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Circuitos económicos solidarios turísticos un desafío de sostenibilidad 旅游团结经济圈:可持续性的挑战
IF 0.9 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2018-03-31 DOI: 10.17163/RET.N15.2018.05
Jackeline Contreras Díaz, Diego Ponce, Sebastian Cifuentes Vega
espanolA pesar de que el turismo se ha identificado como una de las actividades con mayores ventajas para conseguir el desarrollo regional. Una de las limitaciones para su consolidacion ha sido la sostenibilidad. El articulo resalta la importancia de considerar a la sostenibilidad socio economica de la actividad a traves de la construccion de circuitos economicos solidarios turisticos bajo los principios de la economia popular y solidaria. Este desafio plantea la necesidad de realizar una evaluacion in situ de como los actores han construido en sus imaginarios la posibilidad y ventaja de trabajar en redes articuladas a traves de los circuitos economicos solidarios; y, si la institucionalidad estatal nacional y local creada ha favorecido o facilitado este proposito. En base a la observacion- participativa y una serie de encuestas y entrevistas a los actores-socios de dichas organizaciones se consulto sobre los elementos favorables y limitantes para la constitucion de estos circuitos economicos solidarios en el sector turistico. Entre los principales resultados, se identifico que el tejido social y las relaciones entre los actores son elementos centrales para generar mayor sostenibilidad socioeconomica de la actividad turistica. Finalmente se pudo concluir que la generacion de conocimiento endogeno en los circuitos economicos turisticos requiere de la intervencion y promocion de las autoridades publicas; y son vitales para la consolidacion y desarrollo de estos circuitos. EnglishTourism has been identified as one of the activities with important advantages to achieve regional development. Nevertheless, one of its limitations has to do with sustainability. This article highlights the importance of considering socio-economic sustainability of this activity through the tourist solidarity economic circuit’s assembling under the principles of the popular and solidary economy. This challenge raises the necessity to realize on-site evaluation of how actors constructed their imaginaries about the possibility and the advantage of working in networks articulated through solidarity economic circuits; and, how the national and local state institutions favored or obstructed this purpose. It´s has been consulted about the favorable elements that the can be found in the constitution of these circuits in the tourist sector by observation-participation, surveys and interviews with actors-partners of these organizations. Among the main results that were found for the socioeconomic sustainability were that social networks and strong relationships between actors are of vital importance and also that the public stimulus should be oriented to both develop and take advantage of the endogenous knowledge related to these particular socio-economic interrelations.
尽管旅游业已被确定为实现区域发展的最有利活动之一,但西班牙。巩固的限制之一是可持续性。文章强调,必须在人民团结经济的原则下,通过建立旅游团结经济圈,考虑到活动的社会经济可持续性。这一挑战提出,有必要对行为者如何在其想象中建立在通过团结经济回路建立的网络中工作的可能性和优势进行现场评估;y、 所建立的国家和地方国家机构是否支持或促进了这一目标。根据参与性观察和对参与者的一系列调查和采访,这些组织的合作伙伴就旅游部门建立这些团结经济循环的有利和限制因素进行了磋商。在主要成果中,社会结构和行为者之间的关系被确定为提高旅游活动社会经济可持续性的核心要素。最后得出的结论是,旅游经济圈内生知识的产生需要公共当局的干预和促进;它们对于巩固和发展这些电路至关重要。英语旅游已被确定为实现区域发展的重要优势活动之一。然而,其限制之一是与可持续性有关。这篇文章强调,必须根据人民团结经济的原则,通过旅游团结经济圈的集会,考虑这一活动的社会经济可持续性。这一挑战提出了有必要对行为者如何在通过团结经济圈建立的网络中工作的可能性和优势进行现场评估;以及国家和地方国家机构如何支持或阻碍这一目标。已通过观察-参与、调查和与这些组织的合作伙伴的行为者的采访,就《旅游部门这些圈子的宪法》中可以找到的有利因素进行了磋商。社会经济可持续性的主要结果之一是,社会网络和行为者之间的牢固关系至关重要,公共刺激措施应着眼于两者的发展,并利用与这些特定社会经济关系有关的内生知识。
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引用次数: 2
Redes sociales como medio de promoción turística en los países iberoamericanos 社交网络作为伊比利亚-美洲国家旅游推广的手段
IF 0.9 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2018-03-31 DOI: 10.17163/RET.N15.2018.09
Guillermo Montoya, M. Jiménez, Araceli Galiano Coronil
Through social networks it is possible to create a virtual community around a brand allowing users who wish to inform themselves and interact with the publications made by the brand itself. In this context, these social networks stand out as a channel to obtain and disseminate information on travel experiences, being of great influence on the part of tourists when making a purchase decision. In this way, it is interesting to know how tourist destinations use these social networks to carry out their marketing strategies. Thus, the objective of this study is to analyze the activity and effectiveness of official social networks for tourism promotion in Ibero-American countries. To do this, we consider the variables of “presence”, “engagement” and “type of publications” that are measured through a series of performance indicators using the online analysis tool Fanpage Karma®. The results specify that each social network can be used for a particular goal. Facebook stands out as the most complete social network for the promotion of tourist destination with a greater number of followers. Instagram becomes the main social network for general greater interaction with users while Twitter evolves into a news and communication channel. Also highlight the importance of the visual nature of publications for the tourism sector, being those that most often generate interactions of the social networks studied are useful according to the objective to be achieved.
