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Borassus aethiopum activated carbon prepared for nitrate ions removal 用于去除硝酸根离子的硼砂活性炭的制备
IF 1.2 Q4 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2021-07-14 DOI: 10.1080/23249676.2021.1947400
H. Koné, Alain Stéphane Assémian, T. Tiho, K. Adouby, K. Yao, P. Drogui
This work aims to study nitrate ions removal using Borassus aethiopum activated carbon (BA-AC) in a synthetic medium. BA-AC was prepared through artisanal method in order to provide a low-cost activated carbon. Physico-chemical characterization of BA-AC has shown a high-specific surface area (1431 m2/g). Analysis of surface morphology by scanning electron microscopy, mean pore diameter (2.76 nm) and adsorption/desorption isotherm resulted in the mesoporous adsorbent. The existence of functional groups (C = O; C–H; C–OH) was highlighted by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy. A percentage of 60.56% for nitrate ions at pH 4 was reached. Pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm were the most suitable models to describe adsorption process. The thermodynamic study revealed that adsorption mechanism occurs spontaneously (ΔG° 0). Enthalpy (ΔH° = 1.89 kJ.mol−1) and entropy (ΔS° = 19.03 J.mol−1K−1) values indicate an endothermic process with an increase of disorder at the solid–liquid interface.
本工作旨在研究在合成介质中使用硼藻活性炭(BA-AC)去除硝酸根离子。通过手工方法制备BA-AC,以提供低成本的活性炭。BA-AC的物理化学表征显示出高比表面积(1431m2/g)。通过扫描电子显微镜分析表面形态,平均孔径(2.76 nm)和吸附/解吸等温线得到了介孔吸附剂。官能团(C)的存在性 = O;C–H;C–OH)通过傅立叶变换红外光谱进行了突出显示。在pH为4时,硝酸根离子的百分比达到60.56%。拟二阶动力学和Langmuir等温线是描述吸附过程最合适的模型。热力学研究表明,吸附机理是自发发生的(ΔG°0)。焓(ΔH° = 1.89 kJ.mol−1)和熵(ΔS° = 19.03 J.mol−1K−1)值表明了一个吸热过程,固液界面无序度增加。
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引用次数: 5
Removing sulfide from spent caustic petrochemical wastewater with electro-Fenton treatment 电芬顿法处理石化废碱废水除硫
IF 1.2 Q4 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2021-07-08 DOI: 10.1080/23249676.2021.1947401
P. Fatehbasharzad, Samira Aliasghari, A. Bazargan, S. Moftakhari Anasori Movahed
Spent caustic is a particularly harmful wastewater from petrochemical industries. It has a complex mixture of components, causing problems and difficulties for conventional treatment processes. In this study, electro-Fenton treatment was investigated as an advanced oxidation process (AOP) for the removal of sulfide from synthetic spent caustic. The effects of contributing factors such as pH, electrode distance, voltage, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentration and time on sulfide removal were experimentally scrutinized. It was shown that under the optimum conditions, sulfide removal reached 97% and that the most influential factors were reaction duration and peroxide concentration. Interestingly, when adequate reaction times (above 30 min) were provided, changes in electrode distance and voltage were shown to be inconsequential. A pH of 5 and peroxide dosage above 0.5 mL/L were most effective. In order to illustrate the interaction of the independent variables on sulfide removal, statistical modeling was also carried out followed by optimization and prediction analysis. Highlights The electro-Fenton process was used for spent caustic treatment. Effects of pH, electrode distance, voltage, H2O2 concentration and time were studied. Importantly, at t > 30 min, electrode distance and voltage became insignificant. At 4.5–6.5 pH and 0.45–0.65 mL/L H2O2, optimum results are obtained. Under optimum condition 97% removal of sulfide was achieved.
