Pub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-11-08DOI: 10.1016/j.coesh.2025.100689
Dimitra Lambropoulou
{"title":"Message from the new Editor-in-Chief","authors":"Dimitra Lambropoulou","doi":"10.1016/j.coesh.2025.100689","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coesh.2025.100689","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52296,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Environmental Science and Health","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100689"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145645685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2026-01-03DOI: 10.1016/j.coesh.2025.100704
Barbara Sowińska-Świerkosz , Alexandros Stefanakis
The vast majority of constructed wetlands (CWs) international studies focus on their treatment functions, while relatively few address their landscape roles. This paper identifies key aspects that can strengthen the landscape outcomes of CWs by linking them to landscape quality (LQ) dimensions. The results indicate that greater attention should be given to the design stage and that, where possible, CWs should be integrated into urban park systems. In this way, CWs can be recognized as sustainable landscape projects that combine environmental, economic, and social dimensions, enhancing the well-being of both human and non-human actors.
{"title":"Constructed wetlands as a multifunction landscape","authors":"Barbara Sowińska-Świerkosz , Alexandros Stefanakis","doi":"10.1016/j.coesh.2025.100704","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coesh.2025.100704","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The vast majority of constructed wetlands (CWs) international studies focus on their treatment functions, while relatively few address their landscape roles. This paper identifies key aspects that can strengthen the landscape outcomes of CWs by linking them to landscape quality (LQ) dimensions. The results indicate that greater attention should be given to the design stage and that, where possible, CWs should be integrated into urban park systems. In this way, CWs can be recognized as sustainable landscape projects that combine environmental, economic, and social dimensions, enhancing the well-being of both human and non-human actors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52296,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Environmental Science and Health","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100704"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146022405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-12-13DOI: 10.1016/j.coesh.2025.100702
Mathieu Gautier
The revised European Union Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive 2024/3019 introduces significant changes to the urban wastewater management framework across the European Union. Among its most notable developments are reinforced requirements for nutrient removal, the treatment of micropollutants, the management of urban stormwater, and broader ambitions for energy neutrality and water reuse. In this context, nature-based solutions appear increasingly relevant. Treatment wetlands including vertical flow and hybrid and bioelectrochemical systems offer solutions aligned with these objectives. This article examines recent innovations in constructed wetlands and evaluates their potential role in fulfilling the goals of the new directive, especially for small-scale systems.
{"title":"Treatment wetlands in the framework of the revised European Union Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive 2024","authors":"Mathieu Gautier","doi":"10.1016/j.coesh.2025.100702","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coesh.2025.100702","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The revised European Union Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive 2024/3019 introduces significant changes to the urban wastewater management framework across the European Union. Among its most notable developments are reinforced requirements for nutrient removal, the treatment of micropollutants, the management of urban stormwater, and broader ambitions for energy neutrality and water reuse. In this context, nature-based solutions appear increasingly relevant. Treatment wetlands including vertical flow and hybrid and bioelectrochemical systems offer solutions aligned with these objectives. This article examines recent innovations in constructed wetlands and evaluates their potential role in fulfilling the goals of the new directive, especially for small-scale systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52296,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Environmental Science and Health","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100702"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146022407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-12-09DOI: 10.1016/j.coesh.2025.100700
Srinidhi Lokesh, Yasha Jathan, Eric A. Marchand, David Hanigan
Wildfires are increasing in frequency and severity and pose a significant threat to drinking water safety by altering the quantity and chemical nature of disinfection byproduct (DBP) precursors. This review critically synthesizes recent field and laboratory studies to provide a comprehensive understanding of wildfire's impact on DBP formation. Published literature has demonstrated that wildfires lead to higher concentrations of regulated DBPs, which result in a greater number of regulatory violations. These effects are primarily driven by the increased precipitation-driven export of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from burned soils and ash deposits during post-fire runoff events. However, the reactivity (mass DBP formed/mass DOM) of fire-altered dissolved organic matter in forming carbonaceous DBPs (C-DBPs) is often reduced compared to pre-fire DOM. In contrast, the reactivity of DOM to form more toxicologically potent nitrogenous DBPs (N-DBPs) is, in many cases, increased by fire. This shift is exacerbated in wildland–urban interface (WUI) fires, where the combustion of anthropogenic materials can increase the potential toxicity of the resulting DBP mixture by over 100-fold compared to vegetative ash. Further, wildfire can also alter DBP speciation by mobilizing inorganic halides. The release of bromide from vegetation and, critically, iodide from structural materials in WUI fires can lead to the formation of brominated and iodinated DBPs which also potentially results in increased toxicity of the mixture. These findings highlight significant challenges to the production of safe drinking water post-fire and underscore the need for a shift in DBP regulations, moving beyond regulated C-DBPs.
