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Time-consciousness in computational phenomenology: a temporal analysis of active inference. 计算现象学中的时间意识:主动推理的时间分析。
IF 3.1 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, BIOLOGICAL Pub Date : 2023-03-17 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/nc/niad004
Juan Diego Bogotá, Zakaria Djebbara

Time plays a significant role in science and everyday life. Despite being experienced as a continuous flow, computational models of consciousness are typically restricted to a sequential temporal structure. This difference poses a serious challenge for computational phenomenology-a novel field combining phenomenology and computational modelling. By analysing the temporal structure of the active inference framework, we show that an integrated continuity of time can be achieved by merging Husserlian temporality with a sequential order of time. We also show that a Markov blanket of the present moment integrates past and future moments of both subjective temporality and objective time in an asynchronous manner. By applying the integrated continuity, it is clear that active inference makes use of both subjective temporality and objective time in an integrated fashion. We conclude that active inference, on a temporal note, qualifies as a computational model for phenomenological investigations.

时间在科学和日常生活中扮演着重要角色。尽管时间是连续流动的,但意识的计算模型却通常局限于连续的时间结构。这种差异给计算现象学--现象学与计算建模相结合的新领域--带来了严峻的挑战。通过分析主动推理框架的时间结构,我们表明,通过将胡塞尔的时间性与时间的顺序性合并,可以实现时间的整体连续性。我们还证明,当下时刻的马尔可夫空白以异步的方式整合了主观时间性和客观时间的过去和未来时刻。通过应用整合连续性,我们可以清楚地看到,主动推理以整合的方式利用了主观时间性和客观时间。我们的结论是,从时间角度看,主动推理可作为现象学研究的计算模型。
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引用次数: 0
Adaptation in the sensory cortex drives bistable switching during auditory stream segregation. 感觉皮层的适应驱动听觉流分离过程中的双稳态转换。
IF 4.1 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, BIOLOGICAL Pub Date : 2023-02-04 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/nc/niac019
Nathan C Higgins, Alexandra N Scurry, Fang Jiang, David F Little, Claude Alain, Mounya Elhilali, Joel S Snyder

Current theories of perception emphasize the role of neural adaptation, inhibitory competition, and noise as key components that lead to switches in perception. Supporting evidence comes from neurophysiological findings of specific neural signatures in modality-specific and supramodal brain areas that appear to be critical to switches in perception. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to study brain activity around the time of switches in perception while participants listened to a bistable auditory stream segregation stimulus, which can be heard as one integrated stream of tones or two segregated streams of tones. The auditory thalamus showed more activity around the time of a switch from segregated to integrated compared to time periods of stable perception of integrated; in contrast, the rostral anterior cingulate cortex and the inferior parietal lobule showed more activity around the time of a switch from integrated to segregated compared to time periods of stable perception of segregated streams, consistent with prior findings of asymmetries in brain activity depending on the switch direction. In sound-responsive areas in the auditory cortex, neural activity increased in strength preceding switches in perception and declined in strength over time following switches in perception. Such dynamics in the auditory cortex are consistent with the role of adaptation proposed by computational models of visual and auditory bistable switching, whereby the strength of neural activity decreases following a switch in perception, which eventually destabilizes the current percept enough to lead to a switch to an alternative percept.

当前的感知理论强调神经适应、抑制性竞争和噪声是导致感知转换的关键因素。支持的证据来自于神经生理学的发现,在模式特异性和模态上脑区域的特定神经特征似乎对感知转换至关重要。我们使用功能性磁共振成像来研究当参与者听双稳态听觉流分离刺激时感知开关前后的大脑活动,双稳态听觉流分离刺激可以被听到为一个完整的音调流或两个分离的音调流。与稳定的整合感知相比,听觉丘脑在从分离到整合的转换期间表现出更多的活动;相比之下,与分离流稳定感知的时间段相比,从整合流切换到分离流时,吻侧前扣带皮层和下顶叶显示出更多的活动,这与先前关于大脑活动不对称取决于切换方向的发现一致。在听觉皮层的声音反应区,神经活动在感知转换前强度增加,在感知转换后强度随时间下降。听觉皮层的这种动态与视觉和听觉双稳态转换的计算模型提出的适应作用是一致的,即在感知转换后,神经活动的强度会降低,最终使当前感知不稳定,足以导致切换到另一个感知。
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引用次数: 2
The functions of consciousness in visual processing. 意识在视觉加工中的作用。
IF 4.1 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, BIOLOGICAL Pub Date : 2023-01-04 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/nc/niac018
Dylan Ludwig

