Pub Date : 2019-12-12DOI: 10.1504/ijvp.2019.104083
Morten Rikard Jensen, Wilford Smith
The modelling of a buried charge and its impact on vehicle structures is a complex simulation task since numerous structural variables, physical properties and numerical parameters have to be determined to provide accurate estimation of the structure's response. A number of variables in question are directly related to the numerical approach chosen to perform the analysis while others relate to the overall modelling process and the detail used to describe the physical processes. This paper documents the results of a comprehensive sensitivity study of the structural response of a vehicle subjected to the impulse from a buried charge using the discrete particle method (DPM) to model the soil and high explosive (HE) coupled to a finite element solver for the structure. Fourteen design variables and numerical parameters were studied requiring in excess of 1000 computational hours. The response parameter was chosen to be the total blast impulse (TBI) on the structure. The non-linear transient dynamic explicit finite element solver used for the analysis was the IMPETUS Afea Solver® which has implemented the DPM for blast simulations and is called iDPM. The study includes soil characteristics and charge related parameters. The depth of burial (DOB) and number of discrete particles were also considered in the study. As a natural extension of the sensitivity study the effect of an improvised explosive device (IED) made from an oil can is investigated as well as the effect of having rocks in the soil bed making it a non-homogeneous soil bed.
{"title":"Numerical parameter characterisation of a buried mine blast event with further emphasis on IED shapes and soil bed conditions","authors":"Morten Rikard Jensen, Wilford Smith","doi":"10.1504/ijvp.2019.104083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijvp.2019.104083","url":null,"abstract":"The modelling of a buried charge and its impact on vehicle structures is a complex simulation task since numerous structural variables, physical properties and numerical parameters have to be determined to provide accurate estimation of the structure's response. A number of variables in question are directly related to the numerical approach chosen to perform the analysis while others relate to the overall modelling process and the detail used to describe the physical processes. This paper documents the results of a comprehensive sensitivity study of the structural response of a vehicle subjected to the impulse from a buried charge using the discrete particle method (DPM) to model the soil and high explosive (HE) coupled to a finite element solver for the structure. Fourteen design variables and numerical parameters were studied requiring in excess of 1000 computational hours. The response parameter was chosen to be the total blast impulse (TBI) on the structure. The non-linear transient dynamic explicit finite element solver used for the analysis was the IMPETUS Afea Solver® which has implemented the DPM for blast simulations and is called iDPM. The study includes soil characteristics and charge related parameters. The depth of burial (DOB) and number of discrete particles were also considered in the study. As a natural extension of the sensitivity study the effect of an improvised explosive device (IED) made from an oil can is investigated as well as the effect of having rocks in the soil bed making it a non-homogeneous soil bed.","PeriodicalId":52169,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Vehicle Performance","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/ijvp.2019.104083","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41324031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-10DOI: 10.1504/ijvp.2019.10025783
Kanwar Bharat Singh, S. Taheri
Most modern day automotive chassis control systems employ a feedback control structure. Therefore, a real-time estimate of the vehicle handling dynamic states and tyre-road contact parameters are invaluable for enhancing the performance of current vehicle control systems, such as anti-lock brake system (ABS) and electronic stability program (ESP). Today's production cars are equipped with onboard sensors (e.g., a 3-axis accelerometer, 3-axis gyroscope, steering wheel angle sensor, and wheel speed sensors) which when used in conjunction with certain model based observers can be used to identify relevant vehicle states for optimal control of comfort, stability and handling. However, some key variables such as the tyre forces, road bank/grade angles, and the tyre-road friction coefficient, which have a significant impact on vehicle handling performance and safety are difficult to measure using sensors already onboard vehicles. This paper introduces an integrated vehicle state estimator comprising a series of model-based and kinematic-based observers for estimating these unmeasurable states. Using an appropriate vehicle model, kinematic equations of motion and vehicle sensor data, the unknown vehicle states as well as the tyre-road contact forces are estimated by implementing a series of observers arranged in a cascade structure. Key estimated signals include the vehicle side slip angle (β), tyre longitudinal/lateral/vertical forces, and the tyre-road friction coefficient (μ). The performance of the proposed estimators has been evaluated via computer simulations conducted using the vehicle dynamics software CarSim®. An effectively designed merging scheme ensures robust estimation performance even during the vehicle manoeuvres which show highly nonlinear tyre characteristics and in the existence of road inclination or bank angle.
