Nothing more usual than to find Spanish refugees of 1939 in the French Resistance as they continued their fight against fascism. Therefore, hundreds of Spaniards where caught in the nets of the Vichy Government and the Gestapo. They are imprisoned in the French jails (Toulouse, Montluc, Fresnes, Compiegne, etc.) alongside the French Resistant women. Both will be piled up in wagons to the camps of the Third Reich. Many ended at the women’s camp in Ravensbruck. Usually, the Spaniards were labelled “F”, “French”, because they were arrested in France. This “F” was part of the “red triangle” of the “political prisoners”. Some were even classified NN ( Nacht und Nebel ), i.e. called to disappear without a trace. As they were recognized by nobody (neither the French nor the Spaniards), this means: no mail, no parcels. They held on for life thanks to the links they forged randomly across blocks, satellite camps, languages, affinities... However, many died. For some of them, the release arrived in April 1944, thanks to “neutral” countries initiatives: in fact, a few Spanish women were able to slip into the Red Cross convoys transiting through Switzerland, which were initially reserved for French women. Others returned by Sweden. Others, finally, faced the apocalyptic evacuation of the camps of 1945 and the “marches of death”. We propose to study “the return to life” helps through some cases – obviously return to France since there could be no possible repatriation for these Spanish anti-fascist survivors, as the victory of the Allies did not affect General Franco’s power. After returning to France, this help continued for two or three years, in particular thanks to convalescent stays in Switzerland, Sweden and somewhere else, and thanks to one-off material contributions from the Swiss Grant (“ Don suisse ”) or from various organizations.
没有什么比在法国抵抗运动中发现1939年的西班牙难民更常见了，因为他们继续与法西斯主义作斗争。因此，数以百计的西班牙人落入维希政府和盖世太保的网中。他们囚禁在法国监狱(Montluc图卢兹,Fresnes贡比涅,等等)与法国抵抗女人。这两件东西都要被装上马车运到第三帝国的集中营去。许多女性纳粹的集中营Ravensbruck结束。通常，西班牙人被贴上“F”，“法国人”的标签，因为他们是在法国被捕的。这个“F”是“政治犯”的“红色三角”的一部分。有些甚至被归类为NN (Nacht und Nebel)，即被要求消失得无影无踪。由于没有人认出他们(法国人和西班牙人都不认识)，这意味着:没有邮件，没有包裹。他们坚持了下来，这要归功于他们在街区、卫星营地、语言、亲缘关系等方面随机建立的联系……然而，许多人死亡。由于“中立国”的倡议，她们中的一些人在1944年4月获得了释放:事实上，一些西班牙妇女能够溜进红十字会在瑞士过境的车队，这些车队最初是为法国妇女保留的。其他由瑞典归还。最后，其他人面临着1945年集中营的末日般的撤离和“死亡行军”。我们建议在某些情况下研究“起死回生”的帮助——显然是回到法国，因为这些西班牙反法西斯幸存者不可能被遣返，因为盟军的胜利并没有影响佛朗哥将军的权力。回到法国后，这种帮助持续了两三年，特别是由于在瑞士、瑞典和其他地方的疗养，以及由于瑞士赠款(Don suisse)或各种组织的一次性物质捐助。
{"title":"Help of neutral countries in the return to life of the Women deportees from Ravensbrück camp. The Spanish Women case","authors":"R. Duroux","doi":"10.3989/chdj.2019.024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/chdj.2019.024","url":null,"abstract":"Nothing more usual than to find Spanish refugees of 1939 in the French Resistance as they continued their fight against fascism. Therefore, hundreds of Spaniards where caught in the nets of the Vichy Government and the Gestapo. They are imprisoned in the French jails (Toulouse, Montluc, Fresnes, Compiegne, etc.) alongside the French Resistant women. Both will be piled up in wagons to the camps of the Third Reich. Many ended at the women’s camp in Ravensbruck. Usually, the Spaniards were labelled “F”, “French”, because they were arrested in France. This “F” was part of the “red triangle” of the “political prisoners”. Some were even classified NN ( Nacht und Nebel ), i.e. called to disappear without a trace. As they were recognized by nobody (neither the French nor the Spaniards), this means: no mail, no parcels. They held on for life thanks to the links they forged randomly across blocks, satellite camps, languages, affinities... However, many died. For some of them, the release arrived in April 1944, thanks to “neutral” countries initiatives: in fact, a few Spanish women were able to slip into the Red Cross convoys transiting through Switzerland, which were initially reserved for French women. Others returned by Sweden. Others, finally, faced the apocalyptic evacuation of the camps of 1945 and the “marches of death”. We propose to study “the return to life” helps through some cases – obviously return to France since there could be no possible repatriation for these Spanish anti-fascist survivors, as the victory of the Allies did not affect General Franco’s power. After returning to France, this help continued for two or three years, in particular thanks to convalescent stays in Switzerland, Sweden and somewhere else, and thanks to one-off material contributions from the Swiss Grant (“ Don suisse ”) or from various organizations.","PeriodicalId":51942,"journal":{"name":"Culture & History Digital Journal","volume":"8 1","pages":"024"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70853982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Spanish Civil War mobilised a wide spectrum of the British population, a mood which materialised in the despatch of humanitarian aid, mainly to republican Spain. To this end, there were meetings and rallies in which the use of film was customary. Films made it possible to show a different reality from that which appeared on the newsreels, provided an opportunity for fund-raising and showed the deployment and results of the aid received. The distribution of the films, and occasionally their production, was undertaken by progressive film organisations, close to the Communist party, which raised doubts vis-a-vis the real intentions of the humanitarian organisations.