{"title":"Recent improvements in understanding the impacts of wildfire on disinfection byproduct formation potential","authors":"Srinidhi Lokesh, Yasha Jathan, Eric A. Marchand, David Hanigan","doi":"10.1016/j.coesh.2025.100700","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coesh.2025.100700","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wildfires are increasing in frequency and severity and pose a significant threat to drinking water safety by altering the quantity and chemical nature of disinfection byproduct (DBP) precursors. This review critically synthesizes recent field and laboratory studies to provide a comprehensive understanding of wildfire's impact on DBP formation. Published literature has demonstrated that wildfires lead to higher concentrations of regulated DBPs, which result in a greater number of regulatory violations. These effects are primarily driven by the increased precipitation-driven export of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from burned soils and ash deposits during post-fire runoff events. However, the reactivity (mass DBP formed/mass DOM) of fire-altered dissolved organic matter in forming carbonaceous DBPs (C-DBPs) is often reduced compared to pre-fire DOM. In contrast, the reactivity of DOM to form more toxicologically potent nitrogenous DBPs (N-DBPs) is, in many cases, increased by fire. This shift is exacerbated in wildland–urban interface (WUI) fires, where the combustion of anthropogenic materials can increase the potential toxicity of the resulting DBP mixture by over 100-fold compared to vegetative ash. Further, wildfire can also alter DBP speciation by mobilizing inorganic halides. The release of bromide from vegetation and, critically, iodide from structural materials in WUI fires can lead to the formation of brominated and iodinated DBPs which also potentially results in increased toxicity of the mixture. These findings highlight significant challenges to the production of safe drinking water post-fire and underscore the need for a shift in DBP regulations, moving beyond regulated C-DBPs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52296,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Environmental Science and Health","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100700"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-10-03DOI: 10.1016/j.coesh.2025.100675
Marlena M. Cheshire, William A. Mitch
The proliferation of algal blooms in freshwater is a water quality concern. Algae release algal organic matter (AOM) that is a disinfection byproduct (DBP) precursor. Monitoring blooms remains challenging as cell concentration and diversity vary across seasons and locations. Compared to natural organic matter (NOM), AOM has distinct characteristics. The low aromaticity and high nitrogen content of AOM favor unregulated nitrogen-containing DBPs, such as haloacetonitriles and haloacetamides, over regulated trihalomethanes, and haloacetic acids. Research utilizing ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry found that AOM is an important precursor of >2-carbon DBPs. With prevalent fatty acids and peptides, studies have identified chlorinated biomolecule formation from AOM.
{"title":"Algae-derived organic matter in drinking water sources and the formation of disinfection byproducts: A critical review","authors":"Marlena M. Cheshire, William A. Mitch","doi":"10.1016/j.coesh.2025.100675","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coesh.2025.100675","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The proliferation of algal blooms in freshwater is a water quality concern. Algae release algal organic matter (AOM) that is a disinfection byproduct (DBP) precursor. Monitoring blooms remains challenging as cell concentration and diversity vary across seasons and locations. Compared to natural organic matter (NOM), AOM has distinct characteristics. The low aromaticity and high nitrogen content of AOM favor unregulated nitrogen-containing DBPs, such as haloacetonitriles and haloacetamides, over regulated trihalomethanes, and haloacetic acids. Research utilizing ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry found that AOM is an important precursor of >2-carbon DBPs. With prevalent fatty acids and peptides, studies have identified chlorinated biomolecule formation from AOM.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52296,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Environmental Science and Health","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 100675"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145417057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The discovery of 6PPD-quinone as a toxic transformation product and aqueous contaminant from a common tire antioxidant has catalyzed extensive research into its environmental occurrence and other tire-related emerging contaminants (TRECs). However, many other tire-derived chemicals remain understudied, yet may pose significant environmental risks. This review provides a critical overview of the characteristics, occurrence, and fate of TRECs, as well as their toxicological impacts. While advancements in analytical techniques have enhanced the detection of these contaminants, knowledge gaps exist regarding their persistence, transformation, and long-term effects in various environmental compartments. Recent findings suggest that several TRECs, including diphenylguanidine (DPG) and hexamethoxymethylmelamine (HMMM), are frequently detected in road runoff, wastewater, sediments, and even biota. Given their widespread occurrence and potential toxicity, further investigations into their environmental behavior, regulatory implications, and mitigation strategies are urgently needed. This review highlights the pressing need for expanded research beyond 6PPD-quinone to address the broader risks associated with TRECs.