Conscious experiences form a relatively diverse class of psychological phenomena, supported by a range of distinct neurobiological mechanisms. This diversity suggests that consciousness occupies a variety of different functional roles across different task domains, individuals, and species; a position I call functional pluralism. In this paper, I begin to tease out some of the functional contributions that consciousness makes to (human) visual processing. Consolidating research from across the cognitive sciences, I discuss semantic and spatiotemporal processing as specific points of comparison between the functional capabilities of the visual system in the presence and absence of conscious awareness. I argue that consciousness contributes a cluster of functions to visual processing; facilitating, among other things, (i) increased capacities for semantically processing informationally complex visual stimuli, (ii) increased spatiotemporal precision, and (iii) increased capacities for representational integration over large spatiotemporal intervals. This sort of analysis should ultimately yield a plurality of functional markers that can be used to guide future research in the philosophy and science of consciousness, some of which are not captured by popular theoretical frameworks like global workspace theory and information integration theory.

有意识的体验形成了一种相对多样化的心理现象,由一系列不同的神经生物学机制支持。这种多样性表明,意识在不同的任务域、个体和物种中扮演着各种不同的功能角色;我称之为功能多元主义。在本文中,我开始梳理意识对(人类)视觉处理的一些功能贡献。整合来自认知科学的研究,我讨论了语义和时空处理作为视觉系统在存在和缺乏意识意识时功能能力的具体比较点。我认为意识为视觉处理提供了一系列功能;促进,除其他外,(i)提高语义处理信息复杂的视觉刺激的能力,(ii)提高时空精度,以及(iii)提高在大时空间隔上的表征整合能力。这种分析最终会产生多种功能标记,可用于指导未来意识哲学和科学的研究,其中一些没有被流行的理论框架所捕获,如全球工作空间理论和信息集成理论。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring the role of structuralist methodology in the neuroscience of consciousness: a defense and analysis. 探索结构主义方法论在意识神经科学中的作用:辩护与分析。
IF 4.1 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, BIOLOGICAL Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/nc/niad011
Lukas Kob

Traditional contrastive analysis has been the foundation of consciousness science, but its limitations due to the lack of a reliable method for measuring states of consciousness have prompted the exploration of alternative approaches. Structuralist theories have gained attention as an alternative that focuses on the structural properties of phenomenal experience and seeks to identify their neural encoding via structural similarities between quality spaces and neural state spaces. However, the intertwining of philosophical assumptions about structuralism and structuralist methodology may pose a challenge to those who are skeptical of the former. In this paper, I offer an analysis and defense of structuralism as a methodological approach in consciousness science, which is partly independent of structuralist assumptions on the nature of consciousness. By doing so, I aim to make structuralist methodology more accessible to a broader scientific and philosophical audience. I situate methodological structuralism in the context of questions concerning mental representation, psychophysical measurement, holism, and functional relevance of neural processes. At last, I analyze the relationship between the structural approach and the distinction between conscious and unconscious states.

传统的对比分析一直是意识科学的基础,但由于缺乏可靠的测量意识状态的方法,它的局限性促使人们探索替代方法。结构主义理论作为另一种关注现象经验的结构特性,并试图通过质量空间和神经状态空间之间的结构相似性来识别它们的神经编码的理论而受到关注。然而,关于结构主义和结构主义方法论的哲学假设交织在一起,可能对那些对前者持怀疑态度的人构成挑战。在本文中,我对结构主义作为意识科学的一种方法论方法进行了分析和辩护,它在一定程度上独立于结构主义对意识本质的假设。通过这样做,我的目标是使结构主义方法论更容易为更广泛的科学和哲学读者所接受。我将方法论结构主义置于有关心理表征、心理物理测量、整体论和神经过程的功能相关性等问题的背景下。最后,分析了结构方法与意识状态和无意识状态的区别之间的关系。
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引用次数: 0
Psychedelics, entropic brain theory, and the taxonomy of conscious states: a summary of debates and perspectives. 迷幻剂、熵脑理论和意识状态的分类学:辩论和观点综述。
IF 4.1 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, BIOLOGICAL Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/nc/niad001
Sidath Rankaduwa, Adrian M Owen