通过社交网络,可以围绕品牌创建一个虚拟社区,让希望了解自己并与品牌自己制作的出版物互动的用户参与进来。在这种背景下,这些社交网络作为获取和传播旅行体验信息的渠道脱颖而出,对游客在做出购买决定时产生了巨大影响。通过这种方式,了解旅游目的地如何利用这些社交网络来实施营销策略是很有趣的。因此,本研究的目的是分析伊比利亚-美洲国家官方社交网络在旅游推广方面的活动和有效性。为此,我们考虑了“存在”、“参与度”和“出版物类型”的变量,这些变量是通过使用在线分析工具Fanpage Karma®的一系列绩效指标来衡量的。结果表明,每个社交网络都可以用于特定的目标。Facebook是最完整的旅游目的地推广社交网络,拥有大量粉丝。Instagram成为与用户进行更多互动的主要社交网络,而Twitter则发展成为新闻和沟通渠道。还强调出版物的视觉性质对旅游业的重要性,因为这些出版物通常会产生所研究的社交网络的互动,根据要实现的目标是有用的。
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引用次数: 21
La eco-innovación en las empresas mexicanas de alojamiento turístico 墨西哥旅游住宿公司的生态创新
IF 0.9 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2018-03-31 DOI: 10.17163/RET.N15.2018.02
Marta Magadán Díaz, J. I. R. García
Eco-innovation is shown as one of the great challenges of the tourism industry given the growing connection between environmental quality and its good performance. Although the tourism literature has considered the topic of business sustainability in broader terms, the notion of eco-innovations represents a new field of research with studies that still investigate in depth the adoption of eco-innovations among tourism companies. This work addresses the conceptual evolution of eco-innovation to subsequently develop an analytical framework that tentatively explores this concept and its implementation in Mexican tourist accommodation companies through two basic internal characteristics of these organizations: their business performances and their respective sizes, measured in number of rooms. The methodology used has been the case method, making a set of case studies related to six hotel groups of purely Mexican capital through documentary evidence and structured interviews. The conclusions derived from the findings suggest, firstly, that eco-innovation is directly linked to the evolution of business results and the size of organizations and, secondly, that eco-innovation is perceived as a strategic bet generating comparative advantages for Mexican companies studied, independently of the signals issued by an ecologically aware demand and beyond the governmental regulatory actions.