{"title":"Integrated state and parameter estimation for vehicle dynamics control","authors":"Kanwar Bharat Singh, S. Taheri","doi":"10.1504/ijvp.2019.10025783","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijvp.2019.10025783","url":null,"abstract":"Most modern day automotive chassis control systems employ a feedback control structure. Therefore, a real-time estimate of the vehicle handling dynamic states and tyre-road contact parameters are invaluable for enhancing the performance of current vehicle control systems, such as anti-lock brake system (ABS) and electronic stability program (ESP). Today's production cars are equipped with onboard sensors (e.g., a 3-axis accelerometer, 3-axis gyroscope, steering wheel angle sensor, and wheel speed sensors) which when used in conjunction with certain model based observers can be used to identify relevant vehicle states for optimal control of comfort, stability and handling. However, some key variables such as the tyre forces, road bank/grade angles, and the tyre-road friction coefficient, which have a significant impact on vehicle handling performance and safety are difficult to measure using sensors already onboard vehicles. This paper introduces an integrated vehicle state estimator comprising a series of model-based and kinematic-based observers for estimating these unmeasurable states. Using an appropriate vehicle model, kinematic equations of motion and vehicle sensor data, the unknown vehicle states as well as the tyre-road contact forces are estimated by implementing a series of observers arranged in a cascade structure. Key estimated signals include the vehicle side slip angle (β), tyre longitudinal/lateral/vertical forces, and the tyre-road friction coefficient (μ). The performance of the proposed estimators has been evaluated via computer simulations conducted using the vehicle dynamics software CarSim®. An effectively designed merging scheme ensures robust estimation performance even during the vehicle manoeuvres which show highly nonlinear tyre characteristics and in the existence of road inclination or bank angle.","PeriodicalId":52169,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Vehicle Performance","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48907480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-10DOI: 10.1504/ijvp.2019.10025784
G. Bozdech, P. Ayers, D. Irick
Recently, military vehicles have been equipped with hybrid, diesel-electric drives to improve fuel efficiency and stealth capabilities, and these vehicles require accurate power duty cycle estimates. A GPS-based mobility power and duty cycle model was developed and is used to predict the vehicle power requirements. The dynamic vehicle parameters needed to estimate the forces and power developed during locomotion are determined from the global positioning system (GPS) tracking data. Controlled tests were performed and the predicted mobility power values predicted from a GPS receiver were compared to the measured drivewheel power estimated from engine data transmitted on the vehicle's controller area network (CAN). The results from the validation tests indicated that the model was reasonably accurate in predicting the average power requirements of the vehicle.
{"title":"Validation of a GPS-based vehicle mobility power model","authors":"G. Bozdech, P. Ayers, D. Irick","doi":"10.1504/ijvp.2019.10025784","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijvp.2019.10025784","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, military vehicles have been equipped with hybrid, diesel-electric drives to improve fuel efficiency and stealth capabilities, and these vehicles require accurate power duty cycle estimates. A GPS-based mobility power and duty cycle model was developed and is used to predict the vehicle power requirements. The dynamic vehicle parameters needed to estimate the forces and power developed during locomotion are determined from the global positioning system (GPS) tracking data. Controlled tests were performed and the predicted mobility power values predicted from a GPS receiver were compared to the measured drivewheel power estimated from engine data transmitted on the vehicle's controller area network (CAN). The results from the validation tests indicated that the model was reasonably accurate in predicting the average power requirements of the vehicle.","PeriodicalId":52169,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Vehicle Performance","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48573571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-10DOI: 10.1504/ijvp.2019.104085
Lalremruata, K. Dewangan, T. Patel
Equivalent sound pressure level (Leq) at the tractor drivers' ear level was assessed in tillage operations. Measurements were performed on six models of tractors attached with five different tillage implements namely mould board plough, disc plough, rotavator, disk harrow and duck foot cultivator and operated at three different forward speeds. Noise exposure to the drivers was compared with the permissible exposure limits (PELs) in OSHA (1983) and NIOSH (1998). The results showed that noise intensity at the drivers' ear level varied between 91.7 and 97.5 dB(A). Increase in tractor forward speed increased noise intensity. Noise exposure was considerably higher with rotavator as compared with other tillage implements, while noise exposure was comparable in other tillage implements. Noise exposure to the tractors drivers exceeded the PELs for 8 h operation. According to PELs in OSHA and NIOSH, the tractors should be operated nearly 2 and 7 h, respectively.
