Pub Date : 2023-03-07DOI: 10.3846/aviation.2023.18461
S. Elahian, M. A. Amiri Atashgah, Bahram Tarverdizadeh
In recent years, exploration operations by autonomous robots are expanding into unknown environments on Earth, under the sea, or even on other planets. This paper proposes the idea of Concurrent Path Planning and Positioning (CPPAP) using artificially distributed landmarks, while no GNSS signal is available. The method encompasses an observability-based direction search algorithm for path planning in parallel with Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) for localization. Most of the path planning methods utilize offline algorithms; however, the proposed method determines the robot’s direction of motion in real-time, concurrently with the positioning tasks by the inclusion of the system observability, related to the features’ distribution. Same as in all feature-based SLAMs, features play an important role in determination of the most observable direction, and hence the direction of the robot’s motion. Moreover, the effectiveness of the distribution of the features and their pattern in the proposed method is investigated. To evaluate the efficiency and accuracy of the CPPAP, outcomes are compared with an existing random SLAM.
{"title":"A SIMULTANEOUS PATH PLANNING AND POSITIONING BASED ON ARTIFICIAL DISTRIBUTION OF LANDMARKS IN A GNSS DENIED ENVIRONMENT","authors":"S. Elahian, M. A. Amiri Atashgah, Bahram Tarverdizadeh","doi":"10.3846/aviation.2023.18461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3846/aviation.2023.18461","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, exploration operations by autonomous robots are expanding into unknown environments on Earth, under the sea, or even on other planets. This paper proposes the idea of Concurrent Path Planning and Positioning (CPPAP) using artificially distributed landmarks, while no GNSS signal is available. The method encompasses an observability-based direction search algorithm for path planning in parallel with Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) for localization. Most of the path planning methods utilize offline algorithms; however, the proposed method determines the robot’s direction of motion in real-time, concurrently with the positioning tasks by the inclusion of the system observability, related to the features’ distribution. Same as in all feature-based SLAMs, features play an important role in determination of the most observable direction, and hence the direction of the robot’s motion. Moreover, the effectiveness of the distribution of the features and their pattern in the proposed method is investigated. To evaluate the efficiency and accuracy of the CPPAP, outcomes are compared with an existing random SLAM.","PeriodicalId":51910,"journal":{"name":"Aviation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45273578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-28DOI: 10.3846/aviation.2023.18596
Salim Kurnaz, Aşkın Özdağoğlu, M. Keleş
Helicopter is a very important defence and attack tool for a country’s armed forces (army) (air force). With the rapid progress of technology, the designs of helicopters, the hardware and software elements in the helicopter have also been renewed and developed in parallel with advanced technology. Therefore, it is expected that the pilots who will use helicopters, which are an important flight tool of armed forces, will also have the qualifications to provide the necessary knowledge, skills, and criteria. The aim of the study is to determine the military helicopter pilot selection criteria and to find the importance levels of these criteria. For this purpose, three main criteria as “Health”, “Psychomotor” and “Education and Training” and thirteen sub-criteria were determined. The weights of the determined criteria were found by the Grey SWARA method, which is a current multi criteria decision making tool. According to the results of the analysis, it is found that the most important sub-criteria was “Practical Training”, while the lowest important criteria was the “Height and weight limits” criterion. With this study, the weights of the military helicopter pilot selection criteria were found for the first time with the Grey SWARA method.