{"title":"Help Spain by showing films. British film production for humanitarian aid during the Spanish Civil War","authors":"L. López-Martín","doi":"10.3989/chdj.2019.019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/chdj.2019.019","url":null,"abstract":"The Spanish Civil War mobilised a wide spectrum of the British population, a mood which materialised in the despatch of humanitarian aid, mainly to republican Spain. To this end, there were meetings and rallies in which the use of film was customary. Films made it possible to show a different reality from that which appeared on the newsreels, provided an opportunity for fund-raising and showed the deployment and results of the aid received. The distribution of the films, and occasionally their production, was undertaken by progressive film organisations, close to the Communist party, which raised doubts vis-a-vis the real intentions of the humanitarian organisations.","PeriodicalId":51942,"journal":{"name":"Culture & History Digital Journal","volume":"8 1","pages":"019"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46016062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The objective of this article is the analysis of the humanitarian relief work of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and the League of the Red Cross Societies through a joint body, the Joint Relief Committee (JRC), in France during the Second World War. Based on the treaties, convention and draft projects that shed light on the evolution and consolidation of the International Humanitarian Law relating to civilian defence and on the specialized bibliography, reports of the ICRC and the JRC, documentary sources of the ICRC Archives, and photo library of the same organization, the article focuses on humanitarian aid and priorities of the JRC in favour of the civilian population most vulnerable to and affected by war: children, women and internees in the concentration camps in South of France. This study, accompanied by photos, maps and quantitative data, sheds light on the channels of humanitarian action, the charitable organizations, associations, institutions, foundations, etc., that made this possible, as well as the loopholes and limitations of international humanitarian law, with important consequences for human life during a major conflict such as the Second World War.
{"title":"The Humanitarian Aid of the Joint Relief Commission of the International Red Cross in France to the civil population: children, women and internees (1940-1946)","authors":"Luiza Iordache Cârstea","doi":"10.3989/chdj.2019.022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/chdj.2019.022","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this article is the analysis of the humanitarian relief work of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and the League of the Red Cross Societies through a joint body, the Joint Relief Committee (JRC), in France during the Second World War. Based on the treaties, convention and draft projects that shed light on the evolution and consolidation of the International Humanitarian Law relating to civilian defence and on the specialized bibliography, reports of the ICRC and the JRC, documentary sources of the ICRC Archives, and photo library of the same organization, the article focuses on humanitarian aid and priorities of the JRC in favour of the civilian population most vulnerable to and affected by war: children, women and internees in the concentration camps in South of France. This study, accompanied by photos, maps and quantitative data, sheds light on the channels of humanitarian action, the charitable organizations, associations, institutions, foundations, etc., that made this possible, as well as the loopholes and limitations of international humanitarian law, with important consequences for human life during a major conflict such as the Second World War.","PeriodicalId":51942,"journal":{"name":"Culture & History Digital Journal","volume":"8 1","pages":"022"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44750865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Unitarian Service Committee was one of the most important US aid agencies involved in assisting refugees in the World War II context. In the article I analyse the origins of its action in Europe, focusing on a practically unknown aspect which as its intervention in favour of Spanish Republicans who had fled from Spain and the threat of Francoism in 1939. The Unitarian Service Committee (USC) began its operations in the spring of 1940 and an office of the Unitarian Service Committee would be established in Marseilles in 1941. From this office active work was focused mainly on medical help for the camp inmates in the south of France. The USC had an aid program dedicated exclusively to the Spanish refugees. This program was supported by funding from another American organization, the Joint Antifascist Refugee Committee closely linked to socialist and communist circles and whose chairman, Edward Barsky, was a former international Brigadier who had participated in the Spanish Civil War. I will analyse the links between these two organizations and their connections with international relief networks.
