Pub Date : 2021-10-14DOI: 10.21608/ejpa.2021.61225.1020
Mahmoud Hodeib, M. Meabed, K. Abougabal, Ghada Etman
INTRODUCTION Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a dynamic autoimmune disorder characterized by retrogressive insulin production that is a consequence of autoimmune-mediated destruction of insulin producing pancreatic β-cells. Patients can be diagnosed with T1DM at any age, but the most common age of presentation is at early childhood years peaked at 5-7 years old. Patients with T1DM most often have lost approximately 80% to 90% of β-cell mass at the time of diagnosis, so they depend on exogenous insulin therapy for a steady blood glucose level. 4-6 With the impossibility to regenerate destructed beta-cells or cease the deterioration of T1DM at this late stage, the main target in management remains to supply adequate insulin and monitor for and prevent complications as much as possible. 7,8 Complications of T1DM have been defined as one of the foremost causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Such complications may occur as a result of microvasculopathy (i.e., retinopathy, nephropathy and/or neuropathy) or macrovasculopathy (i.e., cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular accidents and/or peripheral vascular disease). In addition, children with T1DM display higher rates of disobedience to treatment, which make the situation more complicated. All of these considerations necessitate a competent, rapid and decisive method for early Original article
{"title":"Evaluation of soluble CD40L in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus and its relation to diabetes associated vasculopathy","authors":"Mahmoud Hodeib, M. Meabed, K. Abougabal, Ghada Etman","doi":"10.21608/ejpa.2021.61225.1020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/ejpa.2021.61225.1020","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTION Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a dynamic autoimmune disorder characterized by retrogressive insulin production that is a consequence of autoimmune-mediated destruction of insulin producing pancreatic β-cells. Patients can be diagnosed with T1DM at any age, but the most common age of presentation is at early childhood years peaked at 5-7 years old. Patients with T1DM most often have lost approximately 80% to 90% of β-cell mass at the time of diagnosis, so they depend on exogenous insulin therapy for a steady blood glucose level. 4-6 With the impossibility to regenerate destructed beta-cells or cease the deterioration of T1DM at this late stage, the main target in management remains to supply adequate insulin and monitor for and prevent complications as much as possible. 7,8 Complications of T1DM have been defined as one of the foremost causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Such complications may occur as a result of microvasculopathy (i.e., retinopathy, nephropathy and/or neuropathy) or macrovasculopathy (i.e., cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular accidents and/or peripheral vascular disease). In addition, children with T1DM display higher rates of disobedience to treatment, which make the situation more complicated. All of these considerations necessitate a competent, rapid and decisive method for early Original article","PeriodicalId":52068,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Journal of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46420706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-14DOI: 10.21608/ejpa.2021.199522
N. Patel
Brief Introduction and Welcome Message from the Editor-in-Chief (2013-15) to launch the inaugural issue.
主编简介及欢迎辞（2013-15）创刊。
{"title":"Editorial: Editor-in-Chief","authors":"N. Patel","doi":"10.21608/ejpa.2021.199522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/ejpa.2021.199522","url":null,"abstract":"Brief Introduction and Welcome Message from the Editor-in-Chief (2013-15) to launch the inaugural issue.","PeriodicalId":52068,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Journal of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46927493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-10DOI: 10.21608/ejpa.2021.199575
S. Reda, N. Mohamed, S. Fouad, Rasha H. El-Owaidy
INTRODUCTION Tuberculosis (TB) is considered to be responsible for 2 million deaths every year despite being a treatable airborne infectious disease. Due to its infectious nature, chronic progression and long treatment, TB is a great burden for society. Moreover, the emergence of multi-drug resistant TB and the currently associated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) worldwide epidemic has led to even greater concern. Treating and preventing TB have become a permanent challenge since the ancient times. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is the only vaccine available today in practice and has been used for more than 90 years with wide safety range records. However, its efficacy remains controversial. In Egypt, TB is addressed and handled as a health problem affecting large sectors in the society, especially the poor and the vulnerable. In 2013, prevalence rate of TB was 27 per 100,000 populations. BCG vaccination became compulsory in all governorates of Egypt since 1974. The main strains of BCG vaccine currently used in Egypt are the Indian strains (Serum Institute of India) and Denmark strains (Staten Serum Institute). According to the CDC reports for BCG vaccination, the presence of post vaccination scar or size of a tuberculin skin-test reaction does not predict whether BCG will provide any protection against TB disease. Furthermore, the size of a tuberculin skin-test reaction in a BCG-vaccinated person is not a factor in determining whether the reaction is caused by previous BCG vaccination or Original article