{"title":"Tire-wear particles and tire-related emerging contaminants: Characteristics, occurrence, and toxicity in the environment","authors":"Mahyar Ghanadi , Lou Caubrière , Melanie Kah , Lokesh P. Padhye","doi":"10.1016/j.coesh.2025.100666","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coesh.2025.100666","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The discovery of 6PPD-quinone as a toxic transformation product and aqueous contaminant from a common tire antioxidant has catalyzed extensive research into its environmental occurrence and other tire-related emerging contaminants (TRECs). However, many other tire-derived chemicals remain understudied, yet may pose significant environmental risks. This review provides a critical overview of the characteristics, occurrence, and fate of TRECs, as well as their toxicological impacts. While advancements in analytical techniques have enhanced the detection of these contaminants, knowledge gaps exist regarding their persistence, transformation, and long-term effects in various environmental compartments. Recent findings suggest that several TRECs, including diphenylguanidine (DPG) and hexamethoxymethylmelamine (HMMM), are frequently detected in road runoff, wastewater, sediments, and even biota. Given their widespread occurrence and potential toxicity, further investigations into their environmental behavior, regulatory implications, and mitigation strategies are urgently needed. This review highlights the pressing need for expanded research beyond 6PPD-quinone to address the broader risks associated with TRECs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52296,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Environmental Science and Health","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 100666"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-11-03DOI: 10.1016/j.coesh.2025.100682
Xin Zuo , Changchun Xin , Cristina Postigo
In recent years, high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) has been widely applied in the field of water disinfection and disinfection byproduct (DBP) research. Its use has enabled not only DBP discovery but also the identification of DBP precursors and the elucidation of DBP formation mechanisms and toxicity modes of action. The present manuscript overviews the most recent (mainly from 2023 to present) HRMS-based applications, and discusses the main innovations, limitations, challenges, and knowledge gaps to inspire future research in the field.
{"title":"High-resolution mass spectrometry to advance DBP research","authors":"Xin Zuo , Changchun Xin , Cristina Postigo","doi":"10.1016/j.coesh.2025.100682","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coesh.2025.100682","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) has been widely applied in the field of water disinfection and disinfection byproduct (DBP) research. Its use has enabled not only DBP discovery but also the identification of DBP precursors and the elucidation of DBP formation mechanisms and toxicity modes of action. The present manuscript overviews the most recent (mainly from 2023 to present) HRMS-based applications, and discusses the main innovations, limitations, challenges, and knowledge gaps to inspire future research in the field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52296,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Environmental Science and Health","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 100682"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145617693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-09-06DOI: 10.1016/j.coesh.2025.100667
Joshua R. Thienpont , Jennifer B. Korosi , Jules M. Blais , John P. Smol
Many aquatic ecosystems have experienced a history of impacts from exposure to environmental contaminants, with aquatic biota often exhibiting population and/or community changes following toxicant exposure. However, identifying aquatic effects can be challenging due to a paucity of monitoring data and gaps in monitoring records. The study of lake sediments as natural environmental archives (paleolimnology) provides an opportunity to assess the long-term impacts of pollution on aquatic organisms and ecosystems. Cores collected from polluted systems can preserve both a record of the toxicant(s) in question, and also an archive of biotic changes at multiple scales of organization, from molecular levels to communities to ecosystem processes (paleo-ecotoxicology). Here, we review recent examples of the application of the paleo-ecotoxicological approach based on ‘classical’ paleolimnological indicators of contamination (e.g. metals, organic contaminants) and ecotoxicological response variables (e.g. pigments and subfossil morphological indicators). We also outline emerging environmental contaminants (e.g. microplastics, pharmaceuticals) that are increasingly being detected and documented in sediment records, highlighting evolving sources and intensities of toxicological stressors that are fruitful areas for future paleo-ecotoxicological inquiry. In addition, the ability to characterize aquatic community changes using emerging sedimentary DNA approaches has rapidly expanded, providing a powerful opportunity to build on the ecological information obtained from traditional indicators to better understand ecosystem responses to contamination. Finally, we argue for the importance of methodological approaches that specifically examine the ecotoxicological impacts of contamination in the future application of the paleo-ecotoxicological approach by exploring several recent examples.
