Water Research X最新文献_第7页

Using “big data” and non-linear machine learning to infer groundwater contamination mechanisms across a spatially extensive, geologically heterogeneous region 利用“大数据”和非线性机器学习来推断空间广泛、地质异质性区域的地下水污染机制

IF 8.2 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL

Water Research X

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100475

Ioan Petculescu , Anna Majury , R. Stephen Brown , Kevin McDermott , Paul Hynds

Groundwater accounts for approximately 98% of available freshwater, with >2 billion people relying on it as a primary drinking water source. Notwithstanding its importance, specific groundwater quality parameters - namely microbial concentrations and non-Escherichia coli coliforms (NEC) - remain understudied. The current study sought to address this gap by modelling three distinct Contamination Indices (CI) corresponding to E. coli concentration, NEC concentration, and the NEC:E. coli concentration ratio. CIs were developed for south Ontario (115,693 km²) using ∼1 million samples from ∼290,000 wells collected between 2010 and 2021. To permit modelling, CIs were linked to 50 subregion-specific variables which impact groundwater quality (e.g., well depth, aquifer type, mean daily precipitation volumes); Generalized Additive Models (GAM) were subsequently developed and associated non-linear partial effects were calculated. Findings suggest NEC concentrations may appropriately indicate a source’s long-term potential for generalized contamination, as the NEC model exhibited high deviance explained (91.9%) due to significant associations (p < 0.05) with factors influencing and/or representing groundwater recharge. A daily summer rainfall “tipping point” was identified, with volumes >3 mm being associated with NEC concentration reductions (p < 0.0001), potentially due to subsoil saturation and/or aquifer contamination dilution. Regions with predominantly deep wells in bedrock aquifers were associated (p < 0.0001) with low NEC:E. coli ratios, i.e., localized contamination mechanisms (e.g., contaminant bypass or short-circuiting) likely dominate in these regions. The presumption that deeper aquifers/wells are “safer” may thus be due for reconsideration. The importance of understanding and inferring contamination mechanisms cannot be overstated, as it serves as a foundation for evidence-based source protection and testing recommendations.

地下水约占可用淡水的98%，有20亿人依赖地下水作为主要饮用水源。尽管它很重要，具体的地下水质量参数- -即微生物浓度和非大肠杆菌大肠菌群- -仍未得到充分研究。目前的研究试图通过模拟三种不同的污染指数（CI）来解决这一差距，这些指数分别对应于大肠杆菌浓度、NEC浓度和NEC:E。大肠杆菌浓度比。ci是在安大略省南部（115,693平方公里）开发的，使用了2010年至2021年间收集的约290,000口井中的约100万份样本。为了建立模型，ci与影响地下水质量的50个分区域特定变量（例如，井深、含水层类型、平均日降水量）相关联；随后建立了广义加性模型（GAM），并计算了相关的非线性局部效应。研究结果表明，NEC浓度可以适当地表明污染源长期潜在的普遍污染，因为NEC模型显示出很高的偏差（91.9%），这是由于影响和/或代表地下水补给的因素显著相关（p < 0.05）。确定了每日夏季降雨量的“临界点”，3毫米的降雨量与NEC浓度降低有关（p < 0.0001），可能是由于地下土壤饱和和/或含水层污染稀释。基岩含水层中以深井为主的区域NEC:E值较低（p < 0.0001）。大肠杆菌比例，即局部污染机制（如污染物旁路或短路）可能在这些地区占主导地位。因此，认为更深的含水层/井更“安全”的假设可能需要重新考虑。理解和推断污染机制的重要性怎么强调都不为过，因为它是基于证据的源保护和检测建议的基础。

{"title":"Using “big data” and non-linear machine learning to infer groundwater contamination mechanisms across a spatially extensive, geologically heterogeneous region","authors":"Ioan Petculescu , Anna Majury , R. Stephen Brown , Kevin McDermott , Paul Hynds","doi":"10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100475","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100475","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Groundwater accounts for approximately 98% of available freshwater, with >2 billion people relying on it as a primary drinking water source. Notwithstanding its importance, specific groundwater quality parameters - namely microbial concentrations and non-<em>Escherichia coli</em> coliforms (NEC) - remain understudied. The current study sought to address this gap by modelling three distinct Contamination Indices (CI) corresponding to <em>E. coli</em> concentration, NEC concentration, and the NEC:<em>E. coli</em> concentration ratio. CIs were developed for south Ontario (115,693 km<sup>2</sup>) using ∼1 million samples from ∼290,000 wells collected between 2010 and 2021. To permit modelling, CIs were linked to 50 subregion-specific variables which impact groundwater quality (e.g., well depth, aquifer type, mean daily precipitation volumes); Generalized Additive Models (GAM) were subsequently developed and associated non-linear partial effects were calculated. Findings suggest NEC concentrations may appropriately indicate a source’s long-term potential for generalized contamination, as the NEC model exhibited high deviance explained (91.9%) due to significant associations (<em>p</em> < 0.05) with factors influencing and/or representing groundwater recharge. A daily summer rainfall “tipping point” was identified, with volumes >3 mm being associated with NEC concentration reductions (<em>p</em> < 0.0001), potentially due to subsoil saturation and/or aquifer contamination dilution. Regions with predominantly deep wells in bedrock aquifers were associated (<em>p</em> < 0.0001) with low NEC:<em>E. coli</em> ratios, i.e., localized contamination mechanisms (e.g., contaminant bypass or short-circuiting) likely dominate in these regions. The presumption that deeper aquifers/wells are “safer” may thus be due for reconsideration. The importance of understanding and inferring contamination mechanisms cannot be overstated, as it serves as a foundation for evidence-based source protection and testing recommendations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52198,"journal":{"name":"Water Research X","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 100475"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145924863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Methane emissions monitoring at wastewater treatment plants in Europe and Australia 欧洲和澳大利亚污水处理厂的甲烷排放监测

IF 8.2 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL

Water Research X

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100480

P de Jong , B Srinamasivayam , A Harrison , P Wardrop , M Rebsdorf , S Thorgaard , P Vale