{"title":"Assessment of BCG vaccine immune response in a sample of Egyptian infants","authors":"S. Reda, N. Mohamed, S. Fouad, Rasha H. El-Owaidy","doi":"10.21608/ejpa.2021.199575","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/ejpa.2021.199575","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTION Tuberculosis (TB) is considered to be responsible for 2 million deaths every year despite being a treatable airborne infectious disease. Due to its infectious nature, chronic progression and long treatment, TB is a great burden for society. Moreover, the emergence of multi-drug resistant TB and the currently associated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) worldwide epidemic has led to even greater concern. Treating and preventing TB have become a permanent challenge since the ancient times. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is the only vaccine available today in practice and has been used for more than 90 years with wide safety range records. However, its efficacy remains controversial. In Egypt, TB is addressed and handled as a health problem affecting large sectors in the society, especially the poor and the vulnerable. In 2013, prevalence rate of TB was 27 per 100,000 populations. BCG vaccination became compulsory in all governorates of Egypt since 1974. The main strains of BCG vaccine currently used in Egypt are the Indian strains (Serum Institute of India) and Denmark strains (Staten Serum Institute). According to the CDC reports for BCG vaccination, the presence of post vaccination scar or size of a tuberculin skin-test reaction does not predict whether BCG will provide any protection against TB disease. Furthermore, the size of a tuberculin skin-test reaction in a BCG-vaccinated person is not a factor in determining whether the reaction is caused by previous BCG vaccination or Original article","PeriodicalId":52068,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Journal of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43474146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-10DOI: 10.21608/ejpa.2021.199524
N. Osman
{"title":"Overview on chronic spontaneous urticaria in the pediatric age groups","authors":"N. Osman","doi":"10.21608/ejpa.2021.199524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/ejpa.2021.199524","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52068,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Journal of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47653666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-07DOI: 10.21608/ejpa.2021.199582
G. Mostafa, H. Ibrahim, Y. El-Gendy, Mohammed Hamza, M. Isak, G. Shousha
Background: Cytokine storm has been observed in some patients with SARS-CoV-2 due to excessive pro-inflammatory response. Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a distinct population of CD4(+) lymphocytes identified by their expression of transcription factor forkhead homeobox protein-3 (Foxp3). These cells down-regulate immune responses in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Objective: This pilot study was aimed to investigate the levels of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs in children with SARS-CoV-2. Methods: frequency of Tregs was measured by flow cytometry in 20 patients with SARS-CoV-2, 6 months to 15 years old;6 had COVID-19 and 14 had multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). They were compared to 20 age-and sex-matched healthy children as a control group. Results: There was no significant difference between patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection and healthy control children in the frequency of Tregs (P=0.068). Decreased numbers of Tregs was found in only 10% of SARS-CoV-2 patients. Patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 were comparable to those with moderate disease in terms of Tregs' levels. The frequency of Tregs correlated negatively with neutrophil counts in our series (p=0.036). Attempts of correlation with other inflammatory markers of SARS-CoV-2 were insignificant. Conclusion: Decreased levels of Tregs were found in only 10% of our SARS-CoV-2 infected children. The frequency did not correlate with the disease severity or levels of routine inflammatory markers of SARS-CoV-2. Thus, Tregs expression does not seem to have a role in the up-regulated immune response seen in moderate and severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our conclusions are limited by the sample size.