{"title":"The Unitarian’s Service Committee Marseille Office and the American networks to aid Spanish refugees. (1940-1943)","authors":"Aurelio Velázquez-Hernández","doi":"10.3989/chdj.2019.021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/chdj.2019.021","url":null,"abstract":"The Unitarian Service Committee was one of the most important US aid agencies involved in assisting refugees in the World War II context. In the article I analyse the origins of its action in Europe, focusing on a practically unknown aspect which as its intervention in favour of Spanish Republicans who had fled from Spain and the threat of Francoism in 1939. The Unitarian Service Committee (USC) began its operations in the spring of 1940 and an office of the Unitarian Service Committee would be established in Marseilles in 1941. From this office active work was focused mainly on medical help for the camp inmates in the south of France. The USC had an aid program dedicated exclusively to the Spanish refugees. This program was supported by funding from another American organization, the Joint Antifascist Refugee Committee closely linked to socialist and communist circles and whose chairman, Edward Barsky, was a former international Brigadier who had participated in the Spanish Civil War. I will analyse the links between these two organizations and their connections with international relief networks.","PeriodicalId":51942,"journal":{"name":"Culture & History Digital Journal","volume":"8 1","pages":"021"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47006167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this study is to address the situation of one of the most vulnerable social collectives: Central European refugee children and youths who fled the territories occupied by the Third Reich, thanks to the help provided by large number of private or public organizations, which resulted in the reception of about ten thousand refugees in the United Kingdom at the beginning of World War II. To this end, diverse documents have been analysed from archives such as The National Archive and The British Library, in order to learn more about this human drama and its impact upon international politics, as well as the role played by the British Government.
{"title":"Fractured Childhoods, Identities in Transit: Humanitarian Aid for Central European Refugees from the United Kingdom","authors":"Magdalena Garrido Caballero","doi":"10.3989/chdj.2019.023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/chdj.2019.023","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study is to address the situation of one of the most vulnerable social collectives: Central European refugee children and youths who fled the territories occupied by the Third Reich, thanks to the help provided by large number of private or public organizations, which resulted in the reception of about ten thousand refugees in the United Kingdom at the beginning of World War II. To this end, diverse documents have been analysed from archives such as The National Archive and The British Library, in order to learn more about this human drama and its impact upon international politics, as well as the role played by the British Government.","PeriodicalId":51942,"journal":{"name":"Culture & History Digital Journal","volume":"8 1","pages":"023"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41718826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Antonio Laguna Platero, Francesc Andreu Martínez Gallego
La Traca was a weekly magazine published in Valencia between 1884 and 1892 and between 1909 and 1938, with periods during which it was not published because of governmental censorship. Because it was written in Valencian, the vernacular language of where it was published, it did not go beyond being a magazine of local, or at most regional, interest, circulation and importance. However, its editor, Vicente Miguel Carceller, made the decision in 1931 to edit the magazine in Spanish and he thus conquered the country’s market, resulting in circulation figures that no other publication had ever reached. La Traca was the most loved and hated of all satirical publications. This article explores its characteristics and its ideology, it investigates how it resolved its conflicts and the terrible ending destiny afforded it. We work on the hypothesis that laughter helps dissolve cultural hegemony, since it balances on the edge between what is real and imagined; what is possible and dreamed.