Methane (CH₄) emissions from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) represent a significant greenhouse gas (GHG) source, challenging utilities aiming for net-zero carbon goals. The majority of the non-biogenic, direct (Scope 1) wastewater treatment plant emissions originate from i) nitrous oxide from the secondary wastewater treatment, and ii) CH₄ from the anaerobic degradation of wastewater and wastewater sludge. This study evaluates the effectiveness and suitability of various emissions measurement technologies and methodologies for quantifying methane emissions from wastewater treatment processes using data from monitoring trials conducted across treatment plants in Europe and Australia. The results provide a practical framework to guide utilities in selecting the most appropriate methods for monitoring and quantifying fugitive methane emissions from key sources such as open sludge storage, digesters, and sludge drying pans. . Findings across the 3 utilities indicate CH₄ losses of 5 %–25 % of total CH₄ production, with legacy assets like floating roof digesters contributing 245–2200 tCO₂e/year. At Melbourne Water’s Eastern Treatment Plant (ETP), measurement campaigns found that the open sludge drying pans were a major source of emissions and a mobile survey mapping campaign measured site-wide emissions of 46,000–114,000 tCO₂e/year. Aarhus Vand’s Egå WWTP measured CH₄ losses at ∼7 % of total CH₄ production, predominantly from vented sludge storage tanks. The study reviews advanced CH₄ measurement technologies, analysing emissions from WWTPs with sludge treatment centres. Normalised emissions key performance indicators are proposed, with discussions on limitations and mitigation strategies. Recommendations include tailored measurement methods, immediate leak detection and repair, and long-term investments in asset upgrades and alternative sludge treatment technologies.

污水处理厂（WWTPs）的甲烷（CH₄）排放是一个重要的温室气体（GHG）来源，对旨在实现净零碳目标的公用事业公司构成了挑战。大多数非生物源性的直接（范围1）废水处理厂的排放来自i)二级废水处理产生的氧化亚氮，以及ii)废水和废水污泥厌氧降解产生的甲烷。本研究评估了各种排放测量技术和方法的有效性和适用性，这些技术和方法用于量化废水处理过程中的甲烷排放，使用的数据来自欧洲和澳大利亚的处理厂进行的监测试验。结果提供了一个实用的框架，以指导公用事业公司选择最合适的方法来监测和量化主要来源的逸散性甲烷排放，如开放式污泥储存，消化器和污泥干燥盘。三家公用事业公司的调查结果表明，CH4损失占CH4总产量的5% - 25%，浮动屋顶沼气池等遗留资产每年贡献245-2200 tCO₂e。在墨尔本水务的东部处理厂（ETP），测量活动发现开放式污泥干燥盘是排放的主要来源，移动调查测绘活动测量了整个站点的排放量为46,000-114,000 tCO₂e/年。Aarhus Vand的eg污水处理厂测量的CH4损失占总CH4产量的约7%，主要来自通风污泥储存罐。该研究回顾了先进的甲烷测量技术，分析了污水处理厂与污泥处理中心的排放。提出了标准化排放关键绩效指标，并讨论了限制和缓解战略。建议包括量身定制的测量方法，即时泄漏检测和修复，以及对资产升级和替代污泥处理技术的长期投资。

{"title":"Methane emissions monitoring at wastewater treatment plants in Europe and Australia","authors":"P de Jong , B Srinamasivayam , A Harrison , P Wardrop , M Rebsdorf , S Thorgaard , P Vale","doi":"10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100480","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100480","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Methane (CH₄) emissions from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) represent a significant greenhouse gas (GHG) source, challenging utilities aiming for net-zero carbon goals. The majority of the non-biogenic, direct (Scope 1) wastewater treatment plant emissions originate from i) nitrous oxide from the secondary wastewater treatment, and ii) CH<sub>4</sub> from the anaerobic degradation of wastewater and wastewater sludge. <em>This study evaluates the effectiveness and suitability of various emissions measurement technologies and methodologies for quantifying methane emissions from wastewater treatment processes using data from monitoring trials conducted across treatment plants in Europe and Australia. The results provide a practical framework to guide utilities in selecting the most appropriate methods for monitoring and quantifying fugitive methane emissions from key sources such as open sludge storage, digesters, and sludge drying pans.</em> . Findings across the 3 utilities indicate CH<sub>4</sub> losses of 5 %–25 % of total CH<sub>4</sub> production, with legacy assets like floating roof digesters contributing 245–2200 tCO₂e/year. At Melbourne Water’s Eastern Treatment Plant (ETP), measurement campaigns found that the open sludge drying pans were a major source of emissions and a mobile survey mapping campaign measured site-wide emissions of 46,000–114,000 tCO₂e/year. Aarhus Vand’s Egå WWTP measured CH<sub>4</sub> losses at ∼7 % of total CH<sub>4</sub> production, predominantly from vented sludge storage tanks. The study reviews advanced CH<sub>4</sub> measurement technologies, analysing emissions from WWTPs with sludge treatment centres. Normalised emissions key performance indicators are proposed, with discussions on limitations and mitigation strategies. Recommendations include tailored measurement methods, immediate leak detection and repair, and long-term investments in asset upgrades and alternative sludge treatment technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52198,"journal":{"name":"Water Research X","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 100480"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Dual pathways of tide-driven greenhouse gas emissions via porewater advection and surface exchange in mudflat and sandy beach 泥滩和沙滩孔隙水平流和表面交换的潮汐驱动温室气体排放的双重途径

IF 8.2 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL

Water Research X

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100468

Fengying Li , Zhibo Shen , Shiheng Tang , Jianan Liu , Chunwei Fu , Airui Wang , Jiasen Zhong , Xin Quan , Yu Han , Ehui Tan , Shuh-Ji Kao