废碱是石油化工工业中危害特别大的废水。它具有复杂的成分混合物,给常规处理工艺带来了问题和困难。在本研究中,研究了电fenton处理作为一种高级氧化工艺(AOP)去除合成废碱液中的硫化物。实验考察了pH、电极距离、电压、过氧化氢(H2O2)浓度和时间等因素对硫化物去除的影响。结果表明,在最优条件下,硫化物去除率可达97%,影响因素主要是反应时间和过氧化氢浓度。有趣的是,当提供足够的反应时间(超过30分钟)时,电极距离和电压的变化被证明是无关紧要的。pH = 5,过氧化物用量大于0.5 mL/L时效果最佳。为了说明各自变量对硫化物去除的相互作用,还进行了统计建模,然后进行了优化和预测分析。采用电fenton法处理废碱。考察了pH、电极距离、电压、H2O2浓度和时间等因素的影响。重要的是,在30分钟内,电极距离和电压变得不显著。在pH值为4.5 ~ 6.5、H2O2浓度为0.45 ~ 0.65 mL/L的条件下,实验结果最佳。在最佳条件下,硫化物去除率达到97%。
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引用次数: 5
Physical modelling of pressure flushing of sediment using lightweight materials 使用轻质材料对沉积物进行压力冲洗的物理建模
IF 1.2 Q4 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2021-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/23249676.2021.1919224
S. K. Karmacharya, Nils Ruther, J. Aberle, S. M. Shrestha, M. Bishwakarma
While designing physical hydraulic model tests to investigate the efficiency of pressure flushing, it is most likely that very fine sediments of cohesive nature are required to satisfy the relevant scaling criteria. Cohesive sediments have different physical properties than sand, and a possibility to avoid such scale effects is to use lightweight materials with a specific gravity larger than water but lower than sand as model sediment. This paper addresses this issue by presenting results from laboratory experiments mimicking pressure flushing through a bottom outlet by using different lightweight materials and sand as model sediments. The results consolidate conclusions of previous studies carried out solely with sand and show that lightweight models can be used to predict the length and volume of flushing cones. Empirical relations to predict the length and volume of flushing cones are proposed and validated against a small set of experimental data from a previous study.
在设计物理水力模型试验以研究压力冲洗的效率时,很可能需要粘性性质的非常细的沉积物来满足相关的缩放标准。粘性沉积物具有与沙子不同的物理性质,避免这种规模效应的一种可能性是使用比重大于水但低于沙子的轻质材料作为模型沉积物。本文通过使用不同的轻质材料和沙子作为模型沉积物,模拟底部出口压力冲洗的实验室实验结果来解决这个问题。该结果巩固了以前仅用沙子进行的研究的结论,并表明轻量级模型可用于预测冲洗锥的长度和体积。提出了预测冲洗锥长度和体积的经验关系式,并根据先前研究的一小组实验数据进行了验证。
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引用次数: 3
Effect on sediment delivery ratio by changes in land use land cover and construction of hydraulic structures at sub basin scale 土地利用-土地覆盖变化和次流域尺度水工建筑物建设对输沙率的影响
IF 1.2 Q4 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2021-06-03 DOI: 10.1080/23249676.2021.1932617
B. R. Joshi, S. Yadav
Many areas of the world are particularly vulnerable to sedimentation. Determining the amount of soil erosion and sediment rate from watersheds would be the first step in reducing sedimentation. Soil and Water Analysis Tool (SWAT) based on Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to determine sediment yield and Sediment Delivery Ratio (SDR). This paper’s main objective is to assess the impact of land-use change on SDR at the sub-basin scale. Land-use changes indicated a vast reduction of 19% in the forest area, which causes an increase in agricultural land and commercial land. Therefore, SDR must be increased, but the study area’s average SDR trend is decreasing from 1985 to 2015. But, sub-basin-scale, sub-basins no. 17, 18, and 24 are decreasing from 1985 to 2005 and increasing from 2005 to 2015.
