Pub Date : 2022-12-19DOI: 10.1080/21594937.2022.2152535
J. R. Ham, Malin K. Lilley, Malin R. Miller, J. Leca, S. Pellis, Heather M. Manitzas Hill
ABSTRACT Although observed in animals from various taxa, object play is not well studied. While studying object play in managed care belugas (Delphinapterus leucas), we noticed that, in some cases, the belugas self-handicap their play. For example, a beluga may push a ball onto a ledge, so that the object can only be reached by the beluga beaching itself. Self-handicapping has been described in locomotor and social play, but is rarely, if ever, reported in object play. The belugas of this study self-handicap themselves while playing with objects in 3.9% of cases. All nine of the immature belugas were observed to self-handicap, which accounted for 90.6% of the self-handicapping bouts observed. Even though rare, some degree of self-handicapping may be important in ensuring continued playfulness irrespective of the type of play involved. Broader comparative studies on the presence and role of self-handicapping across species and types of play are needed.
{"title":"Self-handicapping in object play: how belugas (Delphinapterus leucas) make play difficult","authors":"J. R. Ham, Malin K. Lilley, Malin R. Miller, J. Leca, S. Pellis, Heather M. Manitzas Hill","doi":"10.1080/21594937.2022.2152535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21594937.2022.2152535","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Although observed in animals from various taxa, object play is not well studied. While studying object play in managed care belugas (Delphinapterus leucas), we noticed that, in some cases, the belugas self-handicap their play. For example, a beluga may push a ball onto a ledge, so that the object can only be reached by the beluga beaching itself. Self-handicapping has been described in locomotor and social play, but is rarely, if ever, reported in object play. The belugas of this study self-handicap themselves while playing with objects in 3.9% of cases. All nine of the immature belugas were observed to self-handicap, which accounted for 90.6% of the self-handicapping bouts observed. Even though rare, some degree of self-handicapping may be important in ensuring continued playfulness irrespective of the type of play involved. Broader comparative studies on the presence and role of self-handicapping across species and types of play are needed.","PeriodicalId":52149,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Play","volume":"3 1","pages":"67 - 80"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87663536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-19DOI: 10.1080/21594937.2022.2152531
Ellen Beate Hansen Sandseter, Rasmus Kleppe, L. E. Ottesen Kennair
ABSTRACT The focus of this theoretical paper is to explore three biopsychosocial levels of children’s risky play: (1) mental health and emotion regulation, (2) social functioning and challenging norms, and (3) physical health and development. As such, in this paper, we expand Sandseter’s and Kennair’s focus in their original article in 2011 on the evolved function of risky play as an anti-phobic mechanism, and consider other types of risk than physical risks and other types of play, including other types of emotional regulation than anxiety reduction. Motivated by the thrilling emotions involved in risky play, one matures in competency and masters new and more complex psychosocial settings. Play with emotional, social, and physical risk may have evolved to increase the child’s psychosocial competency here-and-now, but also train them for future adult contexts. We recommend that future research consider how risky play in all contexts may have a similar function.
{"title":"Risky play in children’s emotion regulation, social functioning, and physical health: an evolutionary approach","authors":"Ellen Beate Hansen Sandseter, Rasmus Kleppe, L. E. Ottesen Kennair","doi":"10.1080/21594937.2022.2152531","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21594937.2022.2152531","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The focus of this theoretical paper is to explore three biopsychosocial levels of children’s risky play: (1) mental health and emotion regulation, (2) social functioning and challenging norms, and (3) physical health and development. As such, in this paper, we expand Sandseter’s and Kennair’s focus in their original article in 2011 on the evolved function of risky play as an anti-phobic mechanism, and consider other types of risk than physical risks and other types of play, including other types of emotional regulation than anxiety reduction. Motivated by the thrilling emotions involved in risky play, one matures in competency and masters new and more complex psychosocial settings. Play with emotional, social, and physical risk may have evolved to increase the child’s psychosocial competency here-and-now, but also train them for future adult contexts. We recommend that future research consider how risky play in all contexts may have a similar function.","PeriodicalId":52149,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Play","volume":"235 1","pages":"127 - 139"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75909059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-19DOI: 10.1080/21594937.2022.2152537
S. Pellis, V. Pellis, J. R. Ham
ABSTRACT Play fighting involves competing for an advantage, which can be derived from behavior typical of conspecific aggression, predation, sexual and other affinitive contexts. Here the phylogenetic distribution of aggressive play fighting (involving biting) and amicable play fighting (involving grooming and mounting) in juveniles of 48 species of primates was analyzed. Both aggressive and amicable play fighting were likely equally present in ancestral primates, and then some lineages either maintained that pattern or exaggerated the use of one type relative to the other. In species engaging in both types of play, the ancestral pattern is for them to remain distinct, with sequences of one type not transforming into sequences of the other type. In two genera, mixing types of play was exaggerated, with rapid bidirectional transitions between aggressive and amicable play. These findings suggest that different types of play evolved independently and their combination is a secondarily evolved, derived state.