生态创新是旅游业面临的巨大挑战之一,因为环境质量与其良好业绩之间的联系日益紧密。尽管旅游文献从更广泛的角度考虑了商业可持续性的主题,但生态创新的概念代表了一个新的研究领域,研究仍在深入调查旅游公司采用生态创新的情况。这项工作探讨了生态创新的概念演变,随后制定了一个分析框架,通过墨西哥旅游住宿公司的两个基本内部特征,初步探讨了这一概念及其在这些公司中的实施:它们的商业表现和各自的规模,以房间数量衡量。使用的方法是案例法,通过文件证据和结构化访谈,对纯墨西哥首都的六家酒店集团进行了一系列案例研究。研究结果得出的结论表明,首先,生态创新与经营成果的演变和组织规模直接相关,其次,生态创新被视为一种战略赌注,为所研究的墨西哥公司创造比较优势,独立于生态意识需求发出的信号,并超越政府监管行动。
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引用次数: 3
Evaluación de la sostenibilidad económica del turismo de cruceros. Una aproximación metodológica en el Litoral Mediterráneo español 游轮旅游经济可持续性评估。西班牙地中海沿岸的方法论近似
IF 0.9 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2018-03-31 DOI: 10.17163/RET.N15.2018.07
Antonio Peláez Verdet, Pilar Loscertales Sánchez
espanolEl turismo de cruceros es un poderoso dinamizador del turismo en los destinos en los que opera, y ha sido largamente estudiado desde el punto de vista del comportamiento del consumidor. Tambien las dimensiones de la sostenibilidad medioambiental y social de este tipo de turismo han sido analizadas con detenimiento por la literatura. No obstante, y a pesar de un creciente numero de investigaciones relacionadas con su impacto economico, no se ha llegado aun a una conclusion robusta sobre el efecto economico neto que tiene sobre los destinos. En este trabajo se estudia el impacto economico del turismo de cruceros en cuatro destinos del mediterraneo espanol con caracteristicas distintas, usando datos de EGATUR y datos financieros de las empresas turisticas localizadas en los distintos destinos. Tras la aplicacion de tecnicas multivariantes se establecen los umbrales en los que el turismo de cruceros tiene un efecto mas beneficioso para la rentabilidad de las empresas turisticas que directamente se benefician del trafico crucerista en destino. EnglishCruise tourism is a powerful development agent on the destinations where it is present. It has been largely studied from the customer behaviour point of view. Moreover, its environmental and social sustainability dimensions have been deeply analysed by the literature. However, in spite of a growing number of researches related to its economic impact, no robust conclusion about its economic effect onto destinations has been reached so far. In this work we examine the economic impact of cruise tourism in four different Spanish Mediterranean destinations. For that we use data from EGATUR statistics and financial data from tourism companies in each destination considered. After running curvilinear multivariable techniques, we stablished a correlation between the cruise traffic and the economic profitability of those enterprises within its scope. Moreover, despite we found no significant correlation with finantial profitability, we also found evidence of significant connection between cruise traffic and the employment level of touristic firms affected.
西班牙邮轮旅游是其经营目的地旅游业的强大动力,长期以来一直从消费者行为的角度进行研究。文献还详细分析了这类旅游业环境和社会可持续性的各个方面。然而,尽管越来越多的研究涉及其经济影响,但尚未就其对目的地的净经济影响得出强有力的结论。本文利用EGATUR数据和位于不同目的地的旅游公司的财务数据,研究了邮轮旅游对西班牙地中海四个具有不同特征的目的地的经济影响。在应用多种技术之后,确定了游轮旅游对直接从目的地游轮交通中受益的旅游公司盈利能力产生更有利影响的门槛。EnglishCruise Tourism是其所在目的地的强大开发代理。它主要是从客户行为的角度研究的。此外,文献还深入分析了其环境和社会可持续性方面。然而,尽管与其经济影响有关的研究越来越多,但到目前为止,还没有关于其对目的地的经济影响的有力结论。在这项工作中,我们研究了邮轮旅游对四个不同的西班牙-地中海目的地的经济影响。为此,我们使用EGATUR统计数据和考虑的每个目的地旅游公司的财务数据。在运行多元曲线技术后,我们在其范围内建立了邮轮流量与这些企业经济盈利能力之间的相关性。此外,尽管我们发现与财务盈利能力没有显著相关性,但我们也发现了邮轮贩运与受影响旅游公司就业水平之间存在显著联系的证据。
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引用次数: 3
La creatividad en el sector turístico americano y europeo: Caso Croacia 美国和欧洲旅游业的创造力:克罗地亚案例
IF 0.9 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2018-03-31 DOI: 10.17163/RET.N15.2018.06
E. N. Barriopedro, J. López, Rafael Ravina-Ripoll
Film tourism has been studied for decades as a phenomenon that may become profitable when a destination is chosen as a film shooting location. The main objective of this paper is to discover the factors that influence the tourists to choose Dubrovnik as holiday destination. Moreover, this study aims to analyze the trends in Dubrovnik’s foreign tourism, after the launch of the original TV series Game of Thrones, as well as the factors of tourist satisfaction. In this article two different types of data have been used. On the one hand, secondary data provided by the Croatian Institute for Tourism and Dubrovnik Tourism Board, in the form of aggregate figures of tourism arrivals and overnights in whole Croatia and in Dubrovnik specifically, for the period between 2007 and 2016, prior and post the release of Game of Thrones in 2011. On the other hand, primary data obtained from a questionnaire deployed by the Dubrovnik Tourism Board in the summer of 2013 to 264 tourists in the city of Dubrovnik. Finally, as attraction factors of Dubrovnik highlight nature, being a territory of cultural interest, and sun and beach destination. Furthermore, two dimensions of satisfaction are differentiated, one focused on "cultural enrichment and self-realization" and another one on "material and earthly life".