世界上许多地区特别容易受到沉积的影响。确定流域的土壤侵蚀量和沉积速率将是减少沉积的第一步。利用基于地理信息系统(GIS)的土壤和水分析工具(SWAT)来确定产沙量和输沙率(SDR)。本文的主要目的是在次流域尺度上评估土地利用变化对SDR的影响。土地利用的变化表明,森林面积大幅减少了19%,这导致了农业用地和商业用地的增加。因此,SDR必须增加,但从1985年到2015年,研究区域的平均SDR趋势正在下降。但是,从1985年到2005年,17号、18号和24号亚盆地的规模在减少,从2005年到2015年,规模在增加。
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引用次数: 0
Drought monitoring in Ceyhan Basin, Turkey 土耳其杰伊汉盆地的干旱监测
IF 1.2 Q4 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.1080/23249676.2021.1932616
M. Yuce, Musa Eşit
Various drought indices are utilized to monitor and detect drought and its probable effects. Hydro-climate parameters, including rainfall, temperature and soil moisture, are important in identifying drought phenomena. In this study, 10 notable indices (SPI, SPEI, scPDSI, CZI, MCZI, RAI, RDI, DI, PNI and ZI) have been employed to monitor drought events in the Ceyhan Basin, Turkey. The applicability of these indices and their performances corresponding to historical droughts were examined by employing eight meteorological stations. Apart from the scPDSI, other indices have shown a strong correlation for 1-month time scale, and at different time scales of 3, 6, 9 and 12 months, only the correlation between the SPI, SPEI and RDI was observed to be high. While the SPI, SPEI and RDI have demonstrated a strong correlation in perceiving drought severity categories for 1-month time scale, for longer time scales the correlation of the SPEI with the other two indices was low.
利用各种干旱指数来监测和检测干旱及其可能的影响。水文气候参数,包括降雨量、温度和土壤湿度,在识别干旱现象方面很重要。在本研究中,采用了10个显著指数(SPI、SPEI、scPDSI、CZI、MCZI、RAI、RDI、DI、PNI和ZI)来监测土耳其杰伊汉盆地的干旱事件。利用八个气象站对这些指标的适用性及其与历史干旱相对应的表现进行了检验。除了scPDSI,其他指标在1个月的时间尺度上表现出很强的相关性,在3、6、9和12个月的不同时间尺度上,只有SPI、SPEI和RDI之间的相关性很高。虽然SPI、SPEI和RDI在1个月的时间尺度上在感知干旱严重程度类别方面表现出很强的相关性,但在较长的时间尺度下,SPEI与其他两个指数的相关性较低。
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引用次数: 21
Application of cascade feed forward neural network to predict coagulant dose 级联前馈神经网络在混凝剂剂量预测中的应用
IF 1.2 Q4 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2021-05-31 DOI: 10.1080/23249676.2021.1927210
D. V. Wadkar, R. Karale, M. Wagh
Inlet water quality fluctuations affect mainly coagulant dose, and outlet water quality of the water treatment plant (WTP). Many complex physical and chemical processes are involved in WTP and water distribution networks (WDN). These technologies show non-linear behavior, which is challenging to be described by linear mathematical models. Thus, there is a need to develop prediction models for coagulation dose. The present study involves the application of cascade feed-forward neural networks (CFFNN) to predict coagulant dose. CFFNN Model was developed by using the Levenberg-Marquardt Training Algorithm and Bayesian Regularization Training Algorithm to predict coagulant dose. During the development of these models, hidden nodes are varied from 15 to 60, and R is found between 0.914 and 0.947. The best results were obtained by the CFFNN model using the Bayesian Regularization Training Algorithm (CFNNCD2) with hidden node 40, where R = 0.945 for training and 0.947 for testing.