{"title":"METHOD OF EVALUATION OF MILITARY HELICOPTER PILOT SELECTION CRITERIA: A NOVEL GREY SWARA APPROACH","authors":"Salim Kurnaz, Aşkın Özdağoğlu, M. Keleş","doi":"10.3846/aviation.2023.18596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3846/aviation.2023.18596","url":null,"abstract":"Helicopter is a very important defence and attack tool for a country’s armed forces (army) (air force). With the rapid progress of technology, the designs of helicopters, the hardware and software elements in the helicopter have also been renewed and developed in parallel with advanced technology. Therefore, it is expected that the pilots who will use helicopters, which are an important flight tool of armed forces, will also have the qualifications to provide the necessary knowledge, skills, and criteria. The aim of the study is to determine the military helicopter pilot selection criteria and to find the importance levels of these criteria. For this purpose, three main criteria as “Health”, “Psychomotor” and “Education and Training” and thirteen sub-criteria were determined. The weights of the determined criteria were found by the Grey SWARA method, which is a current multi criteria decision making tool. According to the results of the analysis, it is found that the most important sub-criteria was “Practical Training”, while the lowest important criteria was the “Height and weight limits” criterion. With this study, the weights of the military helicopter pilot selection criteria were found for the first time with the Grey SWARA method.","PeriodicalId":51910,"journal":{"name":"Aviation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42848464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-23DOI: 10.3846/aviation.2023.18498
N. Kehayas
Friction drag constitutes approximately half of the total drag of subsonic civil transport aircraft at cruise conditions. Several means were examined to control the flow over an aircraft and achieve laminar flow. Here, a new concept for friction drag reduction in the form of an integration of the aerodynamics and propulsion of the aircraft is put forward. Engines buried in the wing and at the rear of the fuselage suck the boundary layer of the entire wing and fuselage surface, and then, they used it as intake air and exhaust through ducts. At the wings, the engines exhaust in the form of a jet flap at the trailing edge providing distributed propulsion. By this laminar flow, propulsive concept laminar flow is established over the entire aircraft, resulting in substantial drag reduction. The analysis showed that out of the four electrically powered aircraft versions considered only the combined lift distribution with tailless fuselage is about to be feasible. It was also found that the example aircraft design is inappropriate. It is expected that a design purposely based on the proposed concept would bring electrically powered transport aircraft within the specific energy levels of present batteries.
{"title":"A LAMINAR FLOW, PROPULSIVE, JET-FLAPPED CONCEPT FOR ELECTRICALLY POWERED TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT","authors":"N. Kehayas","doi":"10.3846/aviation.2023.18498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3846/aviation.2023.18498","url":null,"abstract":"Friction drag constitutes approximately half of the total drag of subsonic civil transport aircraft at cruise conditions. Several means were examined to control the flow over an aircraft and achieve laminar flow. Here, a new concept for friction drag reduction in the form of an integration of the aerodynamics and propulsion of the aircraft is put forward. Engines buried in the wing and at the rear of the fuselage suck the boundary layer of the entire wing and fuselage surface, and then, they used it as intake air and exhaust through ducts. At the wings, the engines exhaust in the form of a jet flap at the trailing edge providing distributed propulsion. By this laminar flow, propulsive concept laminar flow is established over the entire aircraft, resulting in substantial drag reduction. The analysis showed that out of the four electrically powered aircraft versions considered only the combined lift distribution with tailless fuselage is about to be feasible. It was also found that the example aircraft design is inappropriate. It is expected that a design purposely based on the proposed concept would bring electrically powered transport aircraft within the specific energy levels of present batteries.","PeriodicalId":51910,"journal":{"name":"Aviation","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42606280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-23DOI: 10.3846/aviation.2023.18564
A. Yakovlieva, S. Boichenko, Vasyl Boshkov, L. Korba, M. Hocko
The paper presents an analytical review of technological processes of alternative jet fuel production from alcohols and experimental results on the study of its physical-chemical properties. State-of-the-art in the sphere of civil aviation development within the framework of sustainable development and minimization of transport’s negative impact on the environment is presented. The development and implementation of sustainable aviation fuels are considered the main measure for reaching carbon-neutral growth. Two technologies of alcohol-to-jet fuel production are considered, and possible feedstock and processing pathways are presented. Physical-chemical properties of two kinds of alcohol-to-jet fuels are studied experimentally, as well as the properties of conventional jet fuels blended with alternative ones. It is shown that the physical-chemical properties of jet fuels blended with alcohol-to-jet component containing aromatics are very close to conventional jet fuels. All of the studied fuel blends with alcohol-to-jet components completely satisfy the requirements of specifications. Basing on the received results it is expected that alcohol-to-jet component containing aromatics may be successfully used for blending with conventional jet fuel and used as a drop-in fuel.