几十年来,电影旅游一直被研究为一种现象,当一个目的地被选为电影拍摄地点时,这种现象可能会变得有利可图。本文的主要目的是发现影响游客选择杜布罗夫尼克作为度假目的地的因素。此外,本研究旨在分析原创电视剧《权力的游戏》推出后杜布罗夫尼克的国外旅游趋势,以及游客满意度的因素。在本文中使用了两种不同类型的数据。一方面,克罗地亚旅游研究所和杜布罗夫尼克旅游局提供的二级数据,以2007年至2016年期间,即2011年《权力的游戏》上映前后,整个克罗地亚,特别是杜布罗夫尼克的旅游到达和过夜总人数的形式提供。另一方面,从杜布罗夫尼克旅游局2013年夏天向杜布罗夫尼克市264名游客进行的问卷调查中获得的初步数据。最后,杜布罗夫尼克的吸引力因素突出了自然,是一个具有文化兴趣的地区,也是阳光和海滩的目的地。此外,满意度有两个维度,一个维度关注“文化丰富和自我实现”,另一个维度则关注“物质和世俗生活”。
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引用次数: 3
Planificación turística, promoción y sostenibilidad ambiental: el caso de España 旅游规划、促进和环境可持续性:以西班牙为例
IF 0.9 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2018-03-31 DOI: 10.17163/RET.N15.2018.01
M. P. Lasarte, D. G. Bruna, Clara Martín Duque
In terms of tourist destination’s sustainable development, planning plays a key role, and an important part is the tourist promotion. In the case of Spain, the boom of tourism in the 50s meant a high level of income and popularity but also serious damage in the environment when tourist sustainability didn’t receive attention yet. For the tourist development of a destination to be sustainable, the establishment of appropriate strategic plans is needed. Thus, thanks to the study of a real case, this paper allows the analysis of the influence of tourist promotion in the evolution of a tourist destination towards the sustainability. The method used has been double: firstly, Spanish government’s official documentation has been reviewed in order to confirm the evolution of Spanish tourist planning in relation to sustainability; secondly, tourist promotion images and campaigns has been analyzed to verify the evolution of the conveyed image and its influence in the sustainable development of Spanish tourism. This analysis confirms that tourist promotion has played a main role in the development and growth of Spain as a tourist destination, proving that its adaptation to market’s needs and sustainability was fundamental. Therefore, it is verified that tourist promotion –within a general planning strategy– means a key aspect for an appropriate development of a tourist destination.
就旅游目的地的可持续发展而言,规划起着至关重要的作用,其中重要的一部分是旅游宣传。以西班牙为例,50年代旅游业的繁荣意味着高水平的收入和受欢迎程度,但在旅游业可持续性尚未受到关注的情况下,也对环境造成了严重破坏。为了使目的地的旅游业发展具有可持续性,需要制定适当的战略计划。因此,通过对一个真实案例的研究,本文可以分析旅游促销对旅游目的地可持续发展的影响。使用的方法是双重的:首先,审查了西班牙政府的官方文件,以确认西班牙旅游规划在可持续性方面的演变;其次,对旅游宣传形象和活动进行了分析,以验证传达形象的演变及其对西班牙旅游业可持续发展的影响。这一分析证实,旅游推广在西班牙作为旅游目的地的发展和增长中发挥了主要作用,证明其适应市场需求和可持续性至关重要。因此,可以证实,在总体规划战略中,旅游推广是旅游目的地适当发展的一个关键方面。
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引用次数: 9
Una aproximación teórica para mejorar los resultados de innovación en las empresas desde la perspectiva del “Happiness Management” 从“幸福管理”看提高企业创新绩效的理论途径
IF 0.9 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2017-09-29 DOI: 10.17163/RET.N14.2017.06
Rafael Ravina Ripoll, F. Manzanares, Guillermo Montoya
This paper is a theoretical reviews of research in the field of organizational behavior. The purpose of the study is to reflect on how business productivity increases when corporate welfare is promoted. The model theoretical created titled «Generator model of the Culture of Innovation applying Happiness Management» has been divided into several phases, with an outline of the steps which must interact to provide solutions to problems in organizations in the current century. Current trends of management are beginning to consider the principles or philosophy of “Happiness Management” as future trends that can be applied to any organization, regardless of the sector where they operate. That is the reason why nowadays, it is necessary to implement cultures willing to get competitive and sustainable results in the company, thereby renewing in the first place corporate welfare and, consequently, its labor productivity, and secondly improving organizational performance generating competitiveness. Finally, the culture of innovation based on increasing corporate welfare improves the image of the company, being it projected in a positive way towards all its stakeholders.
