Egyptian Journal of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology最新文献

{"title":"The pattern of juvenile idiopathic arthritis; a retrospective Egyptian study","authors":"Z. Hussein, Reham Wagdy, M. Shawki, Sahar Zohni, Islam Shehawy","doi":"10.21608/EJPA.2018.10417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/EJPA.2018.10417","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common autoimmune musculoskeletal disease in children. The spectrum of patients’ profile of JIA showed many similarities and differences among different populations. Therefore, our study aimed to analyze the clinical data, laboratory data, treatment protocols and patient’s outcomes of JIA among Egyptian population. Methods: We checked and analyzed medical files of children with JIA followed up at pediatric rheumatology clinic between 2004-2010 at Alexandria Main Children Hospital. Results: Our study included data about 63 Egyptian JIA patients (33 males and 30 females), with a mean age of 7.3±3.1 years (range 3-16 years). We found that oligoarticular subtype was the predominant (41.2%) among cases followed by polyarticular (35%) then systemic onset type in (23.8%). Most of the patients lived in rural areas (57.1%). Clinically, knee joints (74.6%) were the most affected joints while pallor (42.9%) was main extra-articular manifestations (42.2%) among all subtypes. Uveitis (6.3%) manifested among oligoarticular and polyarticular subtypes only. Rheumatoid factor and anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) were positive among 69.8% and 20.6% of the studied cases respectively. Remission rate was 47.6% and occurred mostly in oligoarticular subtype. Also, the regimen of combination of two drugs showed the highest remission rate (39.8%). Conclusion: The pattern of JIA among Egyptian children showed predominance of oligoarticular subtype specially at rural areas which differed from Western and Gulf countries pattern. Keywords: Juvenile idiopathic arthritis, oligoarticular, Rheumatoid factor, morning stiffness","PeriodicalId":52068,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Journal of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89369430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neutrophil CD64 as a diagnostic marker of sepsis in children","authors":"S. Mohamed, E. R. Mokhtar, A. M. Naguib","doi":"10.21608/EJPA.2018.10418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/EJPA.2018.10418","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Sepsis is one of the leading causes of mortality among children worldwide. Reliable evidence was insufficient in pediatric sepsis and many aspects in clinical practice actually depend on expert consensus with some evidence in adult sepsis. Objective: This study aimed to investigate neutrophil expression of CD64 in septic children and in healthy controls. We hypothesized that these receptors are elevated during sepsis and can be used as a diagnostic marker. Methods: This study was carried out on 50children with pediatric sepsis and 40 apparently healthy children as controls. Cases were recruited from the PICU of Al Zahraa University Hospital, Al-Azhar University for Girls in the period from May 2014 to March 2015. All the cases were assessed clinically and by routine laboratory investigations. Expression of neutrophil CD64 was measured by flow cytometry. Results: The mean CD64 expression in children with sepsis (66.49 ± 23.45) was significantly higher than in the control group (9.39 ± 6.17) p <0.001 .CD64 expression had a significant positive correlation with CRP level ( r =0.416, p <0.003). ROC curve for CD64 expression showed100% sensitivity and specificity. The most common isolated organisms were gram negative organisms mainly E. coli . A highly significant increase was demonstrated in CRP and TLC values in the culture proven sepsis group compared to clinical sepsis group, while there was no statistical significant difference in CD64 values between the two groups. Conclusion: change in cell surface expression of CD64 on peripheral blood neutrophils can be considered a sensitive marker for the detection of pediatric sepsis. Keywords: Neutrophil, CD64, sepsis, children","PeriodicalId":52068,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Journal of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84568715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lymphocyte subtype dysregulation in a group of children with simple obesity","authors":"Hoda L. Elsayed, Y. E. Gendy, N. Radwan, B. Farweez, Sh. M. Fouda","doi":"10.21608/EJPA.2017.16758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/EJPA.2017.16758","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Obesity as a global public health problem is increasing in prevalence. Reports showed that obese children are more liable to infection than lean ones; it was claimed that obese subjects have altered peripheral blood total lymphocyte counts in addition to reduced lymphocyte proliferative response to mitogen stimulation as well as dysregulated cytokine expression. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of childhood obesity on cell mediated immunity as indicated by peripheral blood lymphocyte phenotyping. Methods: We enrolled 30 school-aged children (mean age 10±3.27 years). They comprised two groups; 20 obese children with a mean body mass index (BMI) of 39.2± 12.5 and 10 matched control subjects with mean BMI of 18.4± 1.9. They were subjected to detailed anthropometric evaluation including weight, height, and waist hip ratio in addition to calculation of BMI, complete blood counting, and flow cytometric assessment of T-helper (CD4), T-cytotoxic/suppressor (CD8), and natural killer (CD56) cell counts . Results : The absolute lymphocyte (CD3) and natural killer cell (CD56) counts were comparable in both groups. However, the CD4%, CD8%, CD4/CD8 ratio were significantly lower in the obese children ( p =0.02, 0.03, 0.015 respectively). A significant negative correlation could be elicited between the CD4 count and bodyweight, BMI, and hip waist ratio ( p = 0.00); the same was observed for CD4/CD8 ratio ( p = 0.00). On the contrary, CD8 correlated positively to the bodyweight, BMI, and waist hip ratio ( p = 0.00 for each) . Conclusion: Obesity has an impact on lymphocytic subset counts and further studies are needed to assess its effect on their function. Keywords: obesity, children immunology; CD markers; lymphocytes; BMI","PeriodicalId":52068,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Journal of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82245403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of maternal gestational diabetes on neutrophil functions of full term neonates","authors":"Y. E. Gamal, R. Abdou, M. Hamza, Hayam M. Saeid","doi":"10.21608/ejpa.2017.16756","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/ejpa.2017.16756","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Maternal gestational diabetes is associated with an inflammatory environment that may contribute to fetal and placental inflammatory profile changes. Few studies investigated the effect of maternal gestational diabetes on neonatal innate immunity. Objectives: Our objective was to study neutrophil number and function in neonates born to mothers with gestational diabetes. Methods: Neutrophil number (complete blood count) and functions [CD11b, CD62L and Dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR) by flow cytometry] were assessed in the cord blood of 30 full term neonates born to gestational diabetic mothers on insulin during pregnancy and another 15 born to healthy mothers as controls. Results: The mean total leucocytic and absolute neutrophil count were significantly lower in neonates of diabetics than in normal neonates (13.55± 2.51 and 17.89± 3.66 p > 0.001; 9.01±1.59 and 14.18±3.44 p >0.001 respectively). Mean CD11b, CD62L and DHR were lower among neonates of diabetic mothers than normal neonates (82.48± 8.09 & 87.85± 4.87 p < 0.05; 8.63±4.41 and 24.98±10.47 p <0.001; 68.71± 10.24 and 79.57±8.64 p < 0.001 respectively). Unlike the control neonates, neonates of gestational diabetic mothers had positive correlation between the functional neutrophil parameters (r0.39 p <0.05). Conclusion: Gestational diabetes affects cord blood neutrophil count and functions leading to high susceptibility to infection. Keywords: Gestational, diabetes mellitus, neutrophils","PeriodicalId":52068,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Journal of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90737074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regulatory natural killer cell expression in atopic childhood asthma","authors":"E. Hossny, Rasha H. El-Owaidy, N. Mohamed, E. Hassanin","doi":"10.21608/EJPA.2017.16757","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/EJPA.2017.16757","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Different subsets of natural killer (NK) cells were found to play a role in pathogenesis of allergy. We sought to investigate the expression of regulatory NK cells (CD56+CD16+CD158+) in atopic children with bronchial asthma in order to outline the value of these cells as biomarkers of disease severity and/or control. Methods: A cross sectional controlled study was carried out in the Pediatric Allergy and Immunology Unit, Ain Shams University. The study included 45 atopic children [mean age(SD)= (2.9) years] with bronchial asthma (BA) and/or allergic rhinitis (AR)as well as 40 healthy matched controls. Enrolled subjects underwent complete blood counting and flow cytometric measurement of NK cell (CD16+ CD56+) and regulatory NK cells (CD16+CD56+CD158+). Results: Patients had significantly higher regulatory NK cell percentages [mean (SD)= 41 (52) %] than controls [mean (SD)=15 (7.1)]; p ≤0.001. Regulatory NK cell counts and percentages did not vary with the concomitant presence of AR or the degree of asthma control. Regulatory NK cell counts tended to be higher in children with moderate/severe BA compared to those with mild asthma but the difference did not reach statistical significance (U= -1.8, p=0.06). NK cell counts [mean (SD)= 159 (164) cells/μl] and percentages [mean (SD)= 3.7 (3.2) %] were comparable among patients and controls and did not vary with the presence of AR ( p = 0.51, 0.95) or with the degree of asthma control. NK cells absolute counts and percentages tended to be higher among patients with moderate/severe compared to mild asthma but the difference did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions: Regulatory NK cells seem to be increased in childhood asthma. We recommend wider scale prospective studies on steroid-naive subjects involving measurement of cytokines that are secreted by different types of NK cells. Keywords: Natural killer, regulatory, asthma, children, allergy","PeriodicalId":52068,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Journal of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86078514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: Editor-in-Chief","authors":"Y. El-Gamal","doi":"10.21608/EJPA.2019.53987","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/EJPA.2019.53987","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52068,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Journal