{"title":"New developments in paleo-ecotoxicology: Emerging approaches in applying lake sediment archives to assess impacts from aquatic pollution","authors":"Joshua R. Thienpont , Jennifer B. Korosi , Jules M. Blais , John P. Smol","doi":"10.1016/j.coesh.2025.100667","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coesh.2025.100667","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Many aquatic ecosystems have experienced a history of impacts from exposure to environmental contaminants, with aquatic biota often exhibiting population and/or community changes following toxicant exposure. However, identifying aquatic effects can be challenging due to a paucity of monitoring data and gaps in monitoring records. The study of lake sediments as natural environmental archives (paleolimnology) provides an opportunity to assess the long-term impacts of pollution on aquatic organisms and ecosystems. Cores collected from polluted systems can preserve both a record of the toxicant(s) in question, and also an archive of biotic changes at multiple scales of organization, from molecular levels to communities to ecosystem processes (paleo-ecotoxicology). Here, we review recent examples of the application of the paleo-ecotoxicological approach based on ‘classical’ paleolimnological indicators of contamination (e.g. metals, organic contaminants) and ecotoxicological response variables (e.g. pigments and subfossil morphological indicators). We also outline emerging environmental contaminants (e.g. microplastics, pharmaceuticals) that are increasingly being detected and documented in sediment records, highlighting evolving sources and intensities of toxicological stressors that are fruitful areas for future paleo-ecotoxicological inquiry. In addition, the ability to characterize aquatic community changes using emerging sedimentary DNA approaches has rapidly expanded, providing a powerful opportunity to build on the ecological information obtained from traditional indicators to better understand ecosystem responses to contamination. Finally, we argue for the importance of methodological approaches that specifically examine the ecotoxicological impacts of contamination in the future application of the paleo-ecotoxicological approach by exploring several recent examples.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52296,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Environmental Science and Health","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 100667"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-09-13DOI: 10.1016/j.coesh.2025.100669
Paul Westerhoff , Minhazul Islam , Tanju Karanfil , Eric Dickenson , Jacelyn Rice-Boayue , Kenan Ozekin , Chad Seidel
De facto reuse (DFR) refers to the unplanned inclusion of treated wastewater in drinking water supplies due to upstream wastewater treatment plant effluents. Nearly half of drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) in the USA are impacted to some extent by DFR, with maximum estimated DFR percentage streamflow approaching 90% in some cases. DFR is not unique to the U.S. but been reported globally in Asia, Europe, Africa, and others. Treated wastewater discharged to surface waters can contain significant levels of inorganic (e.g. bromide and iodide) and organic compounds (e.g. micropollutants, extracellular products, and nitrogen-containing organic matter) that serve as precursors to both regulated and unregulated disinfection by-products (DBPs) in downstream DWTPs. Although identified as a national concern over a decade ago, the lack of standardized methodologies for quantifying and reporting DFR hinders comparative assessments and regulatory decision-making. We believe DFR is underappreciated or outright ignored as compared to the water community focus on highly managed and regulated indirect and direct potable reuse—although risks from DFR are just as real and important to address. This review explores how DFR contributes to DBP risks at DWTPs and discusses strategies for monitoring, modeling, and managing these risks considering recent research.
{"title":"Impacts of unplanned de facto wastewater reuse on disinfection byproduct formation at downstream drinking water treatment plants","authors":"Paul Westerhoff , Minhazul Islam , Tanju Karanfil , Eric Dickenson , Jacelyn Rice-Boayue , Kenan Ozekin , Chad Seidel","doi":"10.1016/j.coesh.2025.100669","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coesh.2025.100669","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>De facto</em> reuse (DFR) refers to the unplanned inclusion of treated wastewater in drinking water supplies due to upstream wastewater treatment plant effluents. Nearly half of drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) in the USA are impacted to some extent by DFR, with maximum estimated DFR percentage streamflow approaching 90% in some cases. DFR is not unique to the U.S. but been reported globally in Asia, Europe, Africa, and others. Treated wastewater discharged to surface waters can contain significant levels of inorganic (e.g. bromide and iodide) and organic compounds (e.g. micropollutants, extracellular products, and nitrogen-containing organic matter) that serve as precursors to both regulated and unregulated disinfection by-products (DBPs) in downstream DWTPs. Although identified as a national concern over a decade ago, the lack of standardized methodologies for quantifying and reporting DFR hinders comparative assessments and regulatory decision-making. We believe DFR is underappreciated or outright ignored as compared to the water community focus on highly managed and regulated indirect and direct potable reuse—although risks from DFR are just as real and important to address. This review explores how DFR contributes to DBP risks at DWTPs and discusses strategies for monitoring, modeling, and managing these risks considering recent research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52296,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Environmental Science and Health","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 100669"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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