Intertidal subterranean estuaries (STEs), as a critical component of the Earth's Critical Zone, are biogeochemical hotspots for greenhouse gas (GHGs: N₂O, CH₄, and CO₂) emissions. Tidal forcing fundamentally controls carbon and nitrogen cycles that driving the production/consumption of GHGs in muddy and sandy intertidal STEs. However, the sediment-dependent source/sink dynamics of GHGs and tidal responses remain poorly constrained. Through high-resolution spatiotemporal observations across sediment types in intertidal STEs, we show that the mudflat acted as a net GHGs source to coastal waters, whereas the sandy beach was a net sink of N₂O but a source of CH₄ and CO₂. Both types were net atmospheric GHGs sources, with CO₂ accounting for 79.05–99.88 %. The comparable magnitude of GHGs fluxes between sandy (N₂O: 0.67±2.36 µmol m^-2 h^-1; CH₄: 16.64±32.15 µmol m^-2 h^-1; CO₂: 2722.19±1825.04 µmol m^-2 h^-1) and muddy (N₂O: 2.12±1.96 µmol m^-2 h^-1; CH₄: 69.19±163.41 µmol m^-2 h^-1; CO₂: 4884.07±2680.89 µmol m^-2 h^-1) systems underscores the previously underestimated contribution of low-organic sandy coasts to marine GHGs budgets. Our analyses further identify pronounced tidal modulation of dissolved GHGs storage and transport pathways, including lateral (porewater exchange) and vertical (sediment/water-air interfaces) fluxes, with particularly strong tidal phase dependence in sandy environments. Global extrapolation of these observations estimates intertidal zones emissions at approximately 0.06±0.14 Tg N₂O, 0.53±1.11 Tg CH₄, and 191.22 ± 123.69 Tg CO₂ annually. These findings enhance mechanistic understanding of tidal-scale GHGs variability in coastal aquifers, highlighting the necessity to integrate hydrology and biogeochemistry into global GHGs budget to refine climate predictions.

潮间带地下河口（STEs）作为地球临界带的重要组成部分，是温室气体（GHGs: N2O、CH4和CO2）排放的生物地球化学热点。潮汐强迫从根本上控制了碳和氮循环，而碳和氮循环驱动了泥泞和沙质潮间带es中温室气体的生产/消耗。然而，依赖于沉积物的温室气体源/汇动态和潮汐响应仍然缺乏约束。通过对潮间带海带沉积物类型的高分辨率时空观测，我们发现泥滩是沿海水域的净温室气体源，而沙滩是N2O的净汇，但却是CH4和CO2的源。两种类型均为大气温室气体净源，其中CO2占79.05 - 99.88%。砂质系统（N2O: 0.67±2.36µmol m-2 h-1; CH4: 16.64±32.15µmol m-2 h-1; CO2: 2722.19±1825.04µmol m-2 h-1）和泥质系统（N2O: 2.12±1.96µmol m-2 h-1; CH4: 69.19±163.41µmol m-2 h-1; CO2: 4884.07±2680.89µmol m-2 h-1）之间的温室气体通量的比较量级强调了以前被低估的低有机砂质海岸对海洋温室气体收支的贡献。我们的分析进一步确定了溶解的温室气体储存和运输途径的明显潮汐调节，包括横向（孔隙水交换）和垂直（沉积物/水-空气界面）通量，在沙质环境中具有特别强的潮汐相位依赖性。根据这些观测的全球外推估计，潮间带每年的排放量约为0.06±0.14 Tg N2O、0.53±1.11 Tg CH4和191.22±123.69 Tg CO2。这些发现加强了对沿海含水层潮汐尺度温室气体变化的机制理解，强调了将水文和生物地球化学纳入全球温室气体预算以改进气候预测的必要性。

{"title":"Dual pathways of tide-driven greenhouse gas emissions via porewater advection and surface exchange in mudflat and sandy beach","authors":"Fengying Li , Zhibo Shen , Shiheng Tang , Jianan Liu , Chunwei Fu , Airui Wang , Jiasen Zhong , Xin Quan , Yu Han , Ehui Tan , Shuh-Ji Kao","doi":"10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100468","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100468","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Intertidal subterranean estuaries (STEs), as a critical component of the Earth's Critical Zone, are biogeochemical hotspots for greenhouse gas (GHGs: N<sub>2</sub>O, CH<sub>4</sub>, and CO<sub>2</sub>) emissions. Tidal forcing fundamentally controls carbon and nitrogen cycles that driving the production/consumption of GHGs in muddy and sandy intertidal STEs. However, the sediment-dependent source/sink dynamics of GHGs and tidal responses remain poorly constrained. Through high-resolution spatiotemporal observations across sediment types in intertidal STEs, we show that the mudflat acted as a net GHGs source to coastal waters, whereas the sandy beach was a net sink of N<sub>2</sub>O but a source of CH<sub>4</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub>. Both types were net atmospheric GHGs sources, with CO<sub>2</sub> accounting for 79.05–99.88 %. The comparable magnitude of GHGs fluxes between sandy (N<sub>2</sub>O: 0.67±2.36 µmol m<sup>-2</sup> h<sup>-1</sup>; CH<sub>4</sub>: 16.64±32.15 µmol m<sup>-2</sup> h<sup>-1</sup>; CO<sub>2</sub>: 2722.19±1825.04 µmol m<sup>-2</sup> h<sup>-1</sup>) and muddy (N<sub>2</sub>O: 2.12±1.96 µmol m<sup>-2</sup> h<sup>-1</sup>; CH<sub>4</sub>: 69.19±163.41 µmol m<sup>-2</sup> h<sup>-1</sup>; CO<sub>2</sub>: 4884.07±2680.89 µmol m<sup>-2</sup> h<sup>-1</sup>) systems underscores the previously underestimated contribution of low-organic sandy coasts to marine GHGs budgets. Our analyses further identify pronounced tidal modulation of dissolved GHGs storage and transport pathways, including lateral (porewater exchange) and vertical (sediment/water-air interfaces) fluxes, with particularly strong tidal phase dependence in sandy environments. Global extrapolation of these observations estimates intertidal zones emissions at approximately 0.06±0.14 Tg N<sub>2</sub>O, 0.53±1.11 Tg CH<sub>4</sub>, and 191.22 ± 123.69 Tg CO<sub>2</sub> annually. These findings enhance mechanistic understanding of tidal-scale GHGs variability in coastal aquifers, highlighting the necessity to integrate hydrology and biogeochemistry into global GHGs budget to refine climate predictions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52198,"journal":{"name":"Water Research X","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 100468"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145797622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Biodegradation of fluorinated octanoic acids in an O2-based membrane biofilm reactor 基于o2的膜生物膜反应器中氟辛酸的生物降解

IF 8.2 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL

Water Research X

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100462

Tian-Yu Gao , Yi-Hao Luo , Min Long , Chen Zhou , Yu-Hang Cai , He-Ping Zhao , Bruce E. Rittmann