of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46529854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The relationship between tissue transglutaminase IgA antibodies and the clinical manifestations in a group of children, adolescent and adult patients with type -I diabetes mellitus","authors":"E. Shawky, A. Ahmad, Abdel-Azeem M. El-Mazary, Ghada M. Al-Sagheer, Ahmed A. Saedii","doi":"10.21608/EJPA.2017.11948","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/EJPA.2017.11948","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Type-1 diabetes mellitus (T1-DM) is the commonest endocrine-metabolic disease in childhood. The prevalence of CD in type-1 DM ranges from 0.6 to 16.4% compared with 0.01–0.03% in the general population. The mechanism of association between the two diseases involves a shared genetic background of HLA genotype. Serum tissue transglutaminase IgA antibodies (tTG IgA) are considered specific and sensitive markers for screening of Celiac disease in more than 95 % of patients. Objective: Screening for the presence of serum tissue transglutaminase IgA antibodies (tTG ab) as a specific and sensitive biochemical marker for Celiac disease in patients with type-1DM and its relation to the clinical manifestations of those patients. Methods: One hundred-forty-nine patients with type-1 DM attending the out-patient clinic of endocrine and metabolism, Minia University Hospital were screened for the presence of serum tissue transglutaminase IgA antibodies during the period from March 2014 to November 2015. Results: Out of 149 patients 8 patients (5.3%) were positive for IgA tTG antibodies. They who were predominantly of female gender (75% were females). According to each age group, there were four sero-positive cases in children (with age group between 9 and ≤ 12 years); two cases in adolescents (with age group between 12 and ≤ 16 years) and two cases in adults (with age group 16-21 years). Intestinal manifestations, chronic diarrhea, recurrent abdominal pain/ distension, recurrent aphtha's stomatitis, anemia and bleeding tendency were significantly more common in sero-positive cases (P=0.001, 0.001, 0.016, 0.00, 0.001and 0.04 respectively). All sero-positive cases (100%) had lower BMIs than normal. There were no correlations between the tTG antibodies levels and HbA1c levels. Conclusions: The presence of tTG IgA antibodies is associated with significant changes in the clinical status of patient with type-1 DM. Celiac disease related manifestations like weight loss; anemia and chronic diarrhea were more common in sero-positive diabetic patients. Serological screening for CD should be performed in all patients with type-1DM for early diagnosis and prevention of complications. Keywords: Type-1 DM, tissue transglutaminase, IgA antibodies","PeriodicalId":52068,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Journal of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82493399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reliability of candida skin test in the evaluation of T-cell function in infancy","authors":"S. Reda, Rasha H. El-Owaidy, N. Mohamed, S. A. E. Toukhy","doi":"10.21608/EJPA.2017.11949","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/EJPA.2017.11949","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Both standardized and non-standardized candida skin tests are used in clinical practice for functional in-vivo assessment of cellular immunity with variable results and are considered not reliable under the age of 1 year. We sought to investigate the reliability of using manually prepared candida intradermal test in the evaluation of T cell function in infants during their second year of life. Methods: Twenty-five healthy infants were tested with manually prepared intradermal candida test. Cultured lymphocytes were stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) levels were measured in the culture supernatant of stimulated and non-stimulated samples using ELISA. Results: The enrolled infants were 14 to 24 months old (mean 19.2 ± 3.13 months). They were 17 boys (68 %) and 8 girls (32 %). Candida skin test was positive in 17 out of the 25 infants (68%). All infants showed increased IFN-γ levels after PHA stimulation (mean ± SD: 0.83±0.29 ng/ml) compared to basal levels (mean ± SD = 0.16 ± 0.16 ng/ml). The increase of IFN γ levels after PHA stimulation ranged from 1.54 to 38 folds. Infants with positive and negative candida tests showed comparable results in terms of clinical and immunological assessment except for weight percentiles for age that were higher among candida positive group. Conclusion: Candida intradermal test is a cost-effective simple test for evaluation of T cell function with 70 % sensitivity in healthy infants above the age of one year. Keywords: Candida, IFN-γ, infants, intradermal, lymphocyte proliferation, PHA stimulation, T cell, Tuberculin","PeriodicalId":52068,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Journal of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82912190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of rhinovirus-associated asthma exacerbations using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in Egyptian children","authors":"Magda Y. El-Seify, M. Al-Fahham, N. S. El-Deen, Shaimaa R. El Nashar","doi":"10.21608/EJPA.2017.11947","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/EJPA.2017.11947","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Acute exacerbations of asthma are the leading cause of emergency department visits in pediatric patients. The development of sensitive diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based techniques permitted demonstration of an already clinically suspected association between common viral respiratory infections and asthma exacerbations. Respiratory viruses have been identified in 80–85% of exacerbations in school-aged children, with human rhinoviruses (HRVs) being the most frequently detected. A recently identified HRV genotype, HRV-C, is circulating worldwide and is an important cause of febrile wheeze and asthmatic exacerbations in children requiring hospitalization. Objectives: This study aimed to detect HRV- induced asthma exacerbations (including the new HRV-C genotype) among a group of Egyptian children. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 31 asthmatic children in exacerbations in the period from September 2014 till October 2015. Patients were recruited from the emergency department and chest clinic, Children's hospital, Ain Shams University. Sputum (for children ≥7years) and nasopharyngeal aspirates (for infants and children<7years) were collected for one-step, real-time pan Rhinovirus reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. One step RT-PCR was done to detect Rhinovirus C among positive cases. Results: This study included 31 asthmatic children in exacerbations. They were 15 males (48.4%) and 16 females (51.6%). Their ages ranged from 7 months to 12 years with a mean and SD of (4.47 ± 3.15) years. Eight (25.8%) of the studied patients showed positive Rhinovirus RT-PCR test and 4 (50%) of the HRV positive patients were of the Rhinovirus C genotype (12.9% of the total population). HRV positive patients showed higher percentage of positive family history of bronchial asthma (p=0.002), higher mean values of respiratory rate (p=0.001) and temperature (p=0.001), but lower mean value of oxygen saturation (p =0.011). There were statistically significant differences regarding the exacerbation severity (p=0.024) and outcome (p=0.048) between HRV positive and negative patients. Conclusion: HRVs are important triggers of asthma exacerbations among Egyptian children. The newly described HRV-C genotype accounts for a significant proportion of HRV- associated asthma exacerbations. Further studies on a larger scale are needed for HRV-C and other possibly undiscovered HRV genotypes. Keywords: Rhinovirus, Rhinovirus C genotype, asthma exacerbation, real time RT-PCR","PeriodicalId":52068,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Journal of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89487190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gastrointestinal manifestations in children with primary immunodeficiency diseases","authors":"S. Reda","doi":"10.21608/EJPA.2017.11946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/EJPA.2017.11946","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction Primary immunodeficiency (PID) diseases are a heterogeneous group of rare genetic disorders that affect the development and function of immune cells. To date, more than 150 defects have been identified and the number is growing. These disorders are broadly classified into defects affecting the humoral (B cell) immunity, defects of the cellular (T cell) immunity or both T cell and B cell, neutrophil and macrophage defects, and defects in the innate immunity. The hallmark clinical feature is recurrent and/or severe infections. However, some type of immune defect may present with autoimmune manifestations, and increased risk of malignancy in association with their underlying immunodeficiency. In PID diseases, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is the second target organ affected after the respiratory tract. In fact, the GI is largest lymphoid organ in the body with a unique function to handle the process of regulation and suppression of foreign antigens including viruses, bacteria, parasites, and food. Therefore, in PID the dysfunction of the regulatory mechanisms that maintain the balance between active immunity and tolerance in the gut may lead to mucosal damage and chronic GI diseases. The GI manifestations in PIDs can be categorized into five different forms: (1) Infection throughout the GI tract or hepatobiliary system such as giardiasis in humoral immunodeficiency; cytomegalovirus colitis and hepatitis in severe T cell dysfunction as well as hepatic abscess in phagocytic defect. (2) Autoimmune phenomena such as autoimmune hepatitis and enteropathy that are associated with some PIDs and may mimic classic forms of diseases such as celiac disease (CD), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and pernicious anemia, but differ in pathogenesis and are often unresponsive to conventional therapies. (3) Unregulated inflammatory conditions such as granulomatous colitis in common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) and chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). (4) Malignancies involving the GI tract and hepatobiliary system. (5) GI and hepatic complications secondary to therapeutic intervention such as liver or gut graftversus-host-disease and veno-occlusive disease post hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in certain PID diseases. This review focuses on the characteristic chronic GI manifestations that are commonly encountered in some PID diseases (Table 1).","PeriodicalId":52068,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Journal of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76783452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}