《La Traca》是1884年至1892年以及1909年至1938年间在巴伦西亚出版的周刊，期间由于政府审查而未出版。因为它是用巴伦西亚语写的，巴伦西亚语是它出版的地方语言，所以它并没有超越成为一本当地的，或者最多是地区性的，感兴趣的，发行量和重要性的杂志。然而，该杂志的编辑Vicente Miguel Carceller在1931年决定用西班牙语编辑该杂志，从而征服了该国的市场，从而获得了其他出版物从未达到的发行量数字。La Traca是所有讽刺出版物中最受欢迎和憎恨的。本文探讨了它的特点和意识形态，探讨了它是如何解决冲突的，以及它所带来的可怕的结局命运；什么是可能的，什么是梦想。
{"title":"The satirical press and the struggle for cultural hegemony in Spain: a case study on La Traca, 1884-1938","authors":"Antonio Laguna Platero, Francesc Andreu Martínez Gallego","doi":"10.3989/CHDJ.2019.015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/CHDJ.2019.015","url":null,"abstract":"La Traca was a weekly magazine published in Valencia between 1884 and 1892 and between 1909 and 1938, with periods during which it was not published because of governmental censorship. Because it was written in Valencian, the vernacular language of where it was published, it did not go beyond being a magazine of local, or at most regional, interest, circulation and importance. However, its editor, Vicente Miguel Carceller, made the decision in 1931 to edit the magazine in Spanish and he thus conquered the country’s market, resulting in circulation figures that no other publication had ever reached. La Traca was the most loved and hated of all satirical publications. This article explores its characteristics and its ideology, it investigates how it resolved its conflicts and the terrible ending destiny afforded it. We work on the hypothesis that laughter helps dissolve cultural hegemony, since it balances on the edge between what is real and imagined; what is possible and dreamed.","PeriodicalId":51942,"journal":{"name":"Culture & History Digital Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47811693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Moisés Rodríguez-Escobar, Francisco Rodríguez-Jiménez
The geopolitical context of what would later come to be called the “global village” made governments pay more attention to their external image and the public opinion of third-world countries. The previous emphasis on the development of military or economic alliances (hard power) was complemented with alternative views, other ways of connecting with different global societies (soft power). Relations between the United States and Spain did not escape this general dynamic. Here, we evaluate the extent to which this connection affected women’s access to higher education in Spain. With the Residencia de Señoritas, there was a narrowing of the educational and cultural exchange relations between the two countries. After the abrupt cessation of the civil war, the establishment of the Fulbright program in the 1959-60 academic year allowed Spain to recover and to intensify the exchanges that had taken place since the beginning of the century. We will see what the fields of study in this prestigious exchange program were, and analyze to what extent the training received on the other side of the Atlantic facilitated the professional careers of the Spanish Fulbrigthers upon their return.
{"title":"“Atlantic Gap or Network of Opportunities?” Spanish-American Cultural Relations, Women, and Diplomacy (1959-1975)","authors":"Moisés Rodríguez-Escobar, Francisco Rodríguez-Jiménez","doi":"10.3989/CHDJ.2019.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/CHDJ.2019.008","url":null,"abstract":"The geopolitical context of what would later come to be called the “global village” made governments pay more attention to their external image and the public opinion of third-world countries. The previous emphasis on the development of military or economic alliances (hard power) was complemented with alternative views, other ways of connecting with different global societies (soft power). Relations between the United States and Spain did not escape this general dynamic. Here, we evaluate the extent to which this connection affected women’s access to higher education in Spain. With the Residencia de Señoritas, there was a narrowing of the educational and cultural exchange relations between the two countries. After the abrupt cessation of the civil war, the establishment of the Fulbright program in the 1959-60 academic year allowed Spain to recover and to intensify the exchanges that had taken place since the beginning of the century. We will see what the fields of study in this prestigious exchange program were, and analyze to what extent the training received on the other side of the Atlantic facilitated the professional careers of the Spanish Fulbrigthers upon their return.","PeriodicalId":51942,"journal":{"name":"Culture & History Digital Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43351988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research was carried out during a 2017 sabbatical spent at the University of Salamanca. My objectives were to recover the historical memory of the early figures of the feminist struggle in that university and its context in the years of Spain’s transition to democracy, elucidate the processes through which women sought institutional empowerment over almost four decades, and explain the diverse interests that converged in different ways to understand women’s rights and the integral insertion of women into domains of academic and social life. The study had two axes: first, to ascertain the convergence-divergence of interests among Salamancan women from the 1960s to 1990s, especially between two groups of militants, one social, the other academic, where the variables of social class and professional formation became apparent; and, second, to reconstruct the paths that women professors took to improve their status and gain recognition for their contributions to science in Spain’s oldest and most conservative university, by creating a Centre for Women’s Studies (Cemusa) at the dawn of the new century. The methodology involved rescuing the voices of women citizens, housewives and long-serving professors who narrated their lives as social fighters. The review of documents, pamphlets, photographs, videos and the collection of Cemusa’s publications facilitated recreating the life of Salamanca, its university and its women.