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent environmental contaminants due to their widespread use and recalcitrance to degradation. Aerobic bioreactors provide a possible path for further defluorination and mineralization of reductively defluorinated PFAS, which are generated by hydrogenative defluorination. This study colonized an O₂-based membrane biofilm reactor (O₂-based MBfR) with octanoic acid (OA) as the primary electron-donor substrate and evaluated the ability of its biomass to co-biodegrade PFOA and analogs with different degrees of hydrogen substitution – 2-FOA for 2-fluorooctanoic acid, 2H-PFOA for 2H,2H-perfluorooctanoic acid, and 4H-PFOA for 2H,2H,3H,3H-perfluorooctanoic acid. The O₂-based MBfR achieved complete removal (>95%) and defluorination (>95%) of 2-FOA and partial removal (∼48%) and defluorination (∼14%) of 2H-PFOA in continuous-flow operation. However, PFOA was not biodegraded at all. Batch experiments indicated that biofilms require the oxidation of a primary donor substrate for the biodegradation of 2H-PFOA, and perfluorohexanoic acid was a biodegradation product. Microbial-community analysis revealed that genera Cupriavidus and Pseudomonas were important during OA-enabled biodegradation of 2-FOA and 2H-PFOA, which involved b-oxidation reactions. In summary, sufficiently hydrodefluorinated PFOA could be completely mineralized through aerobic biological treatment, while minimally hydrodeflourinated PFOA could be biologically defluorinated, but at a much slower rate due to its insufficient electron and energy flows to sustain defluorination. These results underscore that perfluoroalkyl substances must be sufficiently hydrodefluorinated to enable rapid aerobic biodegradation.

全氟烷基和多氟烷基物质（PFAS）由于其广泛使用和难以降解而成为持久性环境污染物。好氧生物反应器为氢脱氟产生的还原性脱氟PFAS的进一步脱氟和矿化提供了可能的途径。本研究定植了以辛酸（OA）为主要电子供体底物的o2基膜生物膜反应器（O2-based MBfR），并评估了其生物质共生物降解PFOA和不同氢取代程度的类似物的能力——2-FOA可降解2-氟辛酸，2H- PFOA可降解2H，2H-全氟辛酸，4H-PFOA可降解2H，2H,3H，3H-全氟辛酸。在连续流操作中，o2基MBfR实现了2-FOA的完全去除（>95%）和脱氟（>95%），以及2H-PFOA的部分去除（~ 48%）和脱氟（~ 14%）。然而，PFOA完全没有生物降解。批量实验表明，生物膜需要氧化主要供体底物才能生物降解2H-PFOA，全氟己酸是生物降解产物。微生物群落分析表明，铜属和假单胞菌在oa激活2-FOA和2H-PFOA的生物降解过程中起重要作用，并参与b氧化反应。综上所述，充分氢化脱氟的全氟辛烷酸可以通过好氧生物处理完全矿化，而最低氢化脱氟的全氟辛烷酸可以进行生物脱氟，但由于其电子和能量流不足以维持脱氟，其速度要慢得多。这些结果强调，全氟烷基物质必须经过充分的氢除氟处理，才能实现快速的好氧生物降解。

{"title":"Biodegradation of fluorinated octanoic acids in an O2-based membrane biofilm reactor","authors":"Tian-Yu Gao , Yi-Hao Luo , Min Long , Chen Zhou , Yu-Hang Cai , He-Ping Zhao , Bruce E. Rittmann","doi":"10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100462","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100462","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent environmental contaminants due to their widespread use and recalcitrance to degradation. Aerobic bioreactors provide a possible path for further defluorination and mineralization of reductively defluorinated PFAS, which are generated by hydrogenative defluorination. This study colonized an O<sub>2</sub>-based membrane biofilm reactor (O<sub>2</sub>-based MBfR) with octanoic acid (OA) as the primary electron-donor substrate and evaluated the ability of its biomass to co-biodegrade PFOA and analogs with different degrees of hydrogen substitution – 2-FOA for 2-fluorooctanoic acid, 2H-PFOA for 2H,2H-perfluorooctanoic acid, and 4H-PFOA for 2H,2H,3H,3H-perfluorooctanoic acid. The O<sub>2</sub>-based MBfR achieved complete removal (>95%) and defluorination (>95%) of 2-FOA and partial removal (∼48%) and defluorination (∼14%) of 2H-PFOA in continuous-flow operation. However, PFOA was not biodegraded at all. Batch experiments indicated that biofilms require the oxidation of a primary donor substrate for the biodegradation of 2H-PFOA, and perfluorohexanoic acid was a biodegradation product. Microbial-community analysis revealed that genera <em>Cupriavidus</em> and <em>Pseudomonas</em> were important during OA-enabled biodegradation of 2-FOA and 2H-PFOA, which involved b-oxidation reactions. In summary, sufficiently hydrodefluorinated PFOA could be completely mineralized through aerobic biological treatment, while minimally hydrodeflourinated PFOA could be biologically defluorinated, but at a much slower rate due to its insufficient electron and energy flows to sustain defluorination. These results underscore that perfluoroalkyl substances must be sufficiently hydrodefluorinated to enable rapid aerobic biodegradation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52198,"journal":{"name":"Water Research X","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 100462"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145694645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Dual action of plasma discharge: E. faecalis inactivation and tetracycline degradation with eco-safe effluents 等离子体放电的双重作用：粪肠杆菌灭活和生态安全出水降解四环素

IF 8.2 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL

Water Research X

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100429

J.I. Quintana-Terriza , C. Fernández-García , P. García-Muñoz , J. Rodríguez-Chueca

Plasma treatments are innovative methods for wastewater regeneration, generating reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) in plasma-activated water (PAW). PAW has a low pH, enhances oxidative capacity, eliminates organic and biological contaminants, and promotes plant germination and growth. The plasma discharge was produced using an experimental setup with a voltage of 1–8 kV and an average current of 4 mA and frequency of 40 Hz. The energy consumption was 23 Wh, and the discharge was produced at the centre of the vortex created to isolate the high-voltage electrode from the water. This study targeted the effective simultaneous removal of Enterococcus faecalis and tetracycline from diverse water sources. E.faecalis was reduced by 4–5 logs in 15 min under optimal conditions for all water matrices. Tetracycline removal ranged from 85–99 %, with singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radical the most influent RONS in the degradation. Lettuce, tomato, and radish seeds were treated with fresh PAW and PAW storage 3 and 6 days to evaluate its fertilizing effects and potential phytotoxicity. PAW was non-phytotoxic for most of the seeds and enhanced radicle growth, 85 %–150 % for radish and 2 %–64 % for tomato. The results highlight a sustainable treatment method, enabling wastewater reuse with agricultural purposes.