{"title":"Frequency of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in peripheral blood of pediatric patients with SARS CoV-2 Infection: a pilot study","authors":"G. Mostafa, H. Ibrahim, Y. El-Gendy, Mohammed Hamza, M. Isak, G. Shousha","doi":"10.21608/ejpa.2021.199582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/ejpa.2021.199582","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Cytokine storm has been observed in some patients with SARS-CoV-2 due to excessive pro-inflammatory response. Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a distinct population of CD4(+) lymphocytes identified by their expression of transcription factor forkhead homeobox protein-3 (Foxp3). These cells down-regulate immune responses in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Objective: This pilot study was aimed to investigate the levels of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs in children with SARS-CoV-2. Methods: frequency of Tregs was measured by flow cytometry in 20 patients with SARS-CoV-2, 6 months to 15 years old;6 had COVID-19 and 14 had multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). They were compared to 20 age-and sex-matched healthy children as a control group. Results: There was no significant difference between patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection and healthy control children in the frequency of Tregs (P=0.068). Decreased numbers of Tregs was found in only 10% of SARS-CoV-2 patients. Patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 were comparable to those with moderate disease in terms of Tregs' levels. The frequency of Tregs correlated negatively with neutrophil counts in our series (p=0.036). Attempts of correlation with other inflammatory markers of SARS-CoV-2 were insignificant. Conclusion: Decreased levels of Tregs were found in only 10% of our SARS-CoV-2 infected children. The frequency did not correlate with the disease severity or levels of routine inflammatory markers of SARS-CoV-2. Thus, Tregs expression does not seem to have a role in the up-regulated immune response seen in moderate and severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our conclusions are limited by the sample size.","PeriodicalId":52068,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Journal of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44769223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-01DOI: 10.21608/ejpa.2021.35761.1011
N. Radwan, M. Hamza, Islam Ghareeb, M. Hisham
INTRODUCTION Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic multi-organ systemic autoimmune disease characterized by autoantibody production to nuclear antigen resulting in inflammation and damage to numerous organs particularly kidneys. It appears in genetically prone individuals and is triggered by illdefined environmental factors. The deposition of autoantibodies occurs in vulnerable vascular beds frequently in skin, joints and renal glomeruli causing local inflammation and tissue destruction that may magnify the autoimmune response creating. Till date the complete understanding of SLE pathogenies is unclear. However, it is well known that dysregulation of B-and T-cell activation will lead to disruption in immune system, and this is considered a key role in SLE pathogenies. In addition, proinflammatory cytokines contribute to the pathogenesis of SLE. These include interleukin (IL)-1 1β, IL-6, IL-17 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and their levels may correlate with SLE activity. Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is produced by T-helper 17 (Th17) cells and other immunological cells. IL17 consists of six protein members [IL-17A, IL17B, IL17-C, IL-17D, IL-17E , and IL-17F] of which IL-17A and IL-17F are responsible for the activity of Th17 cells in the induction of other cytokines and chemokines. 6,7 IL-17, is a pleiotropic pro-inflammatory cytokine that enhances T-cell priming and stimulates epithelial, endothelial, and fibroblastic cells to produce other multiple proinflammatory mediators such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. -17 plays a critical role in innate and adaptive immune systems by promoting Original article
{"title":"Serum interleukin-17 expression in a group of Egyptian patients with juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus","authors":"N. Radwan, M. Hamza, Islam Ghareeb, M. Hisham","doi":"10.21608/ejpa.2021.35761.1011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/ejpa.2021.35761.1011","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTION Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic multi-organ systemic autoimmune disease characterized by autoantibody production to nuclear antigen resulting in inflammation and damage to numerous organs particularly kidneys. It appears in genetically prone individuals and is triggered by illdefined environmental factors. The deposition of autoantibodies occurs in vulnerable vascular beds frequently in skin, joints and renal glomeruli causing local inflammation and tissue destruction that may magnify the autoimmune response creating. Till date the complete understanding of SLE pathogenies is unclear. However, it is well known that dysregulation of B-and T-cell activation will lead to disruption in immune system, and this is considered a key role in SLE pathogenies. In addition, proinflammatory cytokines contribute to the pathogenesis of SLE. These include interleukin (IL)-1 1β, IL-6, IL-17 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and their levels may correlate with SLE activity. Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is produced by T-helper 17 (Th17) cells and other immunological cells. IL17 consists of six protein members [IL-17A, IL17B, IL17-C, IL-17D, IL-17E , and IL-17F] of which IL-17A and IL-17F are responsible for the activity of Th17 cells in the induction of other cytokines and chemokines. 6,7 IL-17, is a pleiotropic pro-inflammatory cytokine that enhances T-cell priming and stimulates epithelial, endothelial, and fibroblastic cells to produce other multiple proinflammatory mediators such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. -17 plays a critical role in innate and adaptive immune systems by promoting Original article","PeriodicalId":52068,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Journal of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48142719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-01DOI: 10.21608/ejpa.2021.58451.1018
Amera Abo-Ali, M. Abdel-Hafez, A. El-bendary, H. Abdelnabi
INTRODUCTION Juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus (j-SLE) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease that affects children ≤ 18 years. It represents 15–20% of all SLE patients. It is characterized by systemic inflammation and a wide spectrum of circulating autoantibodies due to dysfunctional immune regulation. 2 Interleukins have an important role in the pathogenesis of SLE and they are considered to be disease biomarkers because their levels vary with disease activity. So, they could be used as therapeutic targets. They are produced by T helper (Th) cells. IL-2 is a monomeric glycoprotein that is produced by Th1 and CD4+ T lymphocytes. It plays a critical role in immune homeostasis and regulation. Patients lacking IL-2 expression have defective immune responses. The induction of antiIL-2 autoantibodies and decreased its serum level may have a role in the occurrence of SLE activity. IL-10 is produced by regulatory Th cells (Treg), Th2, and CD8+ T lymphocytes. It plays an important role in B cell activation and autoantibody production. Also, it has direct inhibitory effects on the proliferation of CD4+ T cells and Th1 cytokines production such as IL2. IL-10 is defined as a potent stimulator of B lymphocytes and it stimulates the production of anti-DNA auto-antibodies in SLE patients. The overproduction of IL-10 may have a role in the occurrence of SLE activity. This study was conducted to evaluate serum levels of IL-2 and IL-10 and to calculate their ratio in relation to the disease activity in a group of children and adolescence with SLE.