{"title":"Noise exposure to tractor drivers in field operations","authors":"Lalremruata, K. Dewangan, T. Patel","doi":"10.1504/ijvp.2019.104085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijvp.2019.104085","url":null,"abstract":"Equivalent sound pressure level (Leq) at the tractor drivers' ear level was assessed in tillage operations. Measurements were performed on six models of tractors attached with five different tillage implements namely mould board plough, disc plough, rotavator, disk harrow and duck foot cultivator and operated at three different forward speeds. Noise exposure to the drivers was compared with the permissible exposure limits (PELs) in OSHA (1983) and NIOSH (1998). The results showed that noise intensity at the drivers' ear level varied between 91.7 and 97.5 dB(A). Increase in tractor forward speed increased noise intensity. Noise exposure was considerably higher with rotavator as compared with other tillage implements, while noise exposure was comparable in other tillage implements. Noise exposure to the tractors drivers exceeded the PELs for 8 h operation. According to PELs in OSHA and NIOSH, the tractors should be operated nearly 2 and 7 h, respectively.","PeriodicalId":52169,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Vehicle Performance","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/ijvp.2019.104085","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48940378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-03DOI: 10.1504/IJVP.2019.10021232
R. Serban, D. Negrut, A. Recuero, P. Jayakumar
Assessing the mobility of off-road vehicles is a complex task that most often falls back on semi-empirical approaches to quantify the tire-terrain interaction. We introduce a high-fidelity ground vehicle mobility simulation framework that uses physics-based models of the vehicle, tyres, and terrain to factor in both tyre flexibility and soil deformation. The tyres are modelled using a nonlinear finite element approach that involves layers of orthotropic shell elements. The soil is represented as a large collection of rigid elements that interact through contact, friction, and cohesive forces. The high-fidelity vehicle models incorporate suspension, steering, driveline, and powertrain models. To alleviate the prohibitive computational costs associated with a coupled simulation of the overall problem, we propose a decoupled approach implemented as an explicit, force-displacement co-simulation framework which is demonstrated on several full-vehicle on soft soil simulations. UNCLASSIFIED: Distribution Statement A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. #28937.
{"title":"An integrated framework for high-performance, high-fidelity simulation of ground vehicle-tyre-terrain interaction","authors":"R. Serban, D. Negrut, A. Recuero, P. Jayakumar","doi":"10.1504/IJVP.2019.10021232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJVP.2019.10021232","url":null,"abstract":"Assessing the mobility of off-road vehicles is a complex task that most often falls back on semi-empirical approaches to quantify the tire-terrain interaction. We introduce a high-fidelity ground vehicle mobility simulation framework that uses physics-based models of the vehicle, tyres, and terrain to factor in both tyre flexibility and soil deformation. The tyres are modelled using a nonlinear finite element approach that involves layers of orthotropic shell elements. The soil is represented as a large collection of rigid elements that interact through contact, friction, and cohesive forces. The high-fidelity vehicle models incorporate suspension, steering, driveline, and powertrain models. To alleviate the prohibitive computational costs associated with a coupled simulation of the overall problem, we propose a decoupled approach implemented as an explicit, force-displacement co-simulation framework which is demonstrated on several full-vehicle on soft soil simulations. UNCLASSIFIED: Distribution Statement A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. #28937.","PeriodicalId":52169,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Vehicle Performance","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46283617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-11DOI: 10.1504/IJVP.2019.10021233
G. Song, C. Tan
The arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) is a hybrid finite element formulation, which is developed through combining modern algorithms for Lagrangian hydrodynamics, meshing technology and remap methods developed for high-resolution Eulerian methods. In automotive, simulation of dynamic stress and fatigue life of fuel tank straps is a complex problem. Typically, a fuel tank is held with fuel tank straps. Being a complex problem with overall movement lying in the domain of nonlinear large rotation dynamics, the involved fuel sloshing behaviour causes more intrication. The objective is initiated to investigate the advantage of ALE method in simulating fuel sloshing through fuel tank and fuel tank strap movement under proving ground conditions, using the nonlinear large rotation dynamic method in RADIOSS. Afterward, the fatigue life of fuel tank straps is predicted through nCode DesignLife, resulting in good correlation with test by accurate prediction of the crack initiation locations and sequence in the fuel tank straps.