{"title":"Women of Salamanca. Academia, society and culture","authors":"Virginia Ávila García","doi":"10.3989/CHDJ.2019.011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/CHDJ.2019.011","url":null,"abstract":"This research was carried out during a 2017 sabbatical spent at the University of Salamanca. My objectives were to recover the historical memory of the early figures of the feminist struggle in that university and its context in the years of Spain’s transition to democracy, elucidate the processes through which women sought institutional empowerment over almost four decades, and explain the diverse interests that converged in different ways to understand women’s rights and the integral insertion of women into domains of academic and social life. \u0000 \u0000The study had two axes: first, to ascertain the convergence-divergence of interests among Salamancan women from the 1960s to 1990s, especially between two groups of militants, one social, the other academic, where the variables of social class and professional formation became apparent; and, second, to reconstruct the paths that women professors took to improve their status and gain recognition for their contributions to science in Spain’s oldest and most conservative university, by creating a Centre for Women’s Studies (Cemusa) at the dawn of the new century. The methodology involved rescuing the voices of women citizens, housewives and long-serving professors who narrated their lives as social fighters. The review of documents, pamphlets, photographs, videos and the collection of Cemusa’s publications facilitated recreating the life of Salamanca, its university and its women.","PeriodicalId":51942,"journal":{"name":"Culture & History Digital Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41452684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The liberalisation of the slave trade in the Spanish Caribbean ended with a series of political measures which aimed to revitalise the practice of slavery in the region. After granting a series of monopoly contracts (asientos) to merchant houses based in other western European nations to supply slaves to Spanish America, the Spanish monarchy decided to liberalise import mechanisms. These reforms turned Cuba, especially Havana, into the most important slave trade hub within the Spanish Caribbean. Havana was connected with both Atlantic and inter-colonial trade networks, while other authorised ports imported slaves from other Caribbean territories; Spanish, British, Dutch, Danish and American traders all participated in this trade, and slave trafficking became the most profitable form of commerce in the region during this period.
{"title":"A Caribbean Affair: The Liberalisation of the Slave Trade in the Spanish Caribbean, 1784-1791","authors":"José Luis Belmonte Postigo","doi":"10.3989/CHDJ.2019.014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/CHDJ.2019.014","url":null,"abstract":"The liberalisation of the slave trade in the Spanish Caribbean ended with a series of political measures which aimed to revitalise the practice of slavery in the region. After granting a series of monopoly contracts (asientos) to merchant houses based in other western European nations to supply slaves to Spanish America, the Spanish monarchy decided to liberalise import mechanisms. These reforms turned Cuba, especially Havana, into the most important slave trade hub within the Spanish Caribbean. Havana was connected with both Atlantic and inter-colonial trade networks, while other authorised ports imported slaves from other Caribbean territories; Spanish, British, Dutch, Danish and American traders all participated in this trade, and slave trafficking became the most profitable form of commerce in the region during this period.","PeriodicalId":51942,"journal":{"name":"Culture & History Digital Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42731895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the last decades of the nineteenth century, the educational issue took on a greater political dimension. This general impulse benefited women’s education, fostered by legislation developed since the mid-nineteenth century and the first decades of the twentieth century. The Royal Order of March 8, 1910 facilitated the path opened by its predecessors and was a real revulsive for those women who would like to enter the University. Our research focuses on this context and on how its access to the University of Salamanca occurred in the first third of the 20th century. The analysis of the fundamental sources allows us to quantify the number of students and their distribution by faculties and branches of studies, in addition to demonstrating to what extent the gradual elimination of obstacles, as a consequence of the new legislation, impelled their entrance in this University. The biographical fragments of the most relevant university students show us, as much as possible, their academic and vital trajectory and help us to end their invisibility.
{"title":"University women in Salamanca in the first third of the 20th century: quantification and profiles","authors":"María Luz De Prado Herrera","doi":"10.3989/CHDJ.2019.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/CHDJ.2019.005","url":null,"abstract":"In the last decades of the nineteenth century, the educational issue took on a greater political dimension. This general impulse benefited women’s education, fostered by legislation developed since the mid-nineteenth century and the first decades of the twentieth century. The Royal Order of March 8, 1910 facilitated the path opened by its predecessors and was a real revulsive for those women who would like to enter the University. Our research focuses on this context and on how its access to the University of Salamanca occurred in the first third of the 20th century. The analysis of the fundamental sources allows us to quantify the number of students and their distribution by faculties and branches of studies, in addition to demonstrating to what extent the gradual elimination of obstacles, as a consequence of the new legislation, impelled their entrance in this University. The biographical fragments of the most relevant university students show us, as much as possible, their academic and vital trajectory and help us to end their invisibility.","PeriodicalId":51942,"journal":{"name":"Culture & History Digital Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49232563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：