{"title":"Serum interleukins 2 and 10 in juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus: relation to disease activity","authors":"Amera Abo-Ali, M. Abdel-Hafez, A. El-bendary, H. Abdelnabi","doi":"10.21608/ejpa.2021.58451.1018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/ejpa.2021.58451.1018","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTION Juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus (j-SLE) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease that affects children ≤ 18 years. It represents 15–20% of all SLE patients. It is characterized by systemic inflammation and a wide spectrum of circulating autoantibodies due to dysfunctional immune regulation. 2 Interleukins have an important role in the pathogenesis of SLE and they are considered to be disease biomarkers because their levels vary with disease activity. So, they could be used as therapeutic targets. They are produced by T helper (Th) cells. IL-2 is a monomeric glycoprotein that is produced by Th1 and CD4+ T lymphocytes. It plays a critical role in immune homeostasis and regulation. Patients lacking IL-2 expression have defective immune responses. The induction of antiIL-2 autoantibodies and decreased its serum level may have a role in the occurrence of SLE activity. IL-10 is produced by regulatory Th cells (Treg), Th2, and CD8+ T lymphocytes. It plays an important role in B cell activation and autoantibody production. Also, it has direct inhibitory effects on the proliferation of CD4+ T cells and Th1 cytokines production such as IL2. IL-10 is defined as a potent stimulator of B lymphocytes and it stimulates the production of anti-DNA auto-antibodies in SLE patients. The overproduction of IL-10 may have a role in the occurrence of SLE activity. This study was conducted to evaluate serum levels of IL-2 and IL-10 and to calculate their ratio in relation to the disease activity in a group of children and adolescence with SLE.","PeriodicalId":52068,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Journal of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47560523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-01DOI: 10.21608/ejpa.2021.199528
E. Hossny, G. Shousha, M. A. Abd El Kader, Ruqaya Mansour
INTRODUCTION Ragweed sensitivity has been recognized as an important allergen causing allergic rhinitis (AR) and bronchial asthma (BA). In the 1930s, ragweed was identified as the major elicitor of hay fever and asthma. About 40 species were defined with Ambrosia artemisiifolia (common or short ragweed) and A. trifida (giant ragweed) being the most common. Among all Ambrosia species, A. artemisiifolia is the most abundant and invasive representing a major cause of allergy in late summer worldwide. Environmental factors such as temperature and CO2 concentrations have great influences on the ragweed pollen production and hence the allergen amount. These two environmental factors are rising due to climate change and urbanization. Weeds are one of the common inhabitants of the plant kingdom as they require less water and can survive under harsh conditions. Egypt is generally characterized with low rainfall and high temperatures and therefore weeds are expected to grow spontaneously in our environment. Allergenic potency of the ragweed pollen is outstanding. A single ragweed plant can release up to one billion pollen grains per season. Such abundant pollen counts can lead to a strong increase of the sensitization rates and emergence of symptoms. It has been reported that as little as 10 pollen grains per cubic meter of air can trigger an allergic reaction. Ragweed pollen grains can travel by several hundreds to thousands of kilometers by air and lead to allergy symptoms in areas where the plant is not actually abundant. Due to their widespread existence and severe impact, ragweed pollen-induced AR and BA significantly affect the quality of life, impeding attendance and school performance. The primary aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the frequency of ragweed sensitization among a group of atopic Egyptian children with Original article