{"title":"The evolution of aggressive and amicable play fighting in primates: a phylogenetic perspective","authors":"S. Pellis, V. Pellis, J. R. Ham","doi":"10.1080/21594937.2022.2152537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21594937.2022.2152537","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Play fighting involves competing for an advantage, which can be derived from behavior typical of conspecific aggression, predation, sexual and other affinitive contexts. Here the phylogenetic distribution of aggressive play fighting (involving biting) and amicable play fighting (involving grooming and mounting) in juveniles of 48 species of primates was analyzed. Both aggressive and amicable play fighting were likely equally present in ancestral primates, and then some lineages either maintained that pattern or exaggerated the use of one type relative to the other. In species engaging in both types of play, the ancestral pattern is for them to remain distinct, with sequences of one type not transforming into sequences of the other type. In two genera, mixing types of play was exaggerated, with rapid bidirectional transitions between aggressive and amicable play. These findings suggest that different types of play evolved independently and their combination is a secondarily evolved, derived state.","PeriodicalId":52149,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Play","volume":"5 1","pages":"101 - 112"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72724514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-19DOI: 10.1080/21594937.2022.2152534
Jeffrey MacCormack, Elizabeth D. Kilmer
ABSTRACT For youth on the autism spectrum, play offers rich opportunities for the development of social competence. Play-based activities are well suited for social skills interventions because the structure of the game play can easily incorporate the youths’ interests and can be designed to mimic social rules. Despite the wealth of literature on the topic of play-based learning, it is not clear how play factors such as play materials (toys, objects, imaginative spaces), permissiveness (player autonomy), and structure (role-based play, interaction rules) contribute to skill development. This paper reviews the literature on play-based social interventions and will compare three play-based approaches based on materials, permissiveness, and structure: (a) LEGO-therapy, (b) virtual environment social program, and (c) therapeutically applied role-playing games. Implications of the results for practitioners and researchers are discussed.
{"title":"Review of the roles of materials, permissiveness, and structure in play-based social interventions for autistic youth","authors":"Jeffrey MacCormack, Elizabeth D. Kilmer","doi":"10.1080/21594937.2022.2152534","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21594937.2022.2152534","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT\u0000 For youth on the autism spectrum, play offers rich opportunities for the development of social competence. Play-based activities are well suited for social skills interventions because the structure of the game play can easily incorporate the youths’ interests and can be designed to mimic social rules. Despite the wealth of literature on the topic of play-based learning, it is not clear how play factors such as play materials (toys, objects, imaginative spaces), permissiveness (player autonomy), and structure (role-based play, interaction rules) contribute to skill development. This paper reviews the literature on play-based social interventions and will compare three play-based approaches based on materials, permissiveness, and structure: (a) LEGO-therapy, (b) virtual environment social program, and (c) therapeutically applied role-playing games. Implications of the results for practitioners and researchers are discussed.","PeriodicalId":52149,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Play","volume":"42 6","pages":"53 - 66"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72429059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-19DOI: 10.1080/21594937.2022.2152536
Heather M. Manitzas Hill, Nicole Ortiz, Katie Kolodziej, J. R. Ham
ABSTRACT Play is an important indicator of physical strength, cognitive functioning, and overall welfare for animals. Performed independently or cooperatively, play provides animals, including humans, opportunities to test and practice various physical abilities, social interactions, and object investigations. One area that is often overlooked in animal play is the presence and nature of games. Sometimes considered the social glue of human cultures, games enable participants to practice different moves, cooperatively follow a shared set of rules, and have ‘fun.’ Using archived footage collected from a stable beluga population in managed care for nearly 15 years, we examined spontaneous, untrained social interactions (i.e. games played) between two or more belugas. Social games encompassed repeated, role exchanges that involved a set of rules developed and shared between the interactants. The belugas engaged in seven different games: locomotor-based games with and without contact, triadic play involving inanimate objects and water, and socio-sexual play. Although most social games involved immature animals, some games did occur with adults. This catalog and description of the variety of games played by belugas will enable us to understand the role social behavior has in behavioral development and individual animal welfare.
{"title":"Social games that belugas (Delphinapterus leucas) play","authors":"Heather M. Manitzas Hill, Nicole Ortiz, Katie Kolodziej, J. R. Ham","doi":"10.1080/21594937.2022.2152536","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21594937.2022.2152536","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Play is an important indicator of physical strength, cognitive functioning, and overall welfare for animals. Performed independently or cooperatively, play provides animals, including humans, opportunities to test and practice various physical abilities, social interactions, and object investigations. One area that is often overlooked in animal play is the presence and nature of games. Sometimes considered the social glue of human cultures, games enable participants to practice different moves, cooperatively follow a shared set of rules, and have ‘fun.’ Using archived footage collected from a stable beluga population in managed care for nearly 15 years, we examined spontaneous, untrained social interactions (i.e. games played) between two or more belugas. Social games encompassed repeated, role exchanges that involved a set of rules developed and shared between the interactants. The belugas engaged in seven different games: locomotor-based games with and without contact, triadic play involving inanimate objects and water, and socio-sexual play. Although most social games involved immature animals, some games did occur with adults. This catalog and description of the variety of games played by belugas will enable us to understand the role social behavior has in behavioral development and individual animal welfare.","PeriodicalId":52149,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Play","volume":"18 1","pages":"81 - 100"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72917916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-27DOI: 10.1080/21594937.2022.2135537
Jonathan Stelzer
ABSTRACT This essay argues that a modern shift towards an institutionalisation of the division between play and seriousness is reflected in a conceptual division more generally between these two concepts. As the play-element is foundational to culture, and indeed to the preservation of life more generally, the implications of this conceptual divorce are not to be underestimated. When the once playful spheres of democratic politics, war and international relations morph into pure seriousness, barbarism and naked cruelty follow as natural consequences. Accordingly, I will criticise the impoverishment of a simplistic concept of play that sets itself in opposition to seriousness, whilst also criticisng the consequent development of a society that undergirds this conceptual separation.