等离子体处理是废水再生的创新方法，在等离子体活化水（PAW）中产生活性氧和活性氮（RONS）。PAW具有低pH值，增强氧化能力，消除有机和生物污染物，促进植物发芽和生长的作用。等离子体放电的实验装置电压为1-8 kV，平均电流为4 mA，频率为40 Hz。能量消耗为23 Wh，放电产生在涡流的中心，涡流是为了将高压电极与水隔离开来而产生的。本研究旨在同时有效去除不同水源中的粪肠球菌和四环素。在所有水基质的最佳条件下，粪肠杆菌在15 min内减少4-5 log。四环素的去除率在85 - 99%之间，其中单线态氧和羟基自由基在降解过程中影响最大。以生菜、番茄和萝卜种子为研究材料，分别用新鲜的木瓜和木瓜储存3、6 d，评价其施肥效果和潜在的植物毒性。PAW对大多数种子无植物毒性，并能促进胚根生长，对萝卜有85% ~ 150%的效果，对番茄有2% ~ 64%的效果。研究结果强调了一种可持续的处理方法，使废水能够用于农业用途。

{"title":"Dual action of plasma discharge: E. faecalis inactivation and tetracycline degradation with eco-safe effluents","authors":"J.I. Quintana-Terriza , C. Fernández-García , P. García-Muñoz , J. Rodríguez-Chueca","doi":"10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100429","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100429","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Plasma treatments are innovative methods for wastewater regeneration, generating reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) in plasma-activated water (PAW). PAW has a low pH, enhances oxidative capacity, eliminates organic and biological contaminants, and promotes plant germination and growth. The plasma discharge was produced using an experimental setup with a voltage of 1–8 kV and an average current of 4 mA and frequency of 40 Hz. The energy consumption was 23 Wh, and the discharge was produced at the centre of the vortex created to isolate the high-voltage electrode from the water. This study targeted the effective simultaneous removal of <em>Enterococcus faecalis</em> and tetracycline from diverse water sources. <em>E.faecalis</em> was reduced by 4–5 logs in 15 min under optimal conditions for all water matrices. Tetracycline removal ranged from 85–99 %, with singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radical the most influent RONS in the degradation. Lettuce, tomato, and radish seeds were treated with fresh PAW and PAW storage 3 and 6 days to evaluate its fertilizing effects and potential phytotoxicity. PAW was non-phytotoxic for most of the seeds and enhanced radicle growth, 85 %–150 % for radish and 2 %–64 % for tomato. The results highlight a sustainable treatment method, enabling wastewater reuse with agricultural purposes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52198,"journal":{"name":"Water Research X","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 100429"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145324198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Ultraviolet light-emitting diode technologies in water disinfection 紫外发光二极管在水消毒中的应用

IF 8.2 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL

Water Research X

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100454

Shaik Basha , Aradhika Vijeev , Pranavi KS , Ahana Chattopadhyay , Aparna Ramakrishna Pai , Krishna Kishore Mahato

Waterborne pathogens and chemical contaminants continue to pose a major global public health challenge, underscoring the need for effective and environmentally sustainable disinfection technologies. Conventional mercury-based ultraviolet (UV) systems, although widely applied, are associated with environmental and operational drawbacks. Ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (UV-LEDs) have recently been emerged as a promising alternative, offering tunable wavelengths, low energy consumption, operational flexibility, a cost-effective solution, and mercury-free design. This review critically examines recent advances in UV-LED-based water disinfection technologies, evaluating mechanisms of microbial inactivation, innovations in reactor design, and synergistic integration with advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). Special emphasis is given on wavelength-specific disinfection efficiency, hybrid treatment systems, and validation across diverse water matrices, including drinking water, wastewater, and industrial effluents. Challenges such as the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs), turbidity effects, and techno-economic limitations are analyzed in detail. Furthermore, emerging directions, including smart UV-LED reactors, hybrid photonic systems, and decentralized water treatment units, are discussed in the context of global sustainability goals. Overall, UV-LED-based disinfection technologies demonstrate substantial potential to achieve high microbial inactivation while minimizing environmental impacts. Future opportunities lie in enhancing energy efficiency, integrating renewable energy sources, and developing multifunctional reactors to improve treatment efficacy against a broader spectrum of contaminants.

水媒病原体和化学污染物继续对全球公共卫生构成重大挑战，强调需要有效和环境可持续的消毒技术。传统的汞基紫外线（UV）系统虽然得到了广泛应用，但在环境和操作方面存在缺陷。紫外线发光二极管（uv - led）最近作为一种有前途的替代方案出现，它提供可调谐的波长、低能耗、操作灵活性、成本效益解决方案和无汞设计。本文综述了基于uv - led的水消毒技术的最新进展，评估了微生物灭活机制，反应器设计的创新，以及与高级氧化工艺（AOPs）的协同集成。特别强调波长特异性消毒效率，混合处理系统，并在不同的水基质，包括饮用水，废水和工业废水验证。详细分析了消毒副产物（DBPs）的形成、浊度效应和技术经济限制等挑战。此外，在全球可持续发展目标的背景下，讨论了新兴方向，包括智能UV-LED反应器，混合光子系统和分散式水处理单元。总体而言，基于uv - led的消毒技术显示出巨大的潜力，可以实现高微生物灭活，同时最大限度地减少对环境的影响。未来的机会在于提高能源效率，整合可再生能源，开发多功能反应器，以提高对更广泛污染物的处理效率。