Given their recent success in counseling and psychiatry, the dialogue around psychedelics has mainly focused on their applications for mental health. Insights from psychedelic research, however, are not limited to treating mental health, but also have much to offer our current understanding of consciousness. The investigation of psychedelic states has offered new perspectives on how different aspects of conscious experience are mediated by brain activity; as such, much more has been learned about consciousness in terms of its phenomenology and potential mechanisms. One theory that describes how psychedelics influence brain activity is the "entropic brain theory" (EBT), which attempts to understand conscious states-normal and psychedelic-in terms of "brain entropy." Given its wide explanatory reach, this theory has several implications for current debates in consciousness research, namely the issue of whether consciousness exists in levels vs. dimensions; whether the psychedelic state is itself a "higher" level of consciousness; and if so, whether psychedelics could be used to treat disorders of consciousness. To understand how psychedelics could possibly treat a minimally conscious or vegetative patient, one must first understand EBT and how this theory intersects with these ongoing debates. Thus, this article offers a formal summary of EBT, distilling its core principles and their implications for a theoretical model of consciousness. In response to their proposed use in treating disorders of consciousness, we emphasize the importance of "set" and "setting" in ascertaining the therapeutic value of psychedelics for vegetative and/or minimally conscious patients.

鉴于迷幻药最近在咨询和精神病学方面的成功,围绕迷幻药的对话主要集中在它们在精神健康方面的应用。然而,来自迷幻药研究的见解并不局限于治疗心理健康,而且对我们目前对意识的理解也有很大的帮助。对迷幻状态的研究为大脑活动如何介导意识体验的不同方面提供了新的视角;因此,就其现象学和潜在机制而言,人们对意识有了更多的了解。描述迷幻药如何影响大脑活动的一个理论是“大脑熵理论”(EBT),它试图从“大脑熵”的角度来理解意识状态——正常状态和迷幻状态。鉴于其广泛的解释范围,这一理论对当前意识研究中的争论有几个启示,即意识是否存在于水平与维度的问题;迷幻状态本身是否是一种“更高”的意识水平;如果是的话,迷幻药是否可以用来治疗意识障碍。要理解迷幻药如何可能治疗最低意识或植物人患者,我们必须首先了解EBT以及这一理论如何与这些正在进行的争论相交叉。因此,本文提供了一个正式的EBT总结,提炼其核心原则及其对意识理论模型的影响。针对迷幻药用于治疗意识障碍的建议,我们强调“设定”和“设定”在确定迷幻药对植物人和/或最低意识患者的治疗价值方面的重要性。
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引用次数: 1
Piecing together the puzzle of emotional consciousness. 把情感意识的谜题拼凑起来。
IF 4.1 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, BIOLOGICAL Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/nc/niad005
Tahnée Engelen, Rocco Mennella

The search for neural correlates of emotional consciousness has gained momentum in the last decades. Nonetheless, disagreements concerning the mechanisms that determine the experiential qualities of emotional consciousness-the "what is it like" to feel an emotion-as well as on their neural correlates have far-reaching consequences on how researchers study and measure emotion, sometimes leading to seemingly irresolvable impasses. The current paper lays out in a balanced way the viewpoint of both cognitive and precognitive approaches to emotional consciousness on the basis of commonalities and differences between the claims of some relevant theories of emotions. We examine the sufficiency of the existing evidence in support of the proposed theories of emotional consciousness by going through the methodological specificity of the study of emotional consciousness and its unique challenges and highlighting what can and cannot be imported by advances in research on perceptual consciousness. We propose that there are three key experimental contrasts that are each equally necessary in the search for the neural correlates of emotional consciousness and each contrast alone coming with its own limitations. We conclude by acknowledging some of the most promising avenues in the field, which may help go beyond the current limitations and collaboratively piece together the puzzle of emotional consciousness.

在过去的几十年里,对情绪意识的神经关联的研究势头强劲。尽管如此,关于决定情绪意识的经验性质的机制——感受情绪的“感觉是怎样的”——以及它们的神经关联的分歧,对研究人员如何研究和测量情绪产生了深远的影响,有时会导致看似无法解决的僵局。本文在分析一些情绪相关理论主张的共性和差异的基础上,以平衡的方式阐述了认知和预知两种观点对情绪意识的看法。我们检查现有证据的充分性,以支持提出的情感意识理论,通过研究情感意识的方法特殊性及其独特的挑战,并强调什么可以和不可以通过感性意识研究的进展来引入。我们提出有三个关键的实验对比,它们在寻找情感意识的神经关联时同样必要,而且每个对比都有其自身的局限性。最后,我们承认该领域一些最有前途的途径,这可能有助于超越当前的限制,共同拼凑情感意识的谜题。
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引用次数: 0
Describing and explaining consciousness. 描述和解释意识的。
IF 4.1 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, BIOLOGICAL Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/nc/niad009
Bjørn Grinde

Consciousness is a property of advanced brains and as such a biological feature. Explaining biological features is somewhat different from explaining physical phenomena; in the former case, the key is to first define its functional role (the reason why it was selected) and then to outline the evolutionary trajectory leading to its presence. In the case of consciousness, there are reasonable models for both. Further research is required to substantiate these models, but they offer, arguably, the best explanatory framework.