进水水质波动主要影响水处理厂(WTP)的混凝剂剂量和出水水质。水处理厂和配水网络(WDN)涉及许多复杂的物理和化学过程。这些技术表现出非线性行为,用线性数学模型来描述这一行为具有挑战性。因此,需要开发凝血剂量的预测模型。本研究涉及级联前馈神经网络(CFFNN)在预测混凝剂剂量方面的应用。利用Levenberg-Marquardt训练算法和贝叶斯正则化训练算法建立了CFFNN模型来预测混凝剂剂量。在这些模型的开发过程中,隐藏节点从15到60不等,R在0.914到0.947之间。使用具有隐藏节点40的贝叶斯正则化训练算法(CFNNCD2)的CFFNN模型获得了最佳结果,其中R = 0.945用于培训,0.947用于测试。
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引用次数: 10
Techno-economic comparison of three different types of powering systems 三种不同类型动力系统的技术经济比较
IF 1.2 Q4 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2021-05-11 DOI: 10.1080/23249676.2021.1919227
Albashir K. Elfaqih, Said O. Belhaj
Economic and environmental factors play a crucial role in the transitioning of water desalination technologies from conventional energy sources to alternative sources, solar energy being in the forefront. This paper investigates the technical and economic merits of using three different types of powering systems: the National Electric Grid (Grid), a Standalone (Off-Grid) Photovoltaic (PV) System, and a Grid Connected (On-Grid) PV System to power a 100 m³/day reverse osmosis seawater desalination plant in the Mediterranean city of Tripoli-Libya. The cost analysis of product water showed significant savings in favour of On-Grid PV as a power source. Also, in this paper, the effect of interest rate on the cost of the water produced was studied. An additional finding of this paper was the impact of Off-Grid PV system oversizing to account for times of low solar irradiance on the level of utilization of the total electricity produced.
经济和环境因素在海水淡化技术从传统能源向替代能源的转变中发挥着至关重要的作用,太阳能处于领先地位。本文研究了使用三种不同类型的电力系统:国家电网、独立(离网)光伏系统和并网(上网)光伏系统为100 地中海城市利比亚的黎波里的m³/天反渗透海水淡化厂。产品水的成本分析显示,有利于将并网光伏作为电源,可以显著节约成本。此外,本文还研究了利率对采出水成本的影响。本文的另一个发现是,考虑到低太阳辐照度的时间,离网光伏系统的规模过大对总发电量的利用水平产生了影响。
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引用次数: 2
Performance evaluation of technical aspects of ex-situ rainwater harvesting systems at Wag-Lasta, Northern, Ethiopia 埃塞俄比亚北部瓦格-拉斯塔迁地雨水收集系统技术方面的性能评价
IF 1.2 Q4 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2021-05-02 DOI: 10.1080/23249676.2021.1919572
A. Wale, Messay Abera, Gashaw Beza
The most severe constraints for agriculture are water shortages in semi-arid areas of Northern Ethiopia. Rainfall is extremely variable; therefore, it is necessary to harvest rainwater to safeguard improved crop production. The objective of the study is to characterize, identifying problems and evaluating the performance of existing RWH systems in the Wag-Lasta areas. Tweleve RWH ponds were selected from six kebeles in the study area. Primary and secondary data were collected and evaluated using descriptive statistics to assess the technical performance of water harvesting ponds by field observation, direct measurements, and interviews with zone, woreda, kebele experts, and owners. The technical performance assessment showed that the collected runoff and system efficiency were negligible for the total rainwater catchment area. The problems in a portion of the non-functional ponds had found to be poor site selection, lack of maintenance, and standardization of techniques, and some of them were efficient with low performance.
