Pub Date : 2025-10-28DOI: 10.1016/j.coesh.2025.100680
Alessia Marzo , Juliano Rezende Mudadu Silva , Fabio Masi , Anacleto Rizzo , Giuseppe Luigi Cirelli
Constructed wetlands (CWs) have been demonstrated to be effective solution for treating winery wastewater (WWW). In this paper, worldwide experiences over the last 25 years of full-scale CWs for WWW treatment are gathered. In total, three CW types were identified: horizontal subsurface flow, vertical subsurface flow and hybrid CWs. The organic and hydraulic loading rate ranged between 15.74–315 gCODm−2d−1 and 13–313 mmd-1, respectively. The most common plant species were Phragmites australis, Typha spp., and Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani. In this review, treatment efficiency of CWs is presented as well as their operational challenges and opportunities.
{"title":"A review of the full-scale constructed wetlands for the treatment and management of winery wastewater","authors":"Alessia Marzo , Juliano Rezende Mudadu Silva , Fabio Masi , Anacleto Rizzo , Giuseppe Luigi Cirelli","doi":"10.1016/j.coesh.2025.100680","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coesh.2025.100680","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Constructed wetlands (CWs) have been demonstrated to be effective solution for treating winery wastewater (WWW). In this paper, worldwide experiences over the last 25 years of full-scale CWs for WWW treatment are gathered. In total, three CW types were identified: horizontal subsurface flow, vertical subsurface flow and hybrid CWs. The organic and hydraulic loading rate ranged between 15.74–315 gCODm<sup>−2</sup>d<sup>−1</sup> and 13–313 mmd<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. The most common plant species were <em>P</em><em>hragmites australis, Typha</em> spp.<em>,</em> and <em>Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani</em>. In this review, treatment efficiency of CWs is presented as well as their operational challenges and opportunities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52296,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Environmental Science and Health","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 100680"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145571358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-11DOI: 10.1016/j.coesh.2025.100679
Shiyue Zhang, Penghui Du, Alex Tat-Shing Chow
Wildfires increasingly degrade source-water quality, yet the reactivity of fire-altered dissolved organic carbon (DOC) toward trihalomethane (THM) formation remains unclear. This mini-review synthesizes 14 paired pre/post-fire datasets under a carbon-normalized framework (THM-specific formation potential, THM-SFP). (i) Occurrence: most studies show lower THM-SFP after fire from loss of oxygen-rich moieties. (ii) Severity: moderate burning can produce phenolic/carbonyl fragments, elevating THM-SFP, whereas high severity suppresses it. (iii) Rainfall: first flushes raise DOC and bulk THMs, while THM-SFP responses are mixed. Cross-study interpretation remains constrained by methodological heterogeneity and limited data. Findings support severity-stratified, time-resolved monitoring for post-fire water management.
{"title":"Wildfire-induced shifts in dissolved organic carbon reactivity toward trihalomethane formation","authors":"Shiyue Zhang, Penghui Du, Alex Tat-Shing Chow","doi":"10.1016/j.coesh.2025.100679","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coesh.2025.100679","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wildfires increasingly degrade source-water quality, yet the reactivity of fire-altered dissolved organic carbon (DOC) toward trihalomethane (THM) formation remains unclear. This mini-review synthesizes 14 paired pre/post-fire datasets under a carbon-normalized framework (THM-specific formation potential, THM-SFP). (i) Occurrence: most studies show lower THM-SFP after fire from loss of oxygen-rich moieties. (ii) Severity: moderate burning can produce phenolic/carbonyl fragments, elevating THM-SFP, whereas high severity suppresses it. (iii) Rainfall: first flushes raise DOC and bulk THMs, while THM-SFP responses are mixed. Cross-study interpretation remains constrained by methodological heterogeneity and limited data. Findings support severity-stratified, time-resolved monitoring for post-fire water management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52296,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Environmental Science and Health","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 100679"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145466716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-11DOI: 10.1016/j.coesh.2025.100678
Peta A. Neale , Beate I. Escher , Frederic D.L. Leusch
Effect-based methods (EBM) are increasingly used to assess disinfected water quality as they can detect the mixture effects of all bioactive chemicals, including disinfection by-products (DBPs). In this review, we discuss the application of EBM to extracts of disinfected water, with bioassays for cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative stress response being the most responsive to DBPs. The contribution of known DBPs to the mixture effect can be predicted from single DBPs’ effects using established mixture models. Regulated DBPs typically have a minor contribution to the observed effect. Effect-based trigger values can be used to determine if the treated water quality is acceptable.