{"title":"Ultraviolet light-emitting diode technologies in water disinfection","authors":"Shaik Basha , Aradhika Vijeev , Pranavi KS , Ahana Chattopadhyay , Aparna Ramakrishna Pai , Krishna Kishore Mahato","doi":"10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100454","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100454","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Waterborne pathogens and chemical contaminants continue to pose a major global public health challenge, underscoring the need for effective and environmentally sustainable disinfection technologies. Conventional mercury-based ultraviolet (UV) systems, although widely applied, are associated with environmental and operational drawbacks. Ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (UV-LEDs) have recently been emerged as a promising alternative, offering tunable wavelengths, low energy consumption, operational flexibility, a cost-effective solution, and mercury-free design. This review critically examines recent advances in UV-LED-based water disinfection technologies, evaluating mechanisms of microbial inactivation, innovations in reactor design, and synergistic integration with advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). Special emphasis is given on wavelength-specific disinfection efficiency, hybrid treatment systems, and validation across diverse water matrices, including drinking water, wastewater, and industrial effluents. Challenges such as the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs), turbidity effects, and techno-economic limitations are analyzed in detail. Furthermore, emerging directions, including smart UV-LED reactors, hybrid photonic systems, and decentralized water treatment units, are discussed in the context of global sustainability goals. Overall, UV-LED-based disinfection technologies demonstrate substantial potential to achieve high microbial inactivation while minimizing environmental impacts. Future opportunities lie in enhancing energy efficiency, integrating renewable energy sources, and developing multifunctional reactors to improve treatment efficacy against a broader spectrum of contaminants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52198,"journal":{"name":"Water Research X","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 100454"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145571000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Multi-source ecological water replenishment reshapes microbial community assembly and network stability in a water-scarce river 多源生态补水重塑缺水河流微生物群落聚集和网络稳定性

IF 8.2 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL

Water Research X

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100441

Xin Kou , Xiong Cao , Yushuai Wang , Zitong Sun , Jianghao Ji , Gaoqi Duan , Zengliang Peng , Xiaofei Sun , Xiaofeng Cao , Weixiao Qi , Jianfeng Peng , Huijuan Liu , Jiuhui Qu

Ecological water replenishment (EWR) has been an essential strategy to alleviate water scarcity and restore ecological functions in degraded rivers. However, the ecological consequences of multi-source replenishment, particularly how diverse water inputs jointly reshape microbial communities, assembly processes and network stability, remain largely underexplored. Here, we investigated the Yongding River Basin, a representative water-scarce river system in northern China that receives inflows including natural surface runoff, inter-basin transfers from Yellow River and South-to-North Water Diversion Project (SNWD), and reclaimed municipal wastewater. Through integrated analysis of bacterioplankton and bacteriobenthos communities, we found a progressive decline in alpha diversity and significant shifts in beta diversity from upstream to downstream sections with increasing engineered inputs. Stochastic processes dominated the assembly of both bacterioplankton and bacteriobenthos, although their relative importance varied with replenishment source. Compared with natural runoff, the proportions of dispersal limitation and homogeneous selection for bacterioplankton decreased under Yellow River and mixed replenishment, whereas bacteriobenthos assembly exhibited little overall change. Network analysis further revealed that EWR reduced the resilience of bacterioplankton network but enhanced that of bacteriobenthos. Across the entire aquatic ecosystem, microbial network complexity was strongly and positively associated with ecological stability. More, community assembly process affected network stability not only directly but also indirectly through their regulation of microbial diversity. These findings advance the mechanistic understanding of how large-scale, multi-source EWR reshapes microbial ecology and network structure, providing valuable insights for optimizing water input allocation, enhancing the functional recovery of aquatic microbial ecosystems, and supporting the sustainable management of water resources.

生态补水已成为缓解江河水资源短缺、恢复江河生态功能的重要策略。然而，多源补给的生态后果，特别是不同的水输入如何共同重塑微生物群落、组装过程和网络稳定性，在很大程度上仍未得到充分探索。本文研究了永定河流域，这是中国北方代表性的缺水水系，其流入包括自然地表径流、黄河流域间转移和南水北调工程（SNWD）以及城市再生废水。通过对浮游细菌和底栖细菌群落的综合分析，我们发现随着工程投入的增加，α多样性逐渐下降，β多样性从上游向下游显著转移。随机过程在浮游细菌和底栖细菌的聚集中占主导地位，但其相对重要性随补给源的不同而不同。与自然径流相比，黄河和混合补给下浮游细菌的扩散限制和均匀选择比例降低，而底栖细菌群落总体变化不大。网络分析进一步表明，EWR降低了浮游细菌网络的弹性，但增强了底栖细菌网络的弹性。在整个水生生态系统中，微生物网络复杂性与生态稳定性呈显著正相关。群落组装过程不仅直接影响网络稳定性，而且还通过调节微生物多样性间接影响网络稳定性。这些发现促进了对大规模、多源EWR如何重塑微生物生态和网络结构的机制理解，为优化水投入配置、促进水生微生物生态系统功能恢复和支持水资源可持续管理提供了有价值的见解。

{"title":"Multi-source ecological water replenishment reshapes microbial community assembly and network stability in a water-scarce river","authors":"Xin Kou , Xiong Cao , Yushuai Wang , Zitong Sun , Jianghao Ji , Gaoqi Duan , Zengliang Peng , Xiaofei Sun , Xiaofeng Cao , Weixiao Qi , Jianfeng Peng , Huijuan Liu , Jiuhui Qu","doi":"10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100441","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100441","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ecological water replenishment (EWR) has been an essential strategy to alleviate water scarcity and restore ecological functions in degraded rivers. However, the ecological consequences of multi-source replenishment, particularly how diverse water inputs jointly reshape microbial communities, assembly processes and network stability, remain largely underexplored. Here, we investigated the Yongding River Basin, a representative water-scarce river system in northern China that receives inflows including natural surface runoff, inter-basin transfers from Yellow River and South-to-North Water Diversion Project (SNWD), and reclaimed municipal wastewater. Through integrated analysis of bacterioplankton and bacteriobenthos communities, we found a progressive decline in alpha diversity and significant shifts in beta diversity from upstream to downstream sections with increasing engineered inputs. Stochastic processes dominated the assembly of both bacterioplankton and bacteriobenthos, although their relative importance varied with replenishment source. Compared with natural runoff, the proportions of dispersal limitation and homogeneous selection for bacterioplankton decreased under Yellow River and mixed replenishment, whereas bacteriobenthos assembly exhibited little overall change. Network analysis further revealed that EWR reduced the resilience of bacterioplankton network but enhanced that of bacteriobenthos. Across the entire aquatic ecosystem, microbial network complexity was strongly and positively associated with ecological stability. More, community assembly process affected network stability not only directly but also indirectly through their regulation of microbial diversity. These findings advance the mechanistic understanding of how large-scale, multi-source EWR reshapes microbial ecology and network structure, providing valuable insights for optimizing water input allocation, enhancing the functional recovery of aquatic microbial ecosystems, and supporting the sustainable management of water resources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52198,"journal":{"name":"Water Research X","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 100441"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145464862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Environmental heterogeneity altered the growth fitness of antibiotic-resistant mutants and the resistance prevalence in Escherichia coli populations 环境异质性改变了耐药突变体在大肠杆菌群体中的生长适应性和耐药患病率