本文是对组织行为学研究的一篇理论综述。这项研究的目的是反思在促进企业福利的情况下,企业生产力是如何提高的。创建的名为“应用幸福管理的创新文化生成器模型”的模型理论分为几个阶段,概述了为解决本世纪组织中的问题而必须相互作用的步骤。当前的管理趋势开始将“幸福管理”的原则或哲学视为未来的趋势,可以应用于任何组织,无论它们在哪个部门运营。这就是为什么如今,有必要在公司中实施愿意获得竞争和可持续结果的文化,从而首先更新公司福利,从而提高劳动生产率,其次提高组织绩效,从而产生竞争力。最后,基于提高企业福利的创新文化提高了公司的形象,因为它以积极的方式向所有利益相关者投射。
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引用次数: 21
Análisis de factibilidad en la producción de calzado ortopédico para niños en la provincia de Tungurahua 通古拉瓦省儿童矫形鞋生产的可行性分析
IF 0.9 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2017-09-29 DOI: 10.17163/RET.N14.2017.07
Arturo F. Montenegro, Ruth Zamora Sánchez, Valeria Arias-Villavicencio
El presente trabajo analiza, la factibilidad en la produccion de calzado ortopedico en Tungurahua para ninos en edades comprendidas entre los 0 y 4 anos, en los cuales se pueden evidenciar patologias de los pies, que, con el debido tratamiento y el calzado adecuado, se puede solucionar gracias al uso de la tecnologia, con lo cual propone cubrir un mercado actualmente desatendido como es el calzado ortopedico para edad temprana. La investigacion es de tipo descriptiva, cuantitativa, no experimental con muestreo probabilistico, basada en el analisis de datos obtenidos durante un horizonte de tiempo de 1 ano, teniendo como tecnicas de recopilacion de informacion fichas de observacion directa y entrevistas a expertos calzadistas; y la realizacion de una encuesta a quienes utilizan los productos motivo de la investigacion. La interpretacion fue mediante discusiones participativas. En lo referente a resultados, el mercado de la produccion de calzado existe muy poca competencia y dedicacion por parte los productores a elaborar calzado ortopedico ya que como se indica es necesario realizar inversiones adicionales con la finalidad de obtener un producto de calidad. Como principales hallazgos de la investigacion, se comprobo que gran parte de los encuestados desconocen la existencia de patologias, tales como: pie plano, pie pronador y pie supinador. De igual manera, se verifica la necesidad de contar con un especialista en el tratamiento de problemas de los pies en el proceso de fabricacion de calzado ortopedico, el cual vaya verificando el uso de los materiales adecuados para corregir cada problema.
本工作分析、可行性的鞋ortopedico Tungurahua为孩子在0 - 4岁了,在其中可以证明patologias的脚,在治疗和合适的鞋,可以解决由于使用科技,因而提议覆盖目前市场无人担任是鞋类ortopedico早期。本研究采用描述性、定量、非实验性的概率抽样方法,基于对1年时间范围内获得的数据的分析,采用直接观察表和对鞋业专家的访谈作为信息收集技术;并对使用调查产品的人进行调查。口译是通过参与式讨论进行的。就结果而言,鞋类生产市场上几乎没有竞争,生产商对骨科鞋类的生产投入也很少,因为如前所述,为了获得高质量的产品,需要进行额外的投资。作为调查的主要发现,我们发现大多数受访者不知道存在的病理,如:平足、内旋足和旋后足。同样地,在矫形鞋的制造过程中,需要有一个治疗足部问题的专家,他正在验证使用适当的材料来纠正每个问题。
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引用次数: 1
Mejores prácticas empresariales de responsabilidad social en la inclusión de personas con discapacidad. Estudio de caso en empresas de Ambato, Ecuador 残疾人融入社会责任的最佳商业实践。厄瓜多尔安巴托公司案例研究
IF 0.9 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2017-09-29 DOI: 10.17163/ret.n14.2017.10
Fanny Paulina Pico Barrionuevo, Silvia Susana Torres
La inclusion de las Personas con Discapacidad (PcD) en el ambito laboral aun tiene falencias que se debe ir corrigiendo, considerando que este grupo ha sentido la exclusion laboral de alguna u otra forma. El sector empresarial, protagonista principal del mercado laboral y actor fundamental en la realizacion de una verdadera inclusion, ya sea por cumplimiento de normativas legales establecidas o a su vez por realizar Responsabilidad Social Empresarial, tiene en sus manos la inclusion laboral de personas con esta condicion. El objetivo del presente trabajo es identificar la realidad de las empresas en la inclusion laboral de las personas con discapacidad. Para el efecto se aplica un diseno metodologico de tipo cuali-cuantitativo en base a un marco teorico revisado para luego identificar valoraciones que permitan reunir evidencias y emitir un juicio de valor en la investigacion. Se aplica el tipo de muestra probabilistica aleatoria simple a traves de la cual cada elemento de la poblacion tiene la misma oportunidad de ser elegida. La investigacion se realiza a traves de una encuesta establecida de cuatro dimensiones: i) planificacion; ii) inclusion; iii) equidad y; iv) desarrollo. De las 80 empresas encuestadas, el 11,70% corresponden a aquellas que realizan las mejores practicas empresariales. Tambien destaca el sector comercial en los ejes de inclusion, equidad y desarrollo. El eje de desarrollo es el que tiene menor porcentaje, por lo que se le debe considerar con mayor interes para mejorar los procesos de inclusion de PcD.