{"title":"Applying effect-based methods to evaluate the mixture effects of disinfection by-products and other chemicals in disinfected water","authors":"Peta A. Neale , Beate I. Escher , Frederic D.L. Leusch","doi":"10.1016/j.coesh.2025.100678","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coesh.2025.100678","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Effect-based methods (EBM) are increasingly used to assess disinfected water quality as they can detect the mixture effects of all bioactive chemicals, including disinfection by-products (DBPs). In this review, we discuss the application of EBM to extracts of disinfected water, with bioassays for cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative stress response being the most responsive to DBPs. The contribution of known DBPs to the mixture effect can be predicted from single DBPs’ effects using established mixture models. Regulated DBPs typically have a minor contribution to the observed effect. Effect-based trigger values can be used to determine if the treated water quality is acceptable.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52296,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Environmental Science and Health","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 100678"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145417058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-08DOI: 10.1016/j.coesh.2025.100677
Jiaqi Li, Ching-Hua Huang
Peracetic acid (PAA), an organic compound with the formula CH3CO3H, and a sterilant and disinfectant, has emerged as a promising alternative to free chlorine for achieving high-level disinfection in combined sewer overflow, wastewater, and stormwater. However, a major concern with any water disinfectant is its potential to react with natural organic matter or other constituents, leading to the unintentional formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs). This review examines DBP formation during PAA disinfection and PAA-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), with an emphasis on studies published within the past five years. It summarizes the influence of halides, nitrite, and various AOP operational conditions on DBP formation. Additionally, it explores the mechanisms of DBP formation in the presence of halides during PAA disinfection, highlighting key intermediates involved in the reactions. The insights provided in this review offer valuable guidance for minimizing DBP formation in further applications of PAA in water treatment.
{"title":"Mechanisms and potential for disinfection byproduct formation from peracetic acid","authors":"Jiaqi Li, Ching-Hua Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.coesh.2025.100677","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coesh.2025.100677","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Peracetic acid (PAA), an organic compound with the formula CH<sub>3</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>H, and a sterilant and disinfectant, has emerged as a promising alternative to free chlorine for achieving high-level disinfection in combined sewer overflow, wastewater, and stormwater. However, a major concern with any water disinfectant is its potential to react with natural organic matter or other constituents, leading to the unintentional formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs). This review examines DBP formation during PAA disinfection and PAA-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), with an emphasis on studies published within the past five years. It summarizes the influence of halides, nitrite, and various AOP operational conditions on DBP formation. Additionally, it explores the mechanisms of DBP formation in the presence of halides during PAA disinfection, highlighting key intermediates involved in the reactions. The insights provided in this review offer valuable guidance for minimizing DBP formation in further applications of PAA in water treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52296,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Environmental Science and Health","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 100677"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145417059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-03DOI: 10.1016/j.coesh.2025.100675
Marlena M. Cheshire, William A. Mitch
The proliferation of algal blooms in freshwater is a water quality concern. Algae release algal organic matter (AOM) that is a disinfection byproduct (DBP) precursor. Monitoring blooms remains challenging as cell concentration and diversity vary across seasons and locations. Compared to natural organic matter (NOM), AOM has distinct characteristics. The low aromaticity and high nitrogen content of AOM favor unregulated nitrogen-containing DBPs, such as haloacetonitriles and haloacetamides, over regulated trihalomethanes, and haloacetic acids. Research utilizing ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry found that AOM is an important precursor of >2-carbon DBPs. With prevalent fatty acids and peptides, studies have identified chlorinated biomolecule formation from AOM.
{"title":"Algae-derived organic matter in drinking water sources and the formation of disinfection byproducts: A critical review","authors":"Marlena M. Cheshire, William A. Mitch","doi":"10.1016/j.coesh.2025.100675","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coesh.2025.100675","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The proliferation of algal blooms in freshwater is a water quality concern. Algae release algal organic matter (AOM) that is a disinfection byproduct (DBP) precursor. Monitoring blooms remains challenging as cell concentration and diversity vary across seasons and locations. Compared to natural organic matter (NOM), AOM has distinct characteristics. The low aromaticity and high nitrogen content of AOM favor unregulated nitrogen-containing DBPs, such as haloacetonitriles and haloacetamides, over regulated trihalomethanes, and haloacetic acids. Research utilizing ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry found that AOM is an important precursor of >2-carbon DBPs. With prevalent fatty acids and peptides, studies have identified chlorinated biomolecule formation from AOM.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52296,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Environmental Science and Health","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 100675"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145417057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.coesh.2025.100676
Zachary T. Kralles , Carsten Prasse
Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are ubiquitous contaminants in drinking water that are formed through reactions between disinfectants and natural or anthropogenic precursors. While regulatory and research efforts have historically focused on 1–2 carbon DBPs, these compounds account for only a fraction of the total organic halogen and measured toxicity in finished drinking water. Recent research has shifted attention to higher-carbon DBPs with >2-carbon atoms (>C2 DBPs). We summarize recent advancements in the discovery, occurrence, and formation mechanisms of >C2 DBPs and highlight the need to integrate >C2 DBPs into toxicity frameworks to better assess their contribution to the overall toxicity of disinfected waters.