IF 8.2 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL

Water Research X

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100438

Chujing Zheng , Yue Xing , Xiaoxi Kang, Yujie Men

Antibiotic resistance is one of the most critical issues in public health. As antibiotic-resistant bacteria emerge under certain selection pressure, their further proliferation can facilitate the prevalence and maintenance of the antibiotic resistance. Here, we investigated which environmental factors could affect the growth fitness of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli strains using growth competition assays. We found that when antibiotic resistance selection pressure was removed, lower temperature and nutrient limitations, especially iron (Fe) deficiency, fostered a better fitness to resistant mutants when co-cultivated with the wild type, whereas changes in pH or salinity (Na or K) did not. Moreover, the growth advantage of resistant mutants under the selection pressure was reversed by suboptimal conditions like acidic/basic pH, high K salinity, and Fe limitation. These identified key environmental factors influencing the growth fitness of antibiotic-resistant mutants provide important insights into the prediction and mitigation of antibiotic resistance in heterogeneous environments.

抗生素耐药性是公共卫生领域最关键的问题之一。由于耐药菌是在一定的选择压力下产生的，它们的进一步增殖可以促进抗生素耐药性的流行和维持。在这里，我们研究了哪些环境因素会影响耐药大肠杆菌菌株的生长适应性。我们发现，当去除抗生素抗性选择压力时，较低的温度和营养限制，特别是铁（Fe）缺乏，在与野生型共培养时，培养了更好的抗性突变体适应性，而pH或盐度（Na或K）的变化则没有。此外，抗性突变体在选择压力下的生长优势被酸碱pH、高钾盐度和铁限制等次优条件逆转。这些确定的影响抗生素耐药突变体生长适应性的关键环境因素为异质环境中抗生素耐药性的预测和缓解提供了重要的见解。

{"title":"Environmental heterogeneity altered the growth fitness of antibiotic-resistant mutants and the resistance prevalence in Escherichia coli populations","authors":"Chujing Zheng , Yue Xing , Xiaoxi Kang, Yujie Men","doi":"10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100438","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100438","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Antibiotic resistance is one of the most critical issues in public health. As antibiotic-resistant bacteria emerge under certain selection pressure, their further proliferation can facilitate the prevalence and maintenance of the antibiotic resistance. Here, we investigated which environmental factors could affect the growth fitness of antibiotic-resistant <em>Escherichia coli</em> strains using growth competition assays. We found that when antibiotic resistance selection pressure was removed, lower temperature and nutrient limitations, especially iron (Fe) deficiency, fostered a better fitness to resistant mutants when co-cultivated with the wild type, whereas changes in pH or salinity (Na or K) did not. Moreover, the growth advantage of resistant mutants under the selection pressure was reversed by suboptimal conditions like acidic/basic pH, high K salinity, and Fe limitation. These identified key environmental factors influencing the growth fitness of antibiotic-resistant mutants provide important insights into the prediction and mitigation of antibiotic resistance in heterogeneous environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52198,"journal":{"name":"Water Research X","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 100438"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145464929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Exploration of deep learning leak detection model across multiple smart water distribution systems: Detectable leak sizes with AMI meters 探索跨多个智能配水系统的深度学习泄漏检测模型：使用AMI仪表检测泄漏大小

IF 7.2 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL

Water Research X

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-03-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100332

Sanghoon Jun , Donghwi Jung

Numerous deep learning (DL) models have been developed for leak detection in water distribution systems (WDSs). However, significant lack of knowledge still remains concerning their detectability and the smallest detectable leak sizes across various WDSs. To address these research gaps, this study explores the performance of a DL leak detection model across eleven smart WDSs. A convolutional neural network (CNN) is employed to identify leaks using the spatially distributed pressure response images derived from the difference between advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) measurements and predictions from a well-calibrated hydraulic model (i.e., digital twin). Ten leak magnitudes are evaluated for each WDS, and three performance metrics (recall, precision, and F1 score) are calculated to assess the detectability and the detectable leak sizes of the CNN. The analysis reveals that the DL model's detection ability is highly impacted by WDS type, whether transmission- or distribution-oriented. The former networks exhibit low accuracy in identifying leaks due to the indistinguishability of pressure response images between normal and leak conditions. On the other hand, the latter networks generally achieve higher precision and recall results and can detect smaller leaks. Moreover, the smallest detectable leak sizes are more sensitive to WDS structural parameters (pipe diameter and length) than system hydraulics (system demand). Examining pipe characteristics along the leakage flow path provides most useful information in determining the detectability of leaks.

许多深度学习（DL）模型已被开发用于供水系统（WDSs）的泄漏检测。然而，关于各种wds的可检测性和最小可检测泄漏大小的知识仍然严重缺乏。为了解决这些研究空白，本研究探讨了跨11个智能wds的DL泄漏检测模型的性能。利用先进计量基础设施（AMI）测量结果与经过校准的水力模型（即数字孪生模型）预测结果之间的差异得出的空间分布压力响应图像，采用卷积神经网络（CNN）来识别泄漏。对每个WDS评估十个泄漏大小，并计算三个性能指标（召回率、精度和F1分数）来评估CNN的可检测性和可检测泄漏大小。分析表明，无论是面向传输还是面向分布，深度学习模型的检测能力都受到WDS类型的高度影响。由于压力响应图像在正常和泄漏条件下无法区分，前一种网络在识别泄漏方面表现出较低的准确性。另一方面，后一种网络通常可以获得更高的精度和召回结果，并且可以检测到较小的泄漏。此外，最小的可检测泄漏尺寸对WDS结构参数（管道直径和长度）比系统液压（系统需求）更敏感。沿着泄漏流动路径检查管道特性为确定泄漏的可探测性提供了最有用的信息。

