Based on a close and detailed investigation of local and strangely neglected municipal sources, combined with the meticulous scrutiny of documents conserved in the Russian archives for the period 1559-1562, and a focus on institutional history, I demonstrate how the early Calvinistic consistories cleverly manipulated the particular municipal organization (the consulates) of Midi communities and managed to take them over with relative ease. In many of these communities, which greatly varied in size, we find that the consistories were turned into “political councils”; this subsequently enabled them to control the election of magistrates (consuls) and, even before the beginning of the wars of Religion, to ensure that they controlled the municipalities, though the Protestants were very much a minority. This is a major factor towards explaining the famous “Protestant crescent” that characterizes the South of France with its tones of civil religion.
{"title":"Institutional Violence: The Takeover of Municipalities by Protestants in the South of France (1560-1562)","authors":"S. Brunet","doi":"10.3989/CHDJ.2017.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/CHDJ.2017.002","url":null,"abstract":"Based on a close and detailed investigation of local and strangely neglected municipal sources, combined with the meticulous scrutiny of documents conserved in the Russian archives for the period 1559-1562, and a focus on institutional history, I demonstrate how the early Calvinistic consistories cleverly manipulated the particular municipal organization (the consulates) of Midi communities and managed to take them over with relative ease. In many of these communities, which greatly varied in size, we find that the consistories were turned into “political councils”; this subsequently enabled them to control the election of magistrates (consuls) and, even before the beginning of the wars of Religion, to ensure that they controlled the municipalities, though the Protestants were very much a minority. This is a major factor towards explaining the famous “Protestant crescent” that characterizes the South of France with its tones of civil religion.","PeriodicalId":51942,"journal":{"name":"Culture & History Digital Journal","volume":"6 1","pages":"002"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45934853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Franciscan martyrdom of 1597 was not an unprecedented event in the young history of Japanese Christianity, as a first wave of persecutions occurred ten years earlier. But the echo it found in Asia, America and Europe, was unparalleled. This article aims to account for Franciscan success in giving worldwide publicity to what could otherwise be seen as a local event of limited consequence. The martyrdom of 1597 finds it roots in a context of tensions between Christians and Buddhists, who formed an overwhelming majority in Japan. However, the persecutions had more to do with the suppression of troubles than with theological considerations. But this political aspect is hardly apparent in Franciscan sources, which were mostly concerned with describing the martyrdom. From the start, the Franciscans were keen to actively circulate witnesses’ accounts of the martyrdom in Mexico and in Europe. What also helped the event achieve worldwide publicity was that the Franciscans blamed the Jesuits for the outbreak of persecutions. The martyrdom indeed became the object of a dispute between religious orders, but with political ramifications, as the Spanish in the Philippines supported the Franciscans while the Jesuits were closely dependent on the Portuguese in Macao.
{"title":"The Glorious Martyrdom of the Cross. The Franciscans and the Japanese Persecutions of 1597.","authors":"Héléne Vu Thanh","doi":"10.3989/CHDJ.2017.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/CHDJ.2017.005","url":null,"abstract":"The Franciscan martyrdom of 1597 was not an unprecedented event in the young history of Japanese Christianity, as a first wave of persecutions occurred ten years earlier. But the echo it found in Asia, America and Europe, was unparalleled. This article aims to account for Franciscan success in giving worldwide publicity to what could otherwise be seen as a local event of limited consequence. The martyrdom of 1597 finds it roots in a context of tensions between Christians and Buddhists, who formed an overwhelming majority in Japan. However, the persecutions had more to do with the suppression of troubles than with theological considerations. But this political aspect is hardly apparent in Franciscan sources, which were mostly concerned with describing the martyrdom. From the start, the Franciscans were keen to actively circulate witnesses’ accounts of the martyrdom in Mexico and in Europe. What also helped the event achieve worldwide publicity was that the Franciscans blamed the Jesuits for the outbreak of persecutions. The martyrdom indeed became the object of a dispute between religious orders, but with political ramifications, as the Spanish in the Philippines supported the Franciscans while the Jesuits were closely dependent on the Portuguese in Macao.","PeriodicalId":51942,"journal":{"name":"Culture & History Digital Journal","volume":"6 1","pages":"005"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44844005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The triumph of the reason as the only way of natural knowledge was the most remarkable result of the paradigm shift occurred during the so-called Scientific Revolution, which reaches from the Renaissance to the Enlightenment, and in which dogmatic reasoning lost progressively its role as the principal form of knowledge. Nevertheless, during the following centuries, a large part of the men of science were willing to favour the conversion of dogma into an agent of rational thought. This paper, tries to offer a point of reflection on the influence that the biblical account maintained in the construction of the modern scientific theories that, somehow, tried to explain relevant issues such as the origin of physical and moral differences between humans. The broader objective is to demonstrate that, as a form of cultural expression, the dogmatic-religious thought continued to play a transcendental role in the legitimation of a part of the modern rational scientific discourse, committed to defending the civilizing role and the physical and moral superiority of Western states, far beyond what the simple use of reason permitted.