{"title":"Ragweed sensitization in Egyptian children with bronchial asthma","authors":"E. Hossny, G. Shousha, M. A. Abd El Kader, Ruqaya Mansour","doi":"10.21608/ejpa.2021.199528","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/ejpa.2021.199528","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTION Ragweed sensitivity has been recognized as an important allergen causing allergic rhinitis (AR) and bronchial asthma (BA). In the 1930s, ragweed was identified as the major elicitor of hay fever and asthma. About 40 species were defined with Ambrosia artemisiifolia (common or short ragweed) and A. trifida (giant ragweed) being the most common. Among all Ambrosia species, A. artemisiifolia is the most abundant and invasive representing a major cause of allergy in late summer worldwide. Environmental factors such as temperature and CO2 concentrations have great influences on the ragweed pollen production and hence the allergen amount. These two environmental factors are rising due to climate change and urbanization. Weeds are one of the common inhabitants of the plant kingdom as they require less water and can survive under harsh conditions. Egypt is generally characterized with low rainfall and high temperatures and therefore weeds are expected to grow spontaneously in our environment. Allergenic potency of the ragweed pollen is outstanding. A single ragweed plant can release up to one billion pollen grains per season. Such abundant pollen counts can lead to a strong increase of the sensitization rates and emergence of symptoms. It has been reported that as little as 10 pollen grains per cubic meter of air can trigger an allergic reaction. Ragweed pollen grains can travel by several hundreds to thousands of kilometers by air and lead to allergy symptoms in areas where the plant is not actually abundant. Due to their widespread existence and severe impact, ragweed pollen-induced AR and BA significantly affect the quality of life, impeding attendance and school performance. The primary aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the frequency of ragweed sensitization among a group of atopic Egyptian children with Original article","PeriodicalId":52068,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Journal of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48841666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-01DOI: 10.21608/EJPA.2021.53192.1015
A. Atta, Rabab Elbehady, Asmaa El Shobaky, Reham El Shabrawy
INTRODUCTION Both bronchial asthma and food allergy show increase in prevalence worldwide, this makes the management of children with food allergy and asthma a growing concern. Population studies have shown that an early food sensitization or food allergy in the first year of life may precede the development of asthma. When asthma and food allergy coexist, they adversely influence the course of each other. Asthma attack can be elicited by food allergens in sensitized children. The cornerstone of the nutritional management of food allergies is an individualized allergen avoidance management plan. In children, the main goals are to prevent the occurrence of acute and chronic symptoms by avoiding the offending food(s), whilst providing an adequate, healthy and nutritionally balanced diet and maintaining optimal growth. The role of the intestinal microbiota in the development of immune tolerance to food is increasingly appreciated. The commensal gut microbiota targets different cellular components of the innate and adaptive immune compartments to promote oral tolerance. One mechanism by which the commensal microbiota influences the outcome of the allergic response is by modulating the innate lymphoid cells (ILC) to secrete IL-12. The commensal microbiota also targets the adaptive immune response to promote tolerance through promoting the differentiation of induced T regulatory (iTreg) cells from naive CD4+ T cell. Probiotics are living bacteria intended to have health benefits, they are not only a driver of growth but also a modulator of the immune system and prevention of many diseases. The most commonly used probiotics are the strains of lactic acid bacteria such as Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Streptococcus (S.) Original article
{"title":"The effect of food elimination and probiotic supplementation in asthmatic children with food allergy","authors":"A. Atta, Rabab Elbehady, Asmaa El Shobaky, Reham El Shabrawy","doi":"10.21608/EJPA.2021.53192.1015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/EJPA.2021.53192.1015","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTION Both bronchial asthma and food allergy show increase in prevalence worldwide, this makes the management of children with food allergy and asthma a growing concern. Population studies have shown that an early food sensitization or food allergy in the first year of life may precede the development of asthma. When asthma and food allergy coexist, they