{"title":"Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian method investigation on fuel tank strap simulation under proving ground condition","authors":"G. Song, C. Tan","doi":"10.1504/IJVP.2019.10021233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJVP.2019.10021233","url":null,"abstract":"The arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) is a hybrid finite element formulation, which is developed through combining modern algorithms for Lagrangian hydrodynamics, meshing technology and remap methods developed for high-resolution Eulerian methods. In automotive, simulation of dynamic stress and fatigue life of fuel tank straps is a complex problem. Typically, a fuel tank is held with fuel tank straps. Being a complex problem with overall movement lying in the domain of nonlinear large rotation dynamics, the involved fuel sloshing behaviour causes more intrication. The objective is initiated to investigate the advantage of ALE method in simulating fuel sloshing through fuel tank and fuel tank strap movement under proving ground conditions, using the nonlinear large rotation dynamic method in RADIOSS. Afterward, the fatigue life of fuel tank straps is predicted through nCode DesignLife, resulting in good correlation with test by accurate prediction of the crack initiation locations and sequence in the fuel tank straps.","PeriodicalId":52169,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Vehicle Performance","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49656078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-11DOI: 10.1504/IJVP.2019.10021235
A. Shabana
Virtual design and durability investigations are currently performed in automotive industries using three different and incompatible systems: computer-aided design (CAD) system for geometry creation, finite element (FE) software for developing the analysis mesh, and multibody system (MBS) software for automatically generating and numerically solving the differential-algebraic equations (DAE's). This paper proposes a new computer-aided engineering (CAE) approach based on the integration of computer-aided design and analysis (I-CAD-A). The proposed mechanics-based approach achieves seamless geometry/analysis integration, and allows for solid modelling multi-component systems from the outset. The geometrically accurate mechanics-based solid models can be systematically used as the analysis meshes in the small deformation floating frame of reference (FFR) and/or in the large deformation absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF) investigations. In this new approach, ANCF finite elements are used as the basis for creating the geometry for both small and large deformation analyses. In the case of small deformations, ANCF geometry is systematically converted to reduced-order consistent rotation-based formulation (CRBF) FFR mesh, which can be systematically used with standard coordinate reduction techniques to eliminate high-frequency insignificant modes of vibration. The paper discusses the fundamental differences between the proposed method and the isogeometric analysis (IGA) approach and presents illustrative pilot examples to demonstrate the new concepts and the feasibility of developing the mechanics-based design procedure.
{"title":"Integration of computer-aided design and analysis: application to multibody vehicle systems","authors":"A. Shabana","doi":"10.1504/IJVP.2019.10021235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJVP.2019.10021235","url":null,"abstract":"Virtual design and durability investigations are currently performed in automotive industries using three different and incompatible systems: computer-aided design (CAD) system for geometry creation, finite element (FE) software for developing the analysis mesh, and multibody system (MBS) software for automatically generating and numerically solving the differential-algebraic equations (DAE's). This paper proposes a new computer-aided engineering (CAE) approach based on the integration of computer-aided design and analysis (I-CAD-A). The proposed mechanics-based approach achieves seamless geometry/analysis integration, and allows for solid modelling multi-component systems from the outset. The geometrically accurate mechanics-based solid models can be systematically used as the analysis meshes in the small deformation floating frame of reference (FFR) and/or in the large deformation absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF) investigations. In this new approach, ANCF finite elements are used as the basis for creating the geometry for both small and large deformation analyses. In the case of small deformations, ANCF geometry is systematically converted to reduced-order consistent rotation-based formulation (CRBF) FFR mesh, which can be systematically used with standard coordinate reduction techniques to eliminate high-frequency insignificant modes of vibration. The paper discusses the fundamental differences between the proposed method and the isogeometric analysis (IGA) approach and presents illustrative pilot examples to demonstrate the new concepts and the feasibility of developing the mechanics-based design procedure.","PeriodicalId":52169,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Vehicle Performance","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48595611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-11DOI: 10.1504/IJVP.2019.10021234
Amandeep Singh, L. Singh, Sarbjit Singh, Harwinder Singh
A total of 450 experimental runs were performed at three speed levels, i.e., 5.6, 7.4 and 9.3 m/s as well as three sitting postures, i.e., lean forwards (LF), vertical erect with no back rest (VE-NB) and lean with back rest (L-WB). Majority of vibration levels were exceeding ISO 2631-1 1997 exposure action value. Vibration transmission was highest for posture LF followed by VE-NB and L-WB at 7.4 and 9.3 m/s, whereas VE-NB at 5.6 m/s followed by LF and L-WB. Subjective comfort responses are significant at 5% level for neck, shoulder and lower back with mean daily exposure levels. 1/3rd octave band showed dominant frequencies of 3.15 and 4 Hz that could affect health and safety of drivers due to existing natural frequencies of various body parts. It is recommended that tractors need more design efforts to damp vibration transmission along z axis so as to enhance ride comfort level.