{"title":"Monsters of an Awakened Reason. The influence of the Biblical account in the development of the scientific theories on the origin of man and its variations","authors":"M. Villa","doi":"10.3989/chdj.2017.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/chdj.2017.008","url":null,"abstract":"The triumph of the reason as the only way of natural knowledge was the most remarkable result of the paradigm shift occurred during the so-called Scientific Revolution, which reaches from the Renaissance to the Enlightenment, and in which dogmatic reasoning lost progressively its role as the principal form of knowledge. Nevertheless, during the following centuries, a large part of the men of science were willing to favour the conversion of dogma into an agent of rational thought. This paper, tries to offer a point of reflection on the influence that the biblical account maintained in the construction of the modern scientific theories that, somehow, tried to explain relevant issues such as the origin of physical and moral differences between humans. The broader objective is to demonstrate that, as a form of cultural expression, the dogmatic-religious thought continued to play a transcendental role in the legitimation of a part of the modern rational scientific discourse, committed to defending the civilizing role and the physical and moral superiority of Western states, far beyond what the simple use of reason permitted.","PeriodicalId":51942,"journal":{"name":"Culture & History Digital Journal","volume":"6 1","pages":"008"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45352144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In 1586 the book Advertissement des Catholiques Anglois aux Francois catholiques, du danger ou ils sont de perdre leur religion was edited in Paris: the author, the Ligueur Loys Dorleans wanted to show what would be the future of France under the dominion of an heretical king, using as example the sufferings of the contemporaries English Catholics. The book knew many editions and Dorleans published other works on the same subject. In 1592 the Catholique Anglois , was printed twice in Spanish, in Madrid and Zaragoza. The history of the edition of Dorleans’ texts in Spanish must be understood as an effort of the English Catholic refugees and their network of alliances in Spain to demonstrate their tragic situation to the public. The Spanish editions of Dorleans’ work were made at the same time when new English Colleges were opened in the Spanish Kingdom.
{"title":"Loys Dorléans and the “Catholiques Anglois”: A Common Catholic History between Violence, Martyrdom and Human and Cultural Networks","authors":"Marco Penzi","doi":"10.3989/CHDJ.2017.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/CHDJ.2017.004","url":null,"abstract":"In 1586 the book Advertissement des Catholiques Anglois aux Francois catholiques, du danger ou ils sont de perdre leur religion was edited in Paris: the author, the Ligueur Loys Dorleans wanted to show what would be the future of France under the dominion of an heretical king, using as example the sufferings of the contemporaries English Catholics. The book knew many editions and Dorleans published other works on the same subject. In 1592 the Catholique Anglois , was printed twice in Spanish, in Madrid and Zaragoza. The history of the edition of Dorleans’ texts in Spanish must be understood as an effort of the English Catholic refugees and their network of alliances in Spain to demonstrate their tragic situation to the public. The Spanish editions of Dorleans’ work were made at the same time when new English Colleges were opened in the Spanish Kingdom.","PeriodicalId":51942,"journal":{"name":"Culture & History Digital Journal","volume":"6 1","pages":"004"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41908148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the US context Fluxus is understood as an advance of the ‘60s radicalism. The assumption that Fluxus was opposed to consumption culture, as that embodied by Pop art, is among the interpretations that renew such a view. Examining the example of Implosions Inc., a short-lived but nevertheless interesting commercial enterprise formed by Robert Watts, Herman Fine and George Maciunas in 1967, this essay focuses its attention on the complex relationship between Fluxus and commercial culture. Implosions Inc. was a project in which many Pop artists were asked to participate along with its Fluxus founders, and it was intended as another step forward in the transformation of the artist into a commodity mass-producer. In analyzing this phenomenon, this article questions assumed principles in the Neo-avantgarde theory like the distinction between art production and culture consumption. The essay, however, will try to establish another paradigm that draws the differences between Pop art and Fluxus as the kind of audiences both these tendencies tried to conform. As a conclusion, the article fleshes out some ideas on individualism that were developed by Maciunas, which shed light on the notions surrounding the idea of collectivism as developed in Fluxus.
