies from 1966 to 1982, after which Stedinger and Griffis (2008) commented: ‘Bobée and Ashkar (1991, 76) observe that since the official adoption of the LP3 distribution in the United States and Australia, “its application to the study of floods has been both extensive and widespread.” Still a concern is whether the adopted LP3 distribution with log-space moments is a good choice . . . the true distribution will never be known.’ Bypassing that philosophical profundity in favour of practicality, Australian Rainfall and Runoff (Ball et al. 2016) continues to follow U.S. practice in its Book 3 Chapter 2 and encapsulates it in TUFLOWFlike flood frequency software. Since then, the U.S. has produced Bulletin 17C (England et al. 2018) to strengthen a number of identified areas of weakness and has resulted in USGS PeakFQ version 7.1 and USACE HEC-SSP 2.1 software. But with all its tweaking, the LP3 distribution is not omnipotent. Under the sub-heading Decadal Trends in Annual Peak Streamflow, Mastin et al. (2016, 12) declare: ‘In the Pacific Northwest region, decadal shifts in precipitation are linked to atmospheric circulation and sea surface temperatures (Cayan et al. 1998). As result, decadal trends in annual peak flows are evident at many sites’ as shown by their Figure 7. It appears that the semicyclicity of flooding is the new reality for flood hydrologists. An examination of LP3-advocating Bulletin 17C flood records at 01134500 Moose River at Victory VT suggests the biggest floods may occur on a 20-year semi-cycle on the U.S. East Coast (England et al. 2018, Table 10.3). And it is not that Australians are ignorant of the lumpiness of flooding. Australian Rainfall and Runoff (Ball et al. 2016) Book 3 Chapter 2.2.1 states: ‘Climate may experience pseudo-periodic shifts that persist over periods lasting from several years to several decades. There is growing evidence that parts of Australia are subject to such forcing and that this significantly affects flood risk . . . practitioners are therefore advised to keep abreast of new developments.’ Questions for the authors are:
毫无疑问,作者的论文收到时有很多人在喃喃自语:“小猪,你一定是疯了。”。从我穿着三角裤开始,我就一直在做洪水频率分析,洪水是周期性的,这一定是牛粪!”可以理解的是,长期遵守澳大利亚降雨和径流(Pattison 1977;Pilgrim 1987;Ball等人2016)可能会让从业者真正相信,年度洪水是完全随机的,并且它们总是根据Log-Pearson III型(LP3)分布发生。皮尔逊于1888年首次设计了这种统计分布来描述偏斜的数据,从1966年到1982年,通过五项美国研究,Stedinger和Griffis(2008)评论道:“Bobée和Ashkar(199176)观察到,自美国和澳大利亚正式采用LP3分布以来,“它在洪水研究中的应用既广泛又广泛。”仍然令人担忧的是,采用具有对数空间矩的LP3分布是否是一个好的选择。真实的分布永远不会为人所知澳大利亚降雨和径流(Ball等人,2016)在其第3卷第2章中继续遵循美国的做法,并将其封装在TUFLOWFlike洪水频率软件中。此后,美国发布了公告17C(England等人,2018),以加强一些已确定的薄弱环节,并推出了USGS PeakFQ 7.1版和USACE HEC-SSP 2.1软件。但经过种种调整,LP3的分布并非无所不能。Mastin等人(2016,12)在年度峰值流量的十年趋势下宣布:“在太平洋西北地区,降水量的十年变化与大气环流和海面温度有关(Cayan等人,1998)。因此,如图7所示,在许多地点,年峰值流量的十年趋势是明显的。洪水的半周期性似乎是洪水水文学家面临的新现实。对胜利VT穆斯河01134500处LP3倡导公告17C洪水记录的研究表明,最大的洪水可能发生在美国东海岸20年半周期内(England等人,2018,表10.3)。澳大利亚人并不是不知道洪水的严重性。澳大利亚降雨和径流(Ball等人,2016)第3卷第2.2.1章指出:“气候可能会经历持续数年至数十年的伪周期性变化。越来越多的证据表明,澳大利亚部分地区受到这种强迫,这严重影响了洪水风险。因此,建议从业人员及时了解新的发展作者的问题是:
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引用次数: 1
Discussion on 'Temporal patterns for design hyetographs in New Zealand' by SK Singh, GA Griffiths and AI McKerchar SK Singh, GA Griffiths和AI McKerchar对“新西兰设计气象图的时间模式”的讨论
IF 3.2 Q2 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2019-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/13241583.2019.1669952
R. French, M. Jones
It would be no surprise to practitioners of the noble art of flood design to learn from the authors’ paper that New Zealand’s hydrologic practice has parallels with Australia’s, as is the case for many other specialist sciences and technologies. A brief Australian history of temporal patterns different from that in Australian Rainfall and Runoff (Ball et al. 2016) Book 2 Chapter 5.2.3 may give some context to both the authors’ paper and this discussion.