{"title":"Beyond 1–2 carbon compounds: Emerging insights on higher-carbon disinfection byproducts","authors":"Zachary T. Kralles , Carsten Prasse","doi":"10.1016/j.coesh.2025.100676","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coesh.2025.100676","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are ubiquitous contaminants in drinking water that are formed through reactions between disinfectants and natural or anthropogenic precursors. While regulatory and research efforts have historically focused on 1–2 carbon DBPs, these compounds account for only a fraction of the total organic halogen and measured toxicity in finished drinking water. Recent research has shifted attention to higher-carbon DBPs with >2-carbon atoms (>C<sub>2</sub> DBPs). We summarize recent advancements in the discovery, occurrence, and formation mechanisms of >C<sub>2</sub> DBPs and highlight the need to integrate >C<sub>2</sub> DBPs into toxicity frameworks to better assess their contribution to the overall toxicity of disinfected waters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52296,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Environmental Science and Health","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 100676"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145417060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-24DOI: 10.1016/j.coesh.2025.100673
Katherine Lizama-Allende, Diego Bravo-Riquelme
Constructed wetlands are a promising arsenic removal technology. Laboratory-scale experiments have proved their arsenic removal capacity and identified the main factors affecting it. However, very few pilot and full-scale systems are reported. Most of the recent studies report on laboratory-scale systems operated during short periods, therefore lifespan, seasonal effects, and the long-term effects of vegetation cannot be evaluated. Recent work on mechanistic models could guide the development of design guidelines, which are not currently available. Confirming laboratory-scale results in pilot and full-scale systems remains a challenge, as well as the use of their data for future calibration and validation of models.
{"title":"Arsenic removal in constructed wetlands","authors":"Katherine Lizama-Allende, Diego Bravo-Riquelme","doi":"10.1016/j.coesh.2025.100673","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coesh.2025.100673","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Constructed wetlands are a promising arsenic removal technology. Laboratory-scale experiments have proved their arsenic removal capacity and identified the main factors affecting it. However, very few pilot and full-scale systems are reported. Most of the recent studies report on laboratory-scale systems operated during short periods, therefore lifespan, seasonal effects, and the long-term effects of vegetation cannot be evaluated. Recent work on mechanistic models could guide the development of design guidelines, which are not currently available. Confirming laboratory-scale results in pilot and full-scale systems remains a challenge, as well as the use of their data for future calibration and validation of models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52296,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Environmental Science and Health","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 100673"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145321320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pesticides widely used in agriculture and households pose environmental risks due to their persistence, toxicity, and bioaccumulative nature. Constructed wetlands (CWs) have emerged as a sustainable solution for removing pesticides from agricultural runoff and wastewater. Their performance depends on factors like plant species, substrate, wastewater composition, climate, and retention time. Key challenges include seasonal performance variability, substrate clogging, and pesticide accumulation in sediments. Full-scale studies show removal rates from 38% to over 99%, influenced by pH, temperature, vegetation, microbial activity, and retention time. Emerging strategies, such as solar photocatalytic oxidation and real-time monitoring, offer promising enhancements to CW functionality, supporting sustainable and environmentally friendly water treatment solutions.