{"title":"The Impossible Performance of Mass Commodity. George Maciunas, Herman Fine and Robert Watts’ Implosions Inc. (ca. 1967)","authors":"Iñaki Estella Noriega","doi":"10.3989/CHDJ.2016.019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/CHDJ.2016.019","url":null,"abstract":"In the US context Fluxus is understood as an advance of the ‘60s radicalism. The assumption that Fluxus was opposed to consumption culture, as that embodied by Pop art, is among the interpretations that renew such a view. Examining the example of Implosions Inc., a short-lived but nevertheless interesting commercial enterprise formed by Robert Watts, Herman Fine and George Maciunas in 1967, this essay focuses its attention on the complex relationship between Fluxus and commercial culture. Implosions Inc. was a project in which many Pop artists were asked to participate along with its Fluxus founders, and it was intended as another step forward in the transformation of the artist into a commodity mass-producer. In analyzing this phenomenon, this article questions assumed principles in the Neo-avantgarde theory like the distinction between art production and culture consumption. The essay, however, will try to establish another paradigm that draws the differences between Pop art and Fluxus as the kind of audiences both these tendencies tried to conform. As a conclusion, the article fleshes out some ideas on individualism that were developed by Maciunas, which shed light on the notions surrounding the idea of collectivism as developed in Fluxus.","PeriodicalId":51942,"journal":{"name":"Culture & History Digital Journal","volume":"5 1","pages":"019"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2016-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70853482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article queries the relationship between imperial expansion, geographical knowledge and epistemic spatiality in Portuguese Asia. It proposes to disentangle these aspects by exploring the Conquista Espiritual do Oriente of Friar Paulo da Trindade, a Lusophone, Asian-born Franciscan writing in Goa in the 1630s. Trindade’s chronicle provides disturbing insights into the difficult relationship between imperial expansion and the spatial organization of knowledge. Information about Asia and its peoples appears systematically detached from the spatial frameworks created by other authors and thrown into a panorama deeply reliant on spirituality and sacred history. Trindade’s work suggests that there were strong political reasons for the Order of Saint Francis to embrace such a narrative. Whilst generalizations remain to be avoided, the shadow cast by the Jesuits over the Franciscan enterprise in the East played a key role in the adoption by the Seraphic order of a discursive strategy where time trumped space. / Las Politicas Temporales de la Conquista Espiritual: Historia, Geografia y Orientalismo Franciscano en la Conquista Espiritual do Oriente de Frei Paulo da Trindade.- Este articulo se interroga acerca de la relacion entre expansion iberica, conocimiento geografico y espacialidad epistemica en el Asia portuguesa. Se propone desentranar estos tres aspectos mediante el analisis de la Conquista Espiritual do Oriente que compuso en Goa, en torno a 1630, Fr. Paulo da Trindade, un franciscano de origen portugues nacido en Asia. La cronica de Trindade proporciona una mirada perturbadora sobre la dificil relacion entre expansion imperial y organizacion espacial del saber. La informacion sobre Asia y sus gentes aparece sistematicamente disociada de los marcos geograficos creados por otros autores y dibuja un panorama fuertemente impregnado de espiritualidad e historia sagrada. La obra de Trindade sugiere que hubo poderosas razones politicas que llevaron a la Orden de San Francisco a adoptar esa tipo de narrativa. Sin caer en generalizaciones, la sombra de los jesuitas sobre la empresa franciscana en Asia jugo un papel esencial en el recurso por parte de la Orden serafica de una estrategia discursiva en la que el tiempo se impuso al espacio.