农业面临的最严重制约因素是埃塞俄比亚北部半干旱地区的缺水。降雨量变化很大;因此,有必要收集雨水以保障作物产量的提高。本研究的目的是对Wag Lasta地区现有RWH系统进行表征、识别问题并评估其性能。从研究区域的六个kebele中选择了Tweleve RWH池塘。通过实地观察、直接测量以及对zone、woreda、kebele专家和业主的访谈,使用描述性统计数据收集和评估主要和次要数据,以评估集水池的技术性能。技术性能评估表明,收集的径流和系统效率在整个雨水汇水面积中可以忽略不计。一些非功能性池塘的问题是选址不当、缺乏维护和技术标准化,其中一些池塘效率高,性能低。
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引用次数: 1
Time evolution of the scour induced by a ski jump jet 滑跃射流冲刷的时间演化
IF 1.2 Q4 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2021-05-02 DOI: 10.1080/23249676.2021.1919226
R. Santos, E. Carvalho, M. M. C. L. Lima, R. Aleixo
Scour studies are often made at the equilibrium stage when the scour hole is stabilized and no more changes in the scour geometry occur. However, studying the scour time evolution is critical to better understand the erosion process and the main factors that control it in the short and long terms. Scour is a destructive process, therefore, in the absence of non-intrusive and real-time measurement techniques, an experimental analysis of time evolution of scour can be a time-consuming process as, for each considered instant, detailed measurements of the bed geometry must be taken. In this paper, two different strategies are applied to analyse the scour time evolution. Their results are compared and discussed. From the obtained experimental results, empirical relations between different variables were proposed. Further analysis provided scale relationships to adimensionalize the time evolution profiles. To measure the scour geometry, a structure from motion technique is employed.
冲刷研究通常在平衡阶段进行,此时冲刷孔稳定,冲刷几何不再发生变化。然而,研究冲刷时间的演变对于更好地了解侵蚀过程及其短期和长期的主要控制因素至关重要。冲刷是一个破坏性的过程,因此,在没有非侵入式和实时测量技术的情况下,对冲刷的时间演变进行实验分析可能是一个耗时的过程,因为必须对每个考虑的瞬间进行床层几何形状的详细测量。本文采用了两种不同的策略来分析冲刷时间的演化。并对其结果进行了比较和讨论。根据得到的实验结果,提出了不同变量之间的经验关系。进一步的分析提供了尺度关系来对时间演化剖面进行量纲化。为了测量冲刷的几何形状,采用了运动结构测量技术。
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引用次数: 1
Influence of suction and collar on reducing local scouring in cylindrical pier 吸力和轴环对减小圆柱墩局部冲刷的影响
IF 1.2 Q4 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2021-05-02 DOI: 10.1080/23249676.2021.1919225
Ehsan Afaridegan, M. Heidarpour, M. Goodarzi, Bashir Fallahi
Bridges are among the most important structures in river engineering. One of the significant causes of the destruction of bridges is local scouring around the piers. In the present research, collar and suction system both employed the upstream of the pier against local scouring. In separate experiments, the collar models were examined in different dimensions and the suction system was considered at different depth levels. Then, the combined collar-suction model was tested. The results showed that the suction system at the bed level (Z/h = 0) with the suction rate of (Qs/Q = 1.7%) had 51% efficiency; the 3D-length, 2D-width collar yielded 59% efficiency; and the combined suction-collar model had 94% efficiency in reducing local scouring of the pier by decreasing down-flow velocity, as well as the Reynolds Shear Stresses (RSSs) and Turbulence Kinetic Energy (TKE).
桥梁是河流工程中最重要的结构之一。桥墩周围的局部冲刷是造成桥梁破坏的重要原因之一。在本研究中,围护圈和吸力系统都是在桥墩上游进行局部冲刷。在不同的实验中,研究了不同尺寸的接箍模型,并考虑了不同深度的吸力系统。然后对颈圈-吸力联合模型进行试验。结果表明:在床层(Z/h = 0)吸力为(Qs/Q = 1.7%)时,吸力系统的效率为51%;3d长度、2d宽度的接箍效率为59%;联合吸环模型通过降低下流速度、雷诺数剪应力(RSSs)和湍流动能(TKE)来减少桥墩局部冲刷的效率为94%。
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引用次数: 2
期刊
Journal of Applied Water Engineering and Research
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