正如许多其他专业科学和技术一样,从作者的论文中了解到新西兰的水文实践与澳大利亚的水文实践相似,这对崇高的洪水设计艺术的从业者来说并不奇怪。与《澳大利亚降雨和径流》(Ball等人,2016)第2册第5.2.3章不同的时间模式的澳大利亚简史可能会为作者的论文和本次讨论提供一些背景。
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引用次数: 0
What’s next for Australia’s water management? 澳大利亚水资源管理的下一步是什么?
IF 3.2 Q2 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2019-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/13241583.2019.1696033
K. Daniell, T. Daniell
ABSTRACT Australia’s water management futures are again under discussion as drought impacts and bushfires hit communities. Water and ecological system limits are being reached resulting in fish kills and dwindling water levels in storages. Awareness is also rising around the inequities in current water governance regimes for First Peoples across the Australian continent and beyond. Here we provide a brief overview and research on: the ingenuity of Indigenous waterscape and landscape knowledge and practices to care for country and community, including the development of agricultural systems and sophisticated fish and eel trapping systems that are thousands of years old; the devastating impacts of colonisation on First Peoples, their country and ability to maintain some cultural practices; and the ongoing contestation over water governance, right from Federation, including the eight waves of water reforms in the Murray-Darling Basin. Current challenges and needs for reform are also presented including: hydrological scientific uncertainties, such as around return flows and their adjustment due to irrigation infrastructure efficiency increases, and new design methodologies, such as for flood estimation inputs to hydraulic models; adjusting current governance regimes of sustainable diversion limits and water markets to provide alternative value to Australia, beyond economic value drivers, that better respond to the benefit of all basin communities in the face of ongoing extreme climate variability and climate change; and determining positive ways forward for truly valuing and allowing First Peoples’ knowledge, practices, culture and law to provide a basis for developing the next waves of Australia's water management reform journey.
摘要:随着干旱影响和森林大火袭击社区,澳大利亚的水资源管理前景再次受到讨论。水和生态系统的限制正在达到,导致鱼类死亡,蓄水水位下降。澳大利亚大陆及其他地区对当前原住民水治理制度中的不公平现象的认识也在提高。在这里,我们简要概述和研究了:土著水景和景观知识和实践的独创性,以照顾国家和社区,包括发展有数千年历史的农业系统和复杂的鱼类和鳗鱼捕获系统;殖民主义对第一民族、他们的国家和维持某些文化习俗的能力的破坏性影响;以及来自联邦的关于水治理的持续争论,包括墨累-达令盆地的八波水改革。还提出了当前的挑战和改革需求,包括:水文科学的不确定性,如回流及其因灌溉基础设施效率提高而进行的调整,以及新的设计方法,如水力模型的洪水估算输入;调整可持续引水限制和水市场的现行治理制度,为澳大利亚提供超越经济价值驱动因素的替代价值,在持续的极端气候变化和气候变化面前更好地为所有流域社区带来利益;确定积极的前进道路,真正重视并允许原住民的知识、实践、文化和法律为澳大利亚水管理改革的下一波发展奠定基础。
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引用次数: 6
Response to Robert French’s discussion on “Large floods in South East Queensland: is it valid to assume they occur randomly” 对Robert French关于“昆士兰东南部大洪水:假设它们随机发生是否有效”的讨论的回应
IF 3.2 Q2 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2019-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/13241583.2019.1669972
A. Kiem, G. McMahon
As explained in Section 7.2 of McMahon and Kiem (2018a), ‘to conduct the more rigorous statistical analysis required to formally prove or disprove, the hypothesis of a nominal 40 year cycle in South East Queensland (SEQ) flooding at least 25–30 samples of 40 year periods containing annual maximum flow data would be required. That corresponds to 1000–1200 years of data which are obviously not available and is the reason simple tests are used in Sections 3–5’.
正如McMahon和Kiem (2018a)第7.2节所解释的那样,“为了进行更严格的统计分析,以正式证明或反驳昆士兰东南部(SEQ)名义40年周期的假设,至少需要25-30个包含年最大流量数据的40年周期样本。”这相当于1000-1200年的数据,而这些数据显然是无法获得的,这就是第3-5节使用简单测试的原因。
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引用次数: 1
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Australasian Journal of Water Resources
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