{"title":"EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ADVANCED ALCOHOL-TO-JET FUELS","authors":"A. Yakovlieva, S. Boichenko, Vasyl Boshkov, L. Korba, M. Hocko","doi":"10.3846/aviation.2023.18564","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3846/aviation.2023.18564","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents an analytical review of technological processes of alternative jet fuel production from alcohols and experimental results on the study of its physical-chemical properties. State-of-the-art in the sphere of civil aviation development within the framework of sustainable development and minimization of transport’s negative impact on the environment is presented. The development and implementation of sustainable aviation fuels are considered the main measure for reaching carbon-neutral growth. Two technologies of alcohol-to-jet fuel production are considered, and possible feedstock and processing pathways are presented. Physical-chemical properties of two kinds of alcohol-to-jet fuels are studied experimentally, as well as the properties of conventional jet fuels blended with alternative ones. It is shown that the physical-chemical properties of jet fuels blended with alcohol-to-jet component containing aromatics are very close to conventional jet fuels. All of the studied fuel blends with alcohol-to-jet components completely satisfy the requirements of specifications. Basing on the received results it is expected that alcohol-to-jet component containing aromatics may be successfully used for blending with conventional jet fuel and used as a drop-in fuel.","PeriodicalId":51910,"journal":{"name":"Aviation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43019574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-09DOI: 10.3846/aviation.2022.18041
A. Kretov, D. Tiniakov
The purpose of this research is to improve the approach for evaluating of new design solutions based on sensitivity analysis of takeoff mass (SFM) to initial changes in the basic project. The approach is based on the changes assessment in maximum takeoff mass of a developed project or an already existed basic variant of an aircraft with local design (project) changes, including the aerodynamic ones, that ensure the developing of a more advanced aircraft. In comparison with the existed known approaches based on the mass growth factors, which were considered constant, the proposed approach takes into account more exactly the dependence of the takeoff mass on the initial local change in mass in terms of their functional purpose, as well as the aerodynamic characteristics. This approach allows the designer to calculate more precisely the final maximum takeoff mass changes in the early (preliminary) stages of conceptual design when looking for new design solutions. On numerical examples, carried out on the examples of transport category airplanes, a significant dependence of the wing aspect ratio influence on fuel efficiency is shown. The considered approach using SFM with semi-analytical aerodynamic analysis combination is simple, reliable and convenient in the analysis and synthesis of a new project for the design process based on the base variant.
{"title":"EVALUATION OF WING STRUCTURES AT THE CONCEPTUAL STAGE OF TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRCRAFT PROJECTS","authors":"A. Kretov, D. Tiniakov","doi":"10.3846/aviation.2022.18041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3846/aviation.2022.18041","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this research is to improve the approach for evaluating of new design solutions based on sensitivity analysis of takeoff mass (SFM) to initial changes in the basic project. The approach is based on the changes assessment in maximum takeoff mass of a developed project or an already existed basic variant of an aircraft with local design (project) changes, including the aerodynamic ones, that ensure the developing of a more advanced aircraft. In comparison with the existed known approaches based on the mass growth factors, which were considered constant, the proposed approach takes into account more exactly the dependence of the takeoff mass on the initial local change in mass in terms of their functional purpose, as well as the aerodynamic characteristics. This approach allows the designer to calculate more precisely the final maximum takeoff mass changes in the early (preliminary) stages of conceptual design when looking for new design solutions. On numerical examples, carried out on the examples of transport category airplanes, a significant dependence of the wing aspect ratio influence on fuel efficiency is shown. The considered approach using SFM with semi-analytical aerodynamic analysis combination is simple, reliable and convenient in the analysis and synthesis of a new project for the design process based on the base variant.","PeriodicalId":51910,"journal":{"name":"Aviation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46340836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-08DOI: 10.3846/aviation.2022.17552
Mohammad Saberi Tavakkoli, G. Kahe, F. Sadeghikia
The effect of formation movement on the performance of cooperative navigation is investigated in this paper. First, the inertial navigation system of each agent with a certain accuracy is modeled and simulated. Initial results showed that the navigation error of each agent increased individually over time, and this problem is more severe for agents equipped with a weaker system. Cooperative navigation is implemented for the agents to resolve this problem. It is shown that the total navigation errors are improved by observing and participating the relative distance between the agents. Various simulations and experimental tests using two real agents supported this assertation. The performance of cooperative navigation can be improved further through appropriate formation. Proper formations are investigated and evaluated through simulations. The collective covariance matrix is employed to form an objective function using an extended Kalman filter (EKF). This function has been minimized using Newton’s method, which could be the solution for the formation. The simulation results show that better accuracy can be achieved by applying the optimal formation trajectory.