{"title":"Exploration of deep learning leak detection model across multiple smart water distribution systems: Detectable leak sizes with AMI meters","authors":"Sanghoon Jun , Donghwi Jung","doi":"10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100332","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100332","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Numerous deep learning (DL) models have been developed for leak detection in water distribution systems (WDSs). However, significant lack of knowledge still remains concerning their detectability and the smallest detectable leak sizes across various WDSs. To address these research gaps, this study explores the performance of a DL leak detection model across eleven smart WDSs. A convolutional neural network (CNN) is employed to identify leaks using the spatially distributed pressure response images derived from the difference between advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) measurements and predictions from a well-calibrated hydraulic model (i.e., digital twin). Ten leak magnitudes are evaluated for each WDS, and three performance metrics (recall, precision, and F1 score) are calculated to assess the detectability and the detectable leak sizes of the CNN. The analysis reveals that the DL model's detection ability is highly impacted by WDS type, whether transmission- or distribution-oriented. The former networks exhibit low accuracy in identifying leaks due to the indistinguishability of pressure response images between normal and leak conditions. On the other hand, the latter networks generally achieve higher precision and recall results and can detect smaller leaks. Moreover, the smallest detectable leak sizes are more sensitive to WDS structural parameters (pipe diameter and length) than system hydraulics (system demand). Examining pipe characteristics along the leakage flow path provides most useful information in determining the detectability of leaks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52198,"journal":{"name":"Water Research X","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 100332"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143679679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Micropollutants removal, residual risk, and costs for quaternary treatments in the framework of the Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive 城市废水处理指令框架内的微污染物去除、残留风险和四元处理成本

IF 7.2 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL

Water Research X

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-03-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100334

Jessica Ianes, Sara Piraldi, Beatrice Cantoni, Manuela Antonelli

The revised Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive (UWWTD) imposes stringent regulations for the removal of micropollutants from urban wastewater treatment plants. The analyses conducted in this study are based on current knowledge extrapolated from literature WWTPs, to investigate the occurrence, removal and environmental risk related to the 12 target micropollutants: Amisulpride, Benzotriazole, 4,5-Methylbenzotriazole, Carbamazepine, Clarithromycin, Citalopram, Candesartan, Diclofenac, Hydrochlorothiazide, Irbesartan, Metoprolol, and Venlafaxine. The goal is to provide valuable insights into the challenges and opportunities associated with implementing quaternary treatment processes to comply with the UWWTD. Results indicate that the conventional biological treatment is insufficient, with median removal rates below 50 % for most target micropollutants (except for Benzotriazole and Irbesartan). The implementation of quaternary treatment processes, namely ozonation and activated carbon adsorption, significantly enhances WWTP micropollutants removal, with median removal efficiencies exceeding 80 % for all the target micropollutants, with Candesartan being the most recalcitrant. Environmental risk assessment reveals that some micropollutants pose a significant threat to aquatic ecosystems even with 80 % removal efficiency (Irbesartan, Candesartan, Diclofenac, and Venlafaxine), while others do not pose a risk even at WWTP influent concentrations (4,5-Methylbenzotriazole, Hydrochlorothiazide, Amisulpride, Citalopram, and Metoprolol).

Economic analysis shows that the selection of specific operating parameter values significantly impacts the cost of each treatment process, changing the economic feasibility ranking of the different treatment options.

修订后的《城市污水处理指令》（UWWTD）对从城市污水处理厂去除微污染物制定了严格的规定。本研究基于文献WWTPs中推断的现有知识进行分析，以调查12种目标微污染物的发生、去除和环境风险相关：氨硫pride、苯并三唑、4,5-甲基苯并三唑、卡马西平、克拉霉素、西酞普兰、坎地沙坦、双氯芬酸、氢氯噻嗪、厄贝沙坦、美托洛尔和文拉法辛。目标是提供有价值的见解，了解与实施四元处理工艺相关的挑战和机遇，以符合UWWTD。结果表明，常规的生物处理是不够的，大多数目标微污染物（苯并三唑和厄贝沙坦除外）的中位去除率低于50%。采用臭氧氧化和活性炭吸附等四元处理工艺，显著提高了污水处理厂微污染物的去除效果，对所有目标微污染物的去除效率中值均超过80%，坎地沙坦最难去除。环境风险评估显示，一些微污染物即使去除效率达到80%也会对水生生态系统构成重大威胁（厄贝沙坦、坎地沙坦、双氯芬酸和文拉法辛），而其他微污染物即使在污水处理厂的流入浓度下也不会构成风险（4,5-甲基苯并三唑、氢氯噻嗪、氨硫pride、西酞普兰和美托洛尔）。经济分析表明，具体运行参数值的选择显著影响各处理工艺的成本，改变了不同处理方案的经济可行性排名。

{"title":"Micropollutants removal, residual risk, and costs for quaternary treatments in the framework of the Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive","authors":"Jessica Ianes, Sara Piraldi, Beatrice Cantoni, Manuela Antonelli","doi":"10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100334","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100334","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The revised Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive (UWWTD) imposes stringent regulations for the removal of micropollutants from urban wastewater treatment plants. The analyses conducted in this study are based on current knowledge extrapolated from literature WWTPs, to investigate the occurrence, removal and environmental risk related to the 12 target micropollutants: Amisulpride, Benzotriazole, 4,5-Methylbenzotriazole, Carbamazepine, Clarithromycin, Citalopram, Candesartan, Diclofenac, Hydrochlorothiazide, Irbesartan, Metoprolol, and Venlafaxine. The goal is to provide valuable insights into the challenges and opportunities associated with implementing quaternary treatment processes to comply with the UWWTD. Results indicate that the conventional biological treatment is insufficient, with median removal rates below 50 % for most target micropollutants (except for Benzotriazole and Irbesartan). The implementation of quaternary treatment processes, namely ozonation and activated carbon adsorption, significantly enhances WWTP micropollutants removal, with median removal efficiencies exceeding 80 % for all the target micropollutants, with Candesartan being the most recalcitrant. Environmental risk assessment reveals that some micropollutants pose a significant threat to aquatic ecosystems even with 80 % removal efficiency (Irbesartan, Candesartan, Diclofenac, and Venlafaxine), while others do not pose a risk even at WWTP influent concentrations (4,5-Methylbenzotriazole, Hydrochlorothiazide, Amisulpride, Citalopram, and Metoprolol).</div><div>Economic analysis shows that the selection of specific operating parameter values significantly impacts the cost of each treatment process, changing the economic feasibility ranking of the different treatment options.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52198,"journal":{"name":"Water Research X","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 100334"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143679678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0