{"title":"Whole-body vibration exposure among tractor drivers","authors":"Amandeep Singh, L. Singh, Sarbjit Singh, Harwinder Singh","doi":"10.1504/IJVP.2019.10021234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJVP.2019.10021234","url":null,"abstract":"A total of 450 experimental runs were performed at three speed levels, i.e., 5.6, 7.4 and 9.3 m/s as well as three sitting postures, i.e., lean forwards (LF), vertical erect with no back rest (VE-NB) and lean with back rest (L-WB). Majority of vibration levels were exceeding ISO 2631-1 1997 exposure action value. Vibration transmission was highest for posture LF followed by VE-NB and L-WB at 7.4 and 9.3 m/s, whereas VE-NB at 5.6 m/s followed by LF and L-WB. Subjective comfort responses are significant at 5% level for neck, shoulder and lower back with mean daily exposure levels. 1/3rd octave band showed dominant frequencies of 3.15 and 4 Hz that could affect health and safety of drivers due to existing natural frequencies of various body parts. It is recommended that tractors need more design efforts to damp vibration transmission along z axis so as to enhance ride comfort level.","PeriodicalId":52169,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Vehicle Performance","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49207643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-24DOI: 10.1504/IJVP.2019.098994
P. Chand
Electric vehicles are becoming a popular choice for daily travel due to their cheaper running costs and reduced impact on climate change. Recently, companies are starting to show interest in the design and development of electric recreational vehicles for the tourism and leisure market. Hence, this paper reviews the current motorhome market in New Zealand focussing on the country's largest motorhome provider. Following this, some existing electric motorhomes or prototypes and conversions currently available in the world are reviewed. Some of the key factors of electric motorhome design are presented and their relationship to major components in an electric vehicle is analysed. The drivetrain configuration, battery, and electric motor must be selected to work in harmony in order to maximise the benefits of moving to an electric or hybrid system.
{"title":"A survey of motorhomes and key factors to consider when developing electric motorhomes","authors":"P. Chand","doi":"10.1504/IJVP.2019.098994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJVP.2019.098994","url":null,"abstract":"Electric vehicles are becoming a popular choice for daily travel due to their cheaper running costs and reduced impact on climate change. Recently, companies are starting to show interest in the design and development of electric recreational vehicles for the tourism and leisure market. Hence, this paper reviews the current motorhome market in New Zealand focussing on the country's largest motorhome provider. Following this, some existing electric motorhomes or prototypes and conversions currently available in the world are reviewed. Some of the key factors of electric motorhome design are presented and their relationship to major components in an electric vehicle is analysed. The drivetrain configuration, battery, and electric motor must be selected to work in harmony in order to maximise the benefits of moving to an electric or hybrid system.","PeriodicalId":52169,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Vehicle Performance","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJVP.2019.098994","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48566580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-24DOI: 10.1504/IJVP.2019.098998
Guang Xia, Dong Guo, Xiwen Tang, Wuwei Chen
Considering the different effective working areas corresponding to respective functions of semi-active suspension systems (SASS) and electronic stability program (ESP) subsystems, the coordinated control of SASS and ESP based on the basis of finite-state is proposed to enhance the vehicle comprehensive performance. On the basis of the parallel connection between the SASS and ESP, an upper coordination controller on the finite-state basis is then combined in series with the SASS and ESP systems. The upper coordination controller identifies the vehicle's main driving conditions and make the strategy amendments to the bottom automotive semi-active suspension and electronic stability program. A SASS with PID control is presented along with an ESP with logic threshold control containing a variable slip rate and direct yaw moment control (DYC). Simulation results demonstrate that the coordinated control of the SASS and ESP on a finite-state basis can effectively improve the vehicle ride comfort and handling stability under multiple conditions.
{"title":"Coordinated control of a semi-active suspension system and an electronic stability program on a finite-state basis","authors":"Guang Xia, Dong Guo, Xiwen Tang, Wuwei Chen","doi":"10.1504/IJVP.2019.098998","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJVP.2019.098998","url":null,"abstract":"Considering the different effective working areas corresponding to respective functions of semi-active suspension systems (SASS) and electronic stability program (ESP) subsystems, the coordinated control of SASS and ESP based on the basis of finite-state is proposed to enhance the vehicle comprehensive performance. On the basis of the parallel connection between the SASS and ESP, an upper coordination controller on the finite-state basis is then combined in series with the SASS and ESP systems. The upper coordination controller identifies the vehicle's main driving conditions and make the strategy amendments to the bottom automotive semi-active suspension and electronic stability program. A SASS with PID control is presented along with an ESP with logic threshold control containing a variable slip rate and direct yaw moment control (DYC). Simulation results demonstrate that the coordinated control of the SASS and ESP on a finite-state basis can effectively improve the vehicle ride comfort and handling stability under multiple conditions.","PeriodicalId":52169,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Vehicle Performance","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49522194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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