{"title":"The Temporal Politics of Spiritual Conquest: History, Geography and Franciscan Orientalism in the Conquista Espiritual do Oriente of Friar Paulo da Trindade","authors":"Z. Biedermann","doi":"10.3989/CHDJ.2016.014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/CHDJ.2016.014","url":null,"abstract":"This article queries the relationship between imperial expansion, geographical knowledge and epistemic spatiality in Portuguese Asia. It proposes to disentangle these aspects by exploring the Conquista Espiritual do Oriente of Friar Paulo da Trindade, a Lusophone, Asian-born Franciscan writing in Goa in the 1630s. Trindade’s chronicle provides disturbing insights into the difficult relationship between imperial expansion and the spatial organization of knowledge. Information about Asia and its peoples appears systematically detached from the spatial frameworks created by other authors and thrown into a panorama deeply reliant on spirituality and sacred history. Trindade’s work suggests that there were strong political reasons for the Order of Saint Francis to embrace such a narrative. Whilst generalizations remain to be avoided, the shadow cast by the Jesuits over the Franciscan enterprise in the East played a key role in the adoption by the Seraphic order of a discursive strategy where time trumped space. / Las Politicas Temporales de la Conquista Espiritual: Historia, Geografia y Orientalismo Franciscano en la Conquista Espiritual do Oriente de Frei Paulo da Trindade.- Este articulo se interroga acerca de la relacion entre expansion iberica, conocimiento geografico y espacialidad epistemica en el Asia portuguesa. Se propone desentranar estos tres aspectos mediante el analisis de la Conquista Espiritual do Oriente que compuso en Goa, en torno a 1630, Fr. Paulo da Trindade, un franciscano de origen portugues nacido en Asia. La cronica de Trindade proporciona una mirada perturbadora sobre la dificil relacion entre expansion imperial y organizacion espacial del saber. La informacion sobre Asia y sus gentes aparece sistematicamente disociada de los marcos geograficos creados por otros autores y dibuja un panorama fuertemente impregnado de espiritualidad e historia sagrada. La obra de Trindade sugiere que hubo poderosas razones politicas que llevaron a la Orden de San Francisco a adoptar esa tipo de narrativa. Sin caer en generalizaciones, la sombra de los jesuitas sobre la empresa franciscana en Asia jugo un papel esencial en el recurso por parte de la Orden serafica de una estrategia discursiva en la que el tiempo se impuso al espacio.","PeriodicalId":51942,"journal":{"name":"Culture & History Digital Journal","volume":"5 1","pages":"014"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2016-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70853269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this paper is a long-term examination of the history of the collecting of material culture and bio-anthropological remains from the Canary Islands ancient settlers since the 18th century onward. This traffic of objects was determined to a great extent by the presence of mummification in their funerary rites and by the academic controversy surrounding their ethnic origins. In relation to these facts, the text analyzes the different agents and the different interests involved in the knowledge and the international circulation of these objects formerly belonging to the so-called “guanches.” Finally, the current situation of this traffic and the latest cases of moving of mummies and other human remains from ancient Canary Islanders that are preserved in museums or collections will be addressed.
{"title":"“Guanchinescan Antiquities”. Commerce and collecting of archeological remains from the Canary Islands","authors":"Carmen García","doi":"10.3989/CHDJ.2016.017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/CHDJ.2016.017","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this paper is a long-term examination of the history of the collecting of material culture and bio-anthropological remains from the Canary Islands ancient settlers since the 18th century onward. This traffic of objects was determined to a great extent by the presence of mummification in their funerary rites and by the academic controversy surrounding their ethnic origins. In relation to these facts, the text analyzes the different agents and the different interests involved in the knowledge and the international circulation of these objects formerly belonging to the so-called “guanches.” Finally, the current situation of this traffic and the latest cases of moving of mummies and other human remains from ancient Canary Islanders that are preserved in museums or collections will be addressed.","PeriodicalId":51942,"journal":{"name":"Culture & History Digital Journal","volume":"5 1","pages":"017"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2016-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70853690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This essay focuses on the study of Franciscan written and intellectual culture in Portuguese America. Specifically, it analyzes the role the Franciscans played, through their writings, in the shaping of the Portuguese- American world, of the way that world was thought about, and of contemporary understandings of the place Brazil should occupy within the Portuguese monarchy. It examines the visions of the Empire which the so-called Seraphic Order developed in the Brazilian colonial context, the written strategies they used, and the missionary and colonial knowledge which they employed when constructing their perceptions of the American world. To that end, it looks in detail at the Franciscan friar Antonio do Rosario and his text Frutas do Brasil (Lisbon, 1702), in which he used his knowledge of the natural world to construct a complex plant-based allegory with clear political connotations about Brazil.