{"title":"The seriousness of play: Johan Huizinga’s Homo Ludens and the demise of the play-element","authors":"Jonathan Stelzer","doi":"10.1080/21594937.2022.2135537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21594937.2022.2135537","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This essay argues that a modern shift towards an institutionalisation of the division between play and seriousness is reflected in a conceptual division more generally between these two concepts. As the play-element is foundational to culture, and indeed to the preservation of life more generally, the implications of this conceptual divorce are not to be underestimated. When the once playful spheres of democratic politics, war and international relations morph into pure seriousness, barbarism and naked cruelty follow as natural consequences. Accordingly, I will criticise the impoverishment of a simplistic concept of play that sets itself in opposition to seriousness, whilst also criticisng the consequent development of a society that undergirds this conceptual separation.","PeriodicalId":52149,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Play","volume":"53 1","pages":"337 - 348"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77163728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1080/21594937.2022.2136637
Simone Downie, S. Proulx
ABSTRACT To support youth literacy, U.S. public libraries must constantly evaluate and adjust their offerings to better support how children engage in educational experiences and integrate the latest trends in teaching and learning. This mission makes libraries a unique source of insight into developing perspectives and pedagogy. The authors were curious whether gamification – an increasingly popular design approach – is one of these modern influences. Using online and social media content, the authors developed a list of common youth literacy strategies used by top libraries; this list was then analyzed for elements of gamification. Summer reading clubs, group storytimes, and physical environments stood out as the main initiatives imbued with gamification to better engage and motivate young readers. The goal of the discussion is to help librarians and educators build a foundational knowledge of what gamification is, what it looks like in practice, and what benefits it provides in a learning environment.
{"title":"Investigating the role of gamification in public libraries’ literacy-centered youth programming","authors":"Simone Downie, S. Proulx","doi":"10.1080/21594937.2022.2136637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21594937.2022.2136637","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT To support youth literacy, U.S. public libraries must constantly evaluate and adjust their offerings to better support how children engage in educational experiences and integrate the latest trends in teaching and learning. This mission makes libraries a unique source of insight into developing perspectives and pedagogy. The authors were curious whether gamification – an increasingly popular design approach – is one of these modern influences. Using online and social media content, the authors developed a list of common youth literacy strategies used by top libraries; this list was then analyzed for elements of gamification. Summer reading clubs, group storytimes, and physical environments stood out as the main initiatives imbued with gamification to better engage and motivate young readers. The goal of the discussion is to help librarians and educators build a foundational knowledge of what gamification is, what it looks like in practice, and what benefits it provides in a learning environment.","PeriodicalId":52149,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Play","volume":"36 1","pages":"382 - 404"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86206626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1080/21594937.2022.2136640
F. Lebed
ABSTRACT Social background is a vital element of human play, realizing with the overt and covert transference of social norms as relevant values in public discourse. The interdisciplinary discussion proposed in this article makes it possible to propose a 3D model of ‘sociali persona ludum’ in the concluding part of the study. The model suggests three kinds of domains that together, create each socially dependent person's play: (1) the emergent domain of escapes to the so-called ‘being there’ of play (2) the domain of contents, and (3) the domain of uncertainties. They are functions of different basic features of human play that are analyzed here – the quantity and quality of playing agents, plots of games, and interactions between agents – placed on three Cartesian axes. In addition to the scholarly thesis suggested by this model, one can see it as a possible framework for for different applicative needs.
{"title":"‘Sociali persona ludens’: the social component of human play","authors":"F. Lebed","doi":"10.1080/21594937.2022.2136640","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21594937.2022.2136640","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Social background is a vital element of human play, realizing with the overt and covert transference of social norms as relevant values in public discourse. The interdisciplinary discussion proposed in this article makes it possible to propose a 3D model of ‘sociali persona ludum’ in the concluding part of the study. The model suggests three kinds of domains that together, create each socially dependent person's play: (1) the emergent domain of escapes to the so-called ‘being there’ of play (2) the domain of contents, and (3) the domain of uncertainties. They are functions of different basic features of human play that are analyzed here – the quantity and quality of playing agents, plots of games, and interactions between agents – placed on three Cartesian axes. In addition to the scholarly thesis suggested by this model, one can see it as a possible framework for for different applicative needs.","PeriodicalId":52149,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Play","volume":"20 1","pages":"434 - 452"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83343489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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