{"title":"THE EFFECT OF MOTION FORMATION ON COOPERATIVE NAVIGATION","authors":"Mohammad Saberi Tavakkoli, G. Kahe, F. Sadeghikia","doi":"10.3846/aviation.2022.17552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3846/aviation.2022.17552","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of formation movement on the performance of cooperative navigation is investigated in this paper. First, the inertial navigation system of each agent with a certain accuracy is modeled and simulated. Initial results showed that the navigation error of each agent increased individually over time, and this problem is more severe for agents equipped with a weaker system. Cooperative navigation is implemented for the agents to resolve this problem. It is shown that the total navigation errors are improved by observing and participating the relative distance between the agents. Various simulations and experimental tests using two real agents supported this assertation. The performance of cooperative navigation can be improved further through appropriate formation. Proper formations are investigated and evaluated through simulations. The collective covariance matrix is employed to form an objective function using an extended Kalman filter (EKF). This function has been minimized using Newton’s method, which could be the solution for the formation. The simulation results show that better accuracy can be achieved by applying the optimal formation trajectory.","PeriodicalId":51910,"journal":{"name":"Aviation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45786925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-30DOI: 10.3846/aviation.2022.18037
Zarif Zabirov, A. Zabirov, V. Shestakov
With the improvement in reliability of modern aircraft systems, an increase in their complexity led to the fact that failures became non-standard and problematic to predict. As a result, IATA guided the development of Evidence-Based Training (EBT), which is an innovative approach to the training and assessment of pilots’ competencies based on the evidence obtained from their performance. Yet, operators planning to use this framework should develop line-oriented scenarios based on EBT methodology and a grading system for a clear assessment. In this paper, a method for modelling a quantitative assessment and grading of pilots’ performance is proposed. The method may be used as part of an EBT assessment programme due to its adaptability to different grading strategies according to quantifiable error criteria, the number of occurrences during the evaluation, and prior data on the distribution of pilots by their competency levels.
{"title":"MODELLING A QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT METHOD OF PILOTS’ PERFORMANCE IN EVIDENCE-BASED TRAINING","authors":"Zarif Zabirov, A. Zabirov, V. Shestakov","doi":"10.3846/aviation.2022.18037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3846/aviation.2022.18037","url":null,"abstract":"With the improvement in reliability of modern aircraft systems, an increase in their complexity led to the fact that failures became non-standard and problematic to predict. As a result, IATA guided the development of Evidence-Based Training (EBT), which is an innovative approach to the training and assessment of pilots’ competencies based on the evidence obtained from their performance. Yet, operators planning to use this framework should develop line-oriented scenarios based on EBT methodology and a grading system for a clear assessment. In this paper, a method for modelling a quantitative assessment and grading of pilots’ performance is proposed. The method may be used as part of an EBT assessment programme due to its adaptability to different grading strategies according to quantifiable error criteria, the number of occurrences during the evaluation, and prior data on the distribution of pilots by their competency levels.","PeriodicalId":51910,"journal":{"name":"Aviation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45517578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-29DOI: 10.3846/aviation.2022.18025
Nicoletta Fala, Christos Falas, Anastasios Falas
Airports are tasked with counting and reporting their operations at least yearly. The counts are used at the local and national level to schedule maintenance, for research, and to receive funds, making their accuracy important. Historically, methods for counting operations at non-towered airports have relied on additional equipment at the airport or statistical estimates. In this work, we introduce a method to use crowd-sourced Automatic Dependent Surveillance – Broadcast (ADS-B) data from the OpenSky network to automatically count airport operations and report it separated by takeoffs and landings. We use two airports as case studies – Tulsa International Airport (TUL) and Purdue University Airport (LAF) – and compare the estimated operation counts from the ADS-B data algorithm to numbers reported through the Federal Aviation Administration’s (FAA) Air Traffic Activity Data System (ATADS).
{"title":"A METHOD FOR AUTOMATIC AIRPORT OPERATION COUNTS USING CROWD-SOURCED ADS-B DATA","authors":"Nicoletta Fala, Christos Falas, Anastasios Falas","doi":"10.3846/aviation.2022.18025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3846/aviation.2022.18025","url":null,"abstract":"Airports are tasked with counting and reporting their operations at least yearly. The counts are used at the local and national level to schedule maintenance, for research, and to receive funds, making their accuracy important. Historically, methods for counting operations at non-towered airports have relied on additional equipment at the airport or statistical estimates. In this work, we introduce a method to use crowd-sourced Automatic Dependent Surveillance – Broadcast (ADS-B) data from the OpenSky network to automatically count airport operations and report it separated by takeoffs and landings. We use two airports as case studies – Tulsa International Airport (TUL) and Purdue University Airport (LAF) – and compare the estimated operation counts from the ADS-B data algorithm to numbers reported through the Federal Aviation Administration’s (FAA) Air Traffic Activity Data System (ATADS).","PeriodicalId":51910,"journal":{"name":"Aviation","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41845934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-29DOI: 10.3846/aviation.2022.17967
Lucas Sznajderman, M. Coppa, Juan F. Martiarena, O. D. Olariaga
Emissions of aircraft support vehicles (called Ground Support Equipment or GSE) are produced by a series of factors depending mostly on the following: aircraft arrivals and departures and time spent in parking stands, aircraft type, operation type (traditional, with scale or low cost), geometrical arrangement of the apron and fleet charactistics, including power and years of use, among others. The aim of this work is to develop an integrated model identifying the required GSEs and the gaseous emissions produced by them due to apron traffic and aircraft service. In order to do this, in the case of service, the model proposes considering loading and unloading and dividing them into the following stages: wait, connection, service and disconnection. The advantage of the proposed model over other proposals is that this model aims at copying the real movements of support vehicles in service according to the aircraft and its corresponding operation (Full-Service, Low-Cost or scale). In order to do that, the program discretizes GSE movements into loading and unloading processes through different stages and for circulation where the tool itself sets the parameters of the apron.