将残疾人纳入工作领域仍然存在缺陷,需要纠正,因为这一群体以某种方式感到被排除在工作之外。商业部门是劳动力市场的主要参与者,也是实现真正包容的关键角色,无论是通过遵守既定的法律法规,还是通过履行企业社会责任,都掌握在拥有这种地位的人的工作包容中。这项工作的目的是确定企业在残疾人就业方面的现实情况。为此,在修订的理论框架的基础上应用了准定量方法设计,然后确定可以收集证据并对研究进行价值判断的评估。应用简单的随机概率样本类型,通过该样本,种群中的每个元素都有相同的被选择机会。研究是通过一项从四个维度进行的既定调查进行的:(i)规划;二包容;三公平和;(四)发展。在接受调查的80家公司中,11.70%是从事最佳商业实践的公司。它还强调了商业部门在包容性、公平和发展方面的作用。发展轴心是百分比最低的轴心,因此应以更大的兴趣考虑它,以改善PCD的纳入过程。
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引用次数: 7
Cinco regímenes políticos en Latinoamérica, libertad de internet y mecanismos de control 拉丁美洲的五种政治制度、互联网自由和控制机制
IF 0.9 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2017-09-29 DOI: 10.17163/RET.N14.2017.01
Iria Puyosa, Armando Chaguaceda
Since 2010, there has been a trend towards establishing internet control and securitization policies (Freedom House, 2016). The literature on the subject indicates that the mechanisms of internet control vary according to the type of political regimes. The objective of this work is to verify if the policies of control of Internet in Latin America vary according to the type of prevailing political regime. For the study were selected five Latin American countries that are categorized as examples of different political regimes: Chile, Mexico, Ecuador, Venezuela and Cuba. For each case, the indicators related to freedom of expression on the internet are reported in accordance with the data provided by «Varieties of Democracy». «Freedom on the Net» categorizations are used as a complement. The results indicate that there is a correlation between political regime (measured by polyarchy index) and internet freedom. Indeed the more autocratic the regime is, the more first-generation internet controls are observed, with censorship of contents and violations of users’ rights. While in hybrid regimes second-generation controls are more commonly observed, which involve obstacles to access, without reaching content blocking and network outages.
自2010年以来,出现了建立互联网控制和证券化政策的趋势(Freedom House, 2016)。有关这一主题的文献表明,互联网控制的机制因政治体制的类型而异。这项工作的目的是验证拉丁美洲的互联网控制政策是否根据现行政治制度的类型而有所不同。这项研究选择了五个拉丁美洲国家,它们被归类为不同政治制度的例子:智利、墨西哥、厄瓜多尔、委内瑞拉和古巴。对于每一种情况,与互联网上言论自由有关的指标都是根据《民主的种类》提供的数据进行报告的。«网络自由»分类是作为补充使用的。结果表明,政体(以多元政治指数衡量)与互联网自由之间存在相关性。事实上,一个政权越专制,第一代互联网管制就越严格,包括内容审查和侵犯用户权利。而在混合制度下,第二代控制更常见,这涉及到访问障碍,而没有达到内容封锁和网络中断。
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引用次数: 3
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Retos-Revista de Ciencias de la Administracion y Economia
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