{"title":"Constructed wetlands as a sustainable solution for pesticide pollution mitigation","authors":"Jyoti Singh , Mahima Choudhary , Rajesh Singh , Sujata Kashyap , Vinay Kumar Tyagi , Kalzang Chhoden , Sandeep Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.coesh.2025.100672","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coesh.2025.100672","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pesticides widely used in agriculture and households pose environmental risks due to their persistence, toxicity, and bioaccumulative nature. Constructed wetlands (CWs) have emerged as a sustainable solution for removing pesticides from agricultural runoff and wastewater. Their performance depends on factors like plant species, substrate, wastewater composition, climate, and retention time. Key challenges include seasonal performance variability, substrate clogging, and pesticide accumulation in sediments. Full-scale studies show removal rates from 38% to over 99%, influenced by pH, temperature, vegetation, microbial activity, and retention time. Emerging strategies, such as solar photocatalytic oxidation and real-time monitoring, offer promising enhancements to CW functionality, supporting sustainable and environmentally friendly water treatment solutions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52296,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Environmental Science and Health","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 100672"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145268667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-13DOI: 10.1016/j.coesh.2025.100669
Paul Westerhoff , Minhazul Islam , Tanju Karanfil , Eric Dickenson , Jacelyn Rice-Boayue , Kenan Ozekin , Chad Seidel
De facto reuse (DFR) refers to the unplanned inclusion of treated wastewater in drinking water supplies due to upstream wastewater treatment plant effluents. Nearly half of drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) in the USA are impacted to some extent by DFR, with maximum estimated DFR percentage streamflow approaching 90% in some cases. DFR is not unique to the U.S. but been reported globally in Asia, Europe, Africa, and others. Treated wastewater discharged to surface waters can contain significant levels of inorganic (e.g. bromide and iodide) and organic compounds (e.g. micropollutants, extracellular products, and nitrogen-containing organic matter) that serve as precursors to both regulated and unregulated disinfection by-products (DBPs) in downstream DWTPs. Although identified as a national concern over a decade ago, the lack of standardized methodologies for quantifying and reporting DFR hinders comparative assessments and regulatory decision-making. We believe DFR is underappreciated or outright ignored as compared to the water community focus on highly managed and regulated indirect and direct potable reuse—although risks from DFR are just as real and important to address. This review explores how DFR contributes to DBP risks at DWTPs and discusses strategies for monitoring, modeling, and managing these risks considering recent research.
{"title":"Impacts of unplanned de facto wastewater reuse on disinfection byproduct formation at downstream drinking water treatment plants","authors":"Paul Westerhoff , Minhazul Islam , Tanju Karanfil , Eric Dickenson , Jacelyn Rice-Boayue , Kenan Ozekin , Chad Seidel","doi":"10.1016/j.coesh.2025.100669","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coesh.2025.100669","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>De facto</em> reuse (DFR) refers to the unplanned inclusion of treated wastewater in drinking water supplies due to upstream wastewater treatment plant effluents. Nearly half of drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) in the USA are impacted to some extent by DFR, with maximum estimated DFR percentage streamflow approaching 90% in some cases. DFR is not unique to the U.S. but been reported globally in Asia, Europe, Africa, and others. Treated wastewater discharged to surface waters can contain significant levels of inorganic (e.g. bromide and iodide) and organic compounds (e.g. micropollutants, extracellular products, and nitrogen-containing organic matter) that serve as precursors to both regulated and unregulated disinfection by-products (DBPs) in downstream DWTPs. Although identified as a national concern over a decade ago, the lack of standardized methodologies for quantifying and reporting DFR hinders comparative assessments and regulatory decision-making. We believe DFR is underappreciated or outright ignored as compared to the water community focus on highly managed and regulated indirect and direct potable reuse—although risks from DFR are just as real and important to address. This review explores how DFR contributes to DBP risks at DWTPs and discusses strategies for monitoring, modeling, and managing these risks considering recent research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52296,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Environmental Science and Health","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 100669"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-12DOI: 10.1016/j.coesh.2025.100668
Jan Vymazal
The most important processes responsible for nitrogen removal in constructed wetlands (CWs) are nitrification and denitrification. These processes were well-described in the second part of the 19th century and are still valid. During the recent years, other processes responsible for nitrogen removal in CWs have been identified, namely anaerobic ammonia oxidation (Anammox), anaerobic ammonia-oxidation-coupled-to-dissimilatory ferric iron reduction (Feammox) and autotrophic denitrification. Also, bacteria that can perform complete oxidation of ammonia to nitrate (Comammox) have been discovered. This review is mostly aimed at these newly discovered processes in relation to wastewater treatment in CWs.
{"title":"Nitrogen removal in constructed wetlands","authors":"Jan Vymazal","doi":"10.1016/j.coesh.2025.100668","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coesh.2025.100668","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The most important processes responsible for nitrogen removal in constructed wetlands (CWs) are nitrification and denitrification. These processes were well-described in the second part of the 19th century and are still valid. During the recent years, other processes responsible for nitrogen removal in CWs have been identified, namely anaerobic ammonia oxidation (Anammox), anaerobic ammonia-oxidation-coupled-to-dissimilatory ferric iron reduction (Feammox) and autotrophic denitrification. Also, bacteria that can perform complete oxidation of ammonia to nitrate (Comammox) have been discovered. This review is mostly aimed at these newly discovered processes in relation to wastewater treatment in CWs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52296,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Environmental Science and Health","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 100668"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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