adversely influence the course of each other. Asthma attack can be elicited by food allergens in sensitized children. The cornerstone of the nutritional management of food allergies is an individualized allergen avoidance management plan. In children, the main goals are to prevent the occurrence of acute and chronic symptoms by avoiding the offending food(s), whilst providing an adequate, healthy and nutritionally balanced diet and maintaining optimal growth. The role of the intestinal microbiota in the development of immune tolerance to food is increasingly appreciated. The commensal gut microbiota targets different cellular components of the innate and adaptive immune compartments to promote oral tolerance. One mechanism by which the commensal microbiota influences the outcome of the allergic response is by modulating the innate lymphoid cells (ILC) to secrete IL-12. The commensal microbiota also targets the adaptive immune response to promote tolerance through promoting the differentiation of induced T regulatory (iTreg) cells from naive CD4+ T cell. Probiotics are living bacteria intended to have health benefits, they are not only a driver of growth but also a modulator of the immune system and prevention of many diseases. The most commonly used probiotics are the strains of lactic acid bacteria such as Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Streptococcus (S.) Original article","PeriodicalId":52068,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Journal of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79799974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-01DOI: 10.21608/EJPA.2021.54028.1016
Asmaa Abo Elqasem, A. Mohamed
INTRODUCTION Vaccination is one of the most important ways to control healthcare costs and stimulate a protective immune response against infection in all countries. Adjuvant carriers can deposit antigens at the injection site, improve their appearance to immunecompetent cells, stimulate T cells, improve antigen processing, and increase B cell antibody secretion . In the preparation of antibodies and vaccines against pathogens, nanoparticles (NPs) are used as carriers and adjuvants. 1,2 NPs interact with the immune system and modulate its activity, resulting in immune stimulation, and have promising medical applications. These modulating effects may be beneficial or harmful. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have the potential to be a useful tool in the development of successful vaccines against infectious diseases. AuNPs penetrate macrophages through receptor-mediated endocytosis and are found primarily in lysosomes and the perinuclear space, depending on their size and shape. The Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), a member of the genus Phlebovirus in the Bunyaviridae family, causes Rift Valley fever (RVF). In the Arabian Peninsula and Sub-Saharan Africa, RVFV is a mosquito-borne zoonotic pathogen that causes serious outbreaks in humans and livestock. Fever is a symptom of human diseases, which may contribute to retinitis, encephalitis, hemorrhagic fever, and occasionally death. RVFV can be detected using a quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) or an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay that detects genomic segments (L, M, S) or surface and nonstructural viral proteins, respectively. These tests have a high sensitivity and specificity, but they necessitate the transport of unknown samples from the field to a laboratory, which increases the risk of virus transmission. Zaher et al. used unmodified gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) that change color in the presence of RVFV RNA to create a prototype point-of-care diagnostic test specific for RVFV detection, resulting in a simple but sensitive assay. The nanogold assay yields qualitative results that Original article
在所有国家，疫苗接种是控制卫生保健费用和激发预防感染的保护性免疫反应的最重要方法之一。佐剂载体可以将抗原沉积在注射部位，改善抗原对免疫能力细胞的外观，刺激T细胞，改善抗原加工，增加B细胞抗体分泌。在制备针对病原体的抗体和疫苗时，纳米颗粒(NPs)被用作载体和佐剂。1,2 NPs与免疫系统相互作用并调节其活性，导致免疫刺激，具有很好的医学应用前景。这些调节作用可能是有益的，也可能是有害的。金纳米颗粒(AuNPs)有潜力成为开发成功的传染病疫苗的有用工具。AuNPs通过受体介导的内吞作用穿透巨噬细胞，主要存在于溶酶体和核周间隙中，这取决于它们的大小和形状。裂谷热病毒(RVFV)是布尼亚病毒科白蛉病毒属的一员，引起裂谷热。在阿拉伯半岛和撒哈拉以南非洲，裂谷热病毒是一种蚊媒人畜共患病原体，可在人类和牲畜中引起严重疫情。发烧是人类疾病的一种症状，可能导致视网膜炎、脑炎、出血热，偶尔也会导致死亡。RVFV可以使用定量逆转录聚合酶链反应(qRT-PCR)或酶联免疫吸附法检测，分别检测基因组片段(L, M, S)或表面和非结构病毒蛋白。这些检测具有很高的灵敏度和特异性，但它们需要将未知样本从现场运送到实验室，这增加了病毒传播的风险。Zaher等人使用未经修饰的金纳米颗粒(AuNPs)在RVFV RNA存在下改变颜色，创建了一种针对RVFV检测的原型即时诊断测试，从而产生了一种简单但敏感的检测方法。纳米金测定法产生的定性结果见原文
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