意识是高级大脑的一种属性,也是一种生物学特征。解释生物特征与解释物理现象有些不同;在前一种情况下,关键是首先定义它的功能角色(它被选中的原因),然后勾勒出导致它出现的进化轨迹。就意识而言,两者都有合理的模型。需要进一步的研究来证实这些模型,但它们提供了,可以说,最好的解释框架。
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引用次数: 0
Towards causal mechanisms of consciousness through focused transcranial brain stimulation. 通过集中经颅脑刺激研究意识的因果机制。
IF 4.1 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, BIOLOGICAL Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/nc/niad008
Marek Havlík, Jaroslav Hlinka, Monika Klírová, Petr Adámek, Jiří Horáček

Conscious experience represents one of the most elusive problems of empirical science, namely neuroscience. The main objective of empirical studies of consciousness has been to describe the minimal sets of neural events necessary for a specific neuronal state to become consciously experienced. The current state of the art still does not meet this objective but rather consists of highly speculative theories based on correlates of consciousness and an ever-growing list of knowledge gaps. The current state of the art is defined by the limitations of past stimulation techniques and the emphasis on the observational approach. However, looking at the current stimulation technologies that are becoming more accurate, it is time to consider an alternative approach to studying consciousness, which builds on the methodology of causal explanations via causal alterations. The aim of this methodology is to move beyond the correlates of consciousness and focus directly on the mechanisms of consciousness with the help of the currently focused brain stimulation techniques, such as geodesic transcranial electric neuromodulation. This approach not only overcomes the limitations of the correlational methodology but will also become another firm step in the following science of consciousness.

意识体验代表了经验科学,即神经科学中最难以捉摸的问题之一。意识实证研究的主要目标是描述特定神经元状态成为有意识体验所必需的最小神经事件集。目前的技术水平仍然没有达到这一目标,而是由基于意识相关性和不断增长的知识差距的高度推测的理论组成。目前的技术状况是由过去刺激技术的局限性和对观察方法的强调来定义的。然而,鉴于目前的刺激技术正变得越来越精确,是时候考虑另一种研究意识的方法了,这种方法建立在通过因果变化进行因果解释的方法之上。这种方法的目的是超越意识的相关性,在当前关注的脑刺激技术的帮助下,直接关注意识的机制,如测地线经颅电神经调节。这种方法不仅克服了相关方法的局限性,而且将成为随后的意识科学的又一坚实步骤。
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引用次数: 0
Correction to: Feeling ready: neural bases of prospective motor readiness judgements. 纠正:感觉准备好:前瞻性运动准备判断的神经基础。
IF 4.1 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, BIOLOGICAL Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/nc/niad007

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1093/nc/niad003.].

[这更正了文章DOI: 10.1093/nc/niad003.]。
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引用次数: 0
When do parts form wholes? Integrated information as the restriction on mereological composition. 零件什么时候形成整体?综合信息对气象成分的制约。
IF 4.1 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, BIOLOGICAL Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/nc/niad013
Kelvin J McQueen, Naotsugu Tsuchiya

Under what conditions are material objects, such as particles, parts of a whole object? This is the composition question and is a longstanding open question in philosophy. Existing attempts to specify a non-trivial restriction on composition tend to be vague and face serious counterexamples. Consequently, two extreme answers have become mainstream: composition (the forming of a whole by its parts) happens under no or all conditions. In this paper, we provide a self-contained introduction to the integrated information theory (IIT) of consciousness. We show that IIT specifies a non-trivial restriction on composition: composition happens when integrated information is maximized. We compare the IIT restriction to existing proposals and argue that the IIT restriction has significant advantages, especially in response to the problems of vagueness and counterexamples. An appendix provides an introduction to calculating parts and wholes with a simple system.

在什么条件下,物质物体,如粒子,是整个物体的一部分?这是构成问题,也是哲学中一个长期存在的开放性问题。现有的对作文规定重要限制的尝试往往是模糊的,并面临严重的反例。因此,两种极端的答案成为主流:组合(由其部分形成的整体)发生在没有或所有条件下。在本文中,我们对意识的集成信息理论(IIT)提供了一个完整的介绍。我们表明,IIT指定了对组合的一个重要限制:当集成信息最大化时,组合就会发生。我们将IIT限制与现有的建议进行了比较,认为IIT限制具有显著的优势,特别是在应对模糊性和反例问题方面。附录介绍了如何用一个简单的系统计算零件和整体。
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引用次数: 1
期刊
Neuroscience of Consciousness
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