本文主要研究葡属美洲方济会的文字文化和思想文化。具体来说，它分析了方济各会修士通过他们的著作，在塑造葡萄牙-美国世界中所扮演的角色，对这个世界的看法，以及对巴西在葡萄牙君主制中应该占据的位置的当代理解。它考察了所谓的六翼骑士团在巴西殖民背景下发展起来的帝国愿景，他们使用的书面策略，以及他们在构建他们对美洲世界的看法时所使用的传教士和殖民知识。为此，本文详细介绍了方济各会修士安东尼奥·多·罗萨里奥(Antonio do Rosario)和他的著作《Frutas do Brasil》(里斯本，1702年)。在这本书中，他运用自己对自然世界的了解，构建了一个复杂的、以植物为基础的寓言，其中带有明确的巴西政治内涵。
{"title":"Ascetic tropics: Franciscans, missionary knowledge and visions of Empire in the Portuguese Atlantic at the turn of the eighteenth century","authors":"Federico Palomo","doi":"10.3989/CHDJ.2016.013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/CHDJ.2016.013","url":null,"abstract":"This essay focuses on the study of Franciscan written and intellectual culture in Portuguese America. Specifically, it analyzes the role the Franciscans played, through their writings, in the shaping of the Portuguese- American world, of the way that world was thought about, and of contemporary understandings of the place Brazil should occupy within the Portuguese monarchy. It examines the visions of the Empire which the so-called Seraphic Order developed in the Brazilian colonial context, the written strategies they used, and the missionary and colonial knowledge which they employed when constructing their perceptions of the American world. To that end, it looks in detail at the Franciscan friar Antonio do Rosario and his text Frutas do Brasil (Lisbon, 1702), in which he used his knowledge of the natural world to construct a complex plant-based allegory with clear political connotations about Brazil.","PeriodicalId":51942,"journal":{"name":"Culture & History Digital Journal","volume":"5 1","pages":"013"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2016-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70853249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This essay examines the ways in which Franciscan authors recounted the history of their missions in East Asia from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century. Key differences between Franciscan authors and those of other orders are highlighted, with special emphasis placed on disputes over precedence in the Asian mission field, over privileges accorded by the papacy for missionary activity, and over the prestige secured by acts of pious heroism and appointments to high ecclesiastical offices. Chronicles served as important adjuncts to the face-toface rivalries of Catholic religious orders, with the Franciscans dueling their peers for pride of place in historical memory. The publication of Franciscan histories in Europe ensured that the conflicts between orders extended around the globe, while their original intention was to consolidate the memories of distant efforts to plant and grow the church.
{"title":"Conquests of Memory: Franciscan Chronicles of the East Asian Church in the Early Modern Period","authors":"L. Brockey","doi":"10.3989/CHDJ.2016.015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/CHDJ.2016.015","url":null,"abstract":"This essay examines the ways in which Franciscan authors recounted the history of their missions in East Asia from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century. Key differences between Franciscan authors and those of other orders are highlighted, with special emphasis placed on disputes over precedence in the Asian mission field, over privileges accorded by the papacy for missionary activity, and over the prestige secured by acts of pious heroism and appointments to high ecclesiastical offices. Chronicles served as important adjuncts to the face-toface rivalries of Catholic religious orders, with the Franciscans dueling their peers for pride of place in historical memory. The publication of Franciscan histories in Europe ensured that the conflicts between orders extended around the globe, while their original intention was to consolidate the memories of distant efforts to plant and grow the church.","PeriodicalId":51942,"journal":{"name":"Culture & History Digital Journal","volume":"5 1","pages":"015"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2016-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70853402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sofia Casanova was a Spanish journalist and a Red Cross voluntary during World War One. Her chronicles were published by right wing diary ABC. Sofia Casanova was married with polish philosopher Wicenty Lutoslawski since 1887, lived at Polonia, and it is able to think about her as a “regular” middle-up class woman. However, if it is developed a biographic approach and it is focused in Casanova’s representations about both public and private spheres during Great War, some differences show up. Between 1914 and 1918, there was an irregular modification in gender system. The war impact in every-day life was an asymmetric modification of public-private boundaries. That historical phenomenon also depended on gender cross-wise categories as class, religion and nationalism. Sofia Casanova was in rear of the eastern front: she was both a witness and and a principal actor in all those events that modified public sphere.
{"title":"Sofía Casanova and the First World War. Changing the Public Sphere","authors":"Pedro Ochoa Crespo","doi":"10.3989/CHDJ.2016.018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/CHDJ.2016.018","url":null,"abstract":"Sofia Casanova was a Spanish journalist and a Red Cross voluntary during World War One. Her chronicles were published by right wing diary ABC. Sofia Casanova was married with polish philosopher Wicenty Lutoslawski since 1887, lived at Polonia, and it is able to think about her as a “regular” middle-up class woman. However, if it is developed a biographic approach and it is focused in Casanova’s representations about both public and private spheres during Great War, some differences show up. Between 1914 and 1918, there was an irregular modification in gender system. The war impact in every-day life was an asymmetric modification of public-private boundaries. That historical phenomenon also depended on gender cross-wise categories as class, religion and nationalism. Sofia Casanova was in rear of the eastern front: she was both a witness and and a principal actor in all those events that modified public sphere.","PeriodicalId":51942,"journal":{"name":"Culture & History Digital Journal","volume":"5 1","pages":"018"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2016-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70853871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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