{"title":"QUANTIFICATION MODEL OF AIRPORT GROUND SUPPORT EQUIPMENT EMISSIONS","authors":"Lucas Sznajderman, M. Coppa, Juan F. Martiarena, O. D. Olariaga","doi":"10.3846/aviation.2022.17967","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3846/aviation.2022.17967","url":null,"abstract":"Emissions of aircraft support vehicles (called Ground Support Equipment or GSE) are produced by a series of factors depending mostly on the following: aircraft arrivals and departures and time spent in parking stands, aircraft type, operation type (traditional, with scale or low cost), geometrical arrangement of the apron and fleet charactistics, including power and years of use, among others. The aim of this work is to develop an integrated model identifying the required GSEs and the gaseous emissions produced by them due to apron traffic and aircraft service. In order to do this, in the case of service, the model proposes considering loading and unloading and dividing them into the following stages: wait, connection, service and disconnection. The advantage of the proposed model over other proposals is that this model aims at copying the real movements of support vehicles in service according to the aircraft and its corresponding operation (Full-Service, Low-Cost or scale). In order to do that, the program discretizes GSE movements into loading and unloading processes through different stages and for circulation where the tool itself sets the parameters of the apron.","PeriodicalId":51910,"journal":{"name":"Aviation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44361040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-28DOI: 10.3846/aviation.2022.17854
Kristine Uzule, I. Kuzmina-Merlino
Airports are not only engines of transportation of passengers and cargo, but also commercial enterprises offering services far beyond transportation, which is why their revenues are formed by both aeronautical and non-aeronautical sales. Aeronautical revenues of some large European airports are higher than non-aeronautical revenues, whereas some regional and secondary European airports demonstrate the opposite trend. The aim of this research was to determine if there is a connection between an airport type and the ratio of aeronautical and non-aeronautical revenues at Baltic States airports in way that is consistent with the previous research. The aim was attained in three stages. The first, the definitions of the main and secondary airports were constructed via discourse analysis. The second, the structure of airport revenues of the selected Baltic States airports was analysed. The third, conclusions were made regarding a connection between an airport type and the revenue structure of these Baltic States airports. On the one hand, the research results suggested there might be a connection between an airport type and the revenue structure although this question requires further research, and on the other hand, the financial analysis showed that airports with a higher share of non-aeronautical revenues than aeronautical revenues were more resilient to crises.
{"title":"THE CONNECTION BETWEEN AN AIRPORT TYPE AND REVENUE STRUCTURE AT BALTIC STATES AIRPORTS","authors":"Kristine Uzule, I. Kuzmina-Merlino","doi":"10.3846/aviation.2022.17854","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3846/aviation.2022.17854","url":null,"abstract":"Airports are not only engines of transportation of passengers and cargo, but also commercial enterprises offering services far beyond transportation, which is why their revenues are formed by both aeronautical and non-aeronautical sales. Aeronautical revenues of some large European airports are higher than non-aeronautical revenues, whereas some regional and secondary European airports demonstrate the opposite trend. The aim of this research was to determine if there is a connection between an airport type and the ratio of aeronautical and non-aeronautical revenues at Baltic States airports in way that is consistent with the previous research. The aim was attained in three stages. The first, the definitions of the main and secondary airports were constructed via discourse analysis. The second, the structure of airport revenues of the selected Baltic States airports was analysed. The third, conclusions were made regarding a connection between an airport type and the revenue structure of these Baltic States airports. On the one hand, the research results suggested there might be a connection between an airport type and the revenue structure although this question requires further research, and on the other hand, the financial analysis showed that airports with a higher share of non-aeronautical revenues than aeronautical revenues were more resilient to crises.","PeriodicalId":51910,"journal":